A Detailed Report on Designing an Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle

This report explores the design of an obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle, addressing the limitations of existing models and proposing improvements through AI integration. It reviews current technologies, including AI and BCI, to determine their feasibility in enhancing robot performance and safety. The report identifies research questions related to the feasibility of obstacle avoidance robots, the benefits and constraints of AI integration, and the potential of other technologies. Hypotheses are developed to assess the practical implications of obstacle avoidance robots, the impact of AI on their performance, and the role of disruptive technologies. The experimental setup involves reviewing existing models, identifying shortcomings, and developing strategies to address them, including circuit design, coding, sensor attachment, and mechanical assembly. The ultimate goal is to propose a feasible and improved obstacle avoidance robot model.

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
By ‘Author Name’
Affiliation (MSc Profile or Track) & Study no.
Executive Summary
One of the most desired technology is the robots because it can do the effort consuming and risky
jobs that humans hesitate in. However, the robotics industry has not been able to offer an obsolete
solution for the mobile or movable robots that are capable of avoiding the obstacles, in the
process preserving itself, its surrounding objects and humans. Hence, the aim of the paper is to
determine an obsolete obstacle avoiding robots (OAR). The potential solution for obsolete OAR
in the proposed paper will be based on the AI technology. Additional technologies will also be
assessed to determine the compatibility with the OAR.
The proposal has presented an overview of the subject and based upon the literary work
determined some research questions that will be pursued by the paper. The theoretical content,
experimental set up along with the expected results and relevancy have also been discussed. A
project planning framework with assistance of the Gantt chart had been produced before
concluding the paper.
1. Introduction
One of the most desired technology of the current era is the robotics. The attention that the
technology in consideration is enjoying is because of the significant amount of benefits that the
subject t is offering to the sector it is employed in (Willcocks and Lacity 2016). The current
benefits are not the only reason that is making the discussed technology desirable. The prominent
advantages that the technology is proposed to cite on the industries is making it desirable. One of
the such brainstormed assistance from the technology in consideration is the security advantage
that it is capable of offering in different risk situations (Lujan et al. 2018). One of such situation
is the obstacle avoidance which will be of great feasibility in the mining industry, road security,
space expeditions and other prominent sectors which is risky and not entirely feasible in nature
for human persuasion (Kehoe et al. 2015). The discussed impact is not untouched and works
have been conducted on its implication however, low adoption ratio of the impact cites that there
is still work that needs to be assessed on it. Hence, the aim of the proposed paper is to identify the
obstacle avoidance robots in existence or proposed and identify what improvements or based on
the identified model propose an obsolete model. Additionally, the impact that integration of the
obstacle avoidance robots with the AI (Artificial Intelligence) will also be discussed. The sections
following has discussed the steps and approaches based upon which the research work will be
pursued before concluding proposal.
2. State-of-the-art/Literature Review
Robotics is the future of the working approach (Du et al. 2017). The technology in consideration
cannot be limited to one assistance because as the number of complex and hazardous works are
increasing the demand for automation is increasing. The call for automation is answered by the

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
robots (Li and Ng 2017). Different robots have been developed by the scientists, industries and
other prominent robotics expert to assist in different work zones. From industrial robots to
humanoid robots, surgical bots, obstacle avoidance robots, military robots and several others
(Cully et al. 2015). The subject that the review of the literature has been done on is the obstacle
avoidance robots. The review of the literary work will assist in identification of the gaps in the
research field of the obstacle avoidance robots and based upon the gaps the research questions for
the proposed paper will be developed that the proposed research work will pursue.
Obstacle avoidance is one of the most primary task that is expected from the movable
robots (Milde et al. 2017). The deemed task ensures that the robotic platform is safe while also
ensuring the safety of the surrounding entities (user or the objects). The uses of movable or
mobile or kinetic robots has expanded itself to different genres that includes the medical industry,
automated vehicles and other prominent genres. Montiel, Orozco-Rosas, and Sepúlveda (2015),
in their paper have discussed the prominent advantage that the technology in discussion can offer
in the medical care. The focus they have drifted in the paper reflects on the use of movable robots
in the medical industry and how they can assist conducting surgeries on the human parts that are
inaccessible or risky to access by the surgeons and other medical associates (Aamer and
Ramchandran 2015).
However, the application of the obstacle avoidance robots has not proven to be successful
in nature because accidents have been reported in almost all sectors of application. The failure of
automated driving car from tesla or the deaths that are linked with robotics surgery (BBC News
2015; Grane 2018). Another potential disadvantage that has been identified through the review of
the literary work on the obstacle avoidance robot is that most of the robots generally stops on
identification of the obstacles or consumes too much time and in cases wait for the instruction
from the user to proceed on alternative path (Bhagat et al. 2016). The review has also made
certain cases available where due to conflicting results the robots malfunction leading to a
financial and in specific scenarios threats for humans and its surroundings (Krishnan 2016).
The review of the literary work on the subject has revealed that the obstacle avoidance
robots are facing some difficulties and are not ready for the implication in the real world scenario
(Dimitrov, Sherikov and Wieber 2015). Additionally, the models that are proposed for the
remedy of the of the identified problems are also not completely feasible in nature. The feasibility
of the remedies is being constrained by the factors such as economy, technology, size and others
(Hauser 2014).
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals
Based on the gaps identified by reviewing the literature on the subject and post analyzing them
the following research questions have been developed that are in accordance with the aim of the
proposed paper.
 What are the most feasible obstacle avoidance robots in existence and what improvement
can be made in them?
 Is the merger of the robots and the AI (Artificial Intelligence) feasible in nature and what
is the status, enablers and constraints for the merger?
 Do other technologies such as BCI can prove to be more vital or are there any constraints
that will block the technological implications?
The primary goal of the proposed paper can be stated in two different steps. The first step is to
evaluate the status of the proposed obstacle avoidance robots (or in existence) and identify the

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
shortcoming of the models. The next step of the primary goal is to propose a model that is free of
the identified shortcomings and also is feasible in nature.
The sub-goals of the paper are to identify ways through which the identified challenges
can be omitted in the process enhancing the capability of the subject. The most looked after
approach will be attempts to integrate the OAR (Obstacle avoidance robot) with the AI. The
reason for the pursuing such goal is associated with the fact that several researches has suggested
that AI are capable of mitigating the risk associated with a system and in the process also enable
them to attain some miraculous feats (Ng 2016; Stanvniychuk 2017). A review over the
association of robots over the technologies such as the BCI (Brain Computer Interface), cloud,
next generation cars and others will also be done.
The motivation for the proposed paper was developed from the recent cases of self-
driving cars (its success and flaws) and the death toll counts due to robotics. The focus that the
robotics are enjoying in the industries and the surge that it had offered to the mechanical works of
an industry is also a subject that needs to be discussed (Matos et al. 2016). The reason for the
above made statement lays based on the fact that devising of an adequate obstacle avoidance
robot will enable the robots to earn movability in the industry which will enable them to leverage
the technology and improve their productivity (Susemihl et al. 2016). The complete summary of
the research work conducted on the subject and aim of the proposed paper will be summarised in
a research report and will be submitted at the completion of the work.
4. Theoretical Content/Methodology
The robotics are being upgraded from static jobs to the kinetic jobs that needs movement and one
of the most prominent example is the search & rescue robots (Matos et al. 2016). The path of the
robots is filled with uneven lands, plantation and other prominent ecological things which acts as
obstacle for the movement of the robots. Though the subject is used in such mission which
proves that they can be used however, several reports are also available of robots destroyed on a
mission without human intervention which cites the need for development that the subject needs
(Chang 2016). Hence, from the discussion above the first hypothesis can be developed “H1: The
practical implication of the OAR is not a feasible idea unless a model is developed adequately
with capability to cope up with the environment and avoid the obstacle faced by it during
missions.”
The robots have been integrated with different technologies and the results reveal that the
outcome of the merger was effective and efficient. One of the such example is the integration of
the robots with the cloud which proved to be of prominent benefit for the employing industry
(Mohanarajah et al. 2015). Another notable fact is that the automated OAR are programmed to
avoid obstacles and integrating it with the AI would enable its capability in performing the task.
The reason for the above stated statement lays base on the fact that AI will enable the robots to
make decisions in certain situations in which a non-AI robot might malfunction. Hence, the
second hypothesis can be developed which states “H2-AI will improve the performance and
safety of the OARs.”
BCI is one of the most prominent technology that have been brainstormed to have
prominent impact on different industries. Similarly, other disruptive technologies such as the
ultrasonic sensors and similar technologies are establishing themselves as one of the key
requirement of the technological advancement. Collectively the technologies have more powerful
impact and hence the question in consideration is whether or not the merger of robots will have
prominent advantage in avoiding obstacle. The answer to the discussed question seems to be yes

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
however, the architectural, financial and other factors can constrain the impact. The BCI is very
costly and also no adequate structure for the same have been designed on the contrary, the
ultrasonic sensors have been found to have negative impact on the environment and humans
(Leeb et al. 2015; Baaka et al. 2017). Additionally, it may also create trouble in communication
of other systems which limits its advantage. Hence, based on the discussion above the third
hypothesis can be stated “H3- The disruptive technologies can enhance the capability of the
robots in avoiding the obstacles however, the constraints (social, ethical financial,
architectural) needs to be mitigated first.”
5. Experimental Set-up
The proposed paper will review the literary work and the models that are proposed by different
scholars and identify the shortcomings that needs to be answered depending upon the findings a
strategy will be developed to answer the shortcoming. The strategy will be considering different
part of the subject in consideration along with the sub-strategy to omit the identified
shortcomings. The first step would be to design the circuitry of the system, followed by the
controlling codes and learning capabilities. The sensors would be attached to the circuit in the
next step which will be succeeded by the development of the mechanical parts before finally
connecting the circuit and the mechanical assembly electrically. The discussed steps are kept
brief in nature because of the uncertainty in existence as the problems with the existing systems
has not been identified. Additionally, the AI integration of the existing systems may be capable of
mitigating the shortcomings and hence the vagueness. The complete strategy and approaches will
be submitted in the final assignment.
For the data collection the secondary data will be collected through the online academic
libraries such as the university library, google scholar and others internet means. The philosophy
for the paper will be interpretivism which the approach will be inductive. Additionally, some
software tools such as MS VISIO and others will be used for modelling and other purposes which
will be mentioned in the final submission.
6. Results, Outcome and Relevance
The expected outcome from the proposed paper is an OAR model that poses very less or no
shortcomings in its application. Additionally, the system should be feasible for the real world
applications. Another outcome expected from the research paper in consideration is the status,
enabler and constraints of the disruptive technological association with the robots that are capable
of amplifying the latter’s impact. The table below have cited the relevancy of the hypothesis with
the research questions:
Research questions H no. Hypothesis
Q1 What are the most feasible obstacle
avoidance robots in existence and
what improvement can be made in
them?
H1 The practical implication of the OAR is
not a feasible idea unless a model is
developed adequately with capability
to cope up with the environment and
avoid the obstacle faced by it during
missions

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
Q2 Is the merger of the robots and the AI
(Artificial Intelligence) feasible in
nature and what is the status,
enablers and constraints for the
merger?
H2 AI will improve the performance and
safety of the OARs.
Q3 Do other technologies such as BCI can
prove to be more vital or are there
any constraints that will block the
technological implications?
H3 The disruptive technologies can
enhance the capability of the robots
in avoiding the obstacles however,
the constraints (social, ethical
financial, architectural) needs to be
mitigated first
7. Project Planning and Gantt Chart
8. Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
Obstacle Avoidance
Robot Assessment and
Development
156 days Mon 18-06-
18
Sat 19-01-
19
Initiation phase 47 days Mon 18-06-
18
Tue 21-08-
18
Collection of
Details 10 days Mon 18-06-
18 Fri 29-06-18
Identifying
Proposed and existing
models
7 days Mon 02-07-
18
Tue 10-07-
18 3
Development of
Background 10 days Wed 11-07-
18
Tue 24-07-
18 4
Gathering AI
insight 6 days Wed 25-07-
18
Wed 01-08-
18
Literature review 8 days Thu 02-08-
18
Mon 13-08-
18
Reviewing Project
Feasibility 6 days Tue 14-08-
18
Tue 21-08-
18 7
Development Phase 89 days Wed 22-08-
18
Mon 24-12-
18
Identifying
Shortcoming 20 days Wed 22-08-
18
Tue 18-09-
18 8
Potential Solutions 20 days Wed 19-09-
18
Tue 16-10-
18 10

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
Feasibility of AI
based OAR 7 days Wed 17-10-
18
Thu 25-10-
18
Alternative
Technologies 8 days Fri 26-10-18 Tue 06-11-
18 12
Working on
Obsolete Model 21 days Fri 09-11-18 Fri 07-12-18
Research
methodology 11 days Mon 10-12-
18
Mon 24-12-
18 14
Closure phase 13 days Thu 03-01-
19
Sat 19-01-
19
Final Report
Submission 1 day Mon 05-11-
18
Mon 05-11-
18
Final Presentation 10 days Mon 07-01-
19 Fri 18-01-19

DESIGNING AN OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
9. Conclusions
The proposal can be summarised to state that the OARs in existence are not completely feasible
in nature because certain instance have been witnessed post its application in the real world
scenario. It should also be noted that the aim of the paper is to propose an obsolete OAR model
which is free of the shortcomings that are in existence. The discussed research work is of great
vitality because of the prominent advantages that OAR is capable of offering. From the
healthcare mission to expedition in unknown locations and many other industries can be
benefited from an adequate OAR and hence, it would be justified to state that the proposed
research work is feasible in nature. Additionally, the paper will also investigate the performance
improvement of the OAR after association with the disruptive technologies which will pave ways
for the future researchers to get an in-depth knowledge about the subject and proceed
accordingly. Hence, in conclusion the selected research work is in dire need and will have
prominent benefits.
10. References
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