Respiratory Silica and Health Hazards in Workplace Environment

This report focuses on the health implications of respiratory silica exposure in the workplace, particularly within the context of quarrying and construction. It identifies silica as a major component of building materials and highlights the risks associated with crystalline silica dust, including silicosis, lung cancer, and other respiratory illnesses. The report examines various sources of exposure, such as fabrication, excavation, and processing of materials like clay, stone, concrete, and granite. It also discusses the current regulations and threshold limit values for silica exposure, while emphasizing the need for health surveillance frameworks and protective measures to mitigate the risks. The report presents a case study of a quarry, illustrating the importance of adhering to safety standards and implementing health monitoring programs to safeguard workers' well-being.

Running head= RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 0
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT
Respiratory silica at work place
Respiratory silica and its health implication
Student Details
19-Mar-20
Silica is a major constituent of most of the building materials along with silicon oxide
application in the microchip industry certainly marks its importance in the economy cannot be
neglected. The ill-effects produced by RCS has been studied for a long time therefore based on those
studies ACGIH has introduced TLV for silica dust at 0.025 mg/m3, whereas, Australia has put the limit
for silica exposure at 0.1 mg/m3 based on the 8 hour time exposure at respective worksite Crystalline
silica present in the air in the form of microparticles has been classified as carcinogen belonging to the
group 1 category. Therefore a 2 months health surveillance timeline has been suggested in the
present report.

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 1
Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................2
Silica (quartz)..............................................................................................................................................2
Silica dust related work and Health hazards............................................................................................3
Fabrication and installation..................................................................................................................3
Clay and stone.....................................................................................................................................4
Tunneling............................................................................................................................................4
Constructing materials.........................................................................................................................5
Dry processing of brick, stone and concrete........................................................................................5
Grinding and chiseling of concrete......................................................................................................5
Quarrying............................................................................................................................................6
Necessary precautions at the work site........................................................................................................7
Frame work for health surveillance.........................................................................................................7
Timeline for implementation of framework and recommendations.........................................................8
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................9
References.................................................................................................................................................11

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 2
Introduction
Silica is one of the commonly occurring minerals with a chemical formula (SiO2), it can
be found naturally in most of the rocks also can be synthesized in laboratories based on its
requirement (Government of Western Australia, 2019). Silica is mainly found in two different
phases which are crystalline phase and amorphous phase. Silica is a major constituent of most of
the building materials along with silicon oxide application in the microchip industry certainly
marks its importance in the economy cannot be neglected. However, recently respiratory health-
related issues regarding working in a silica processing area have been the area of fuscous.
The processing of silica-containing building materials such as polishing, cutting, grinding
or drilling results in the production of very fine dust particles mainly consisting of
microcrystalline silica. Moreover, the sizes of these particles are generally so small they can
diffuse deep in lung tissue and could result in respiratory problems such as silicosis, bronchitis,
emphysema, lung cancer, kidney damage, and scleroderma. A case study reported by (Chen, et
al., 2012) indicated the long term exposure of silica dust resulted in increased health-related
problems mainly respiratory issues and the mortality rate also increased among the workers with
15.2 % death were associated with the exposure of silica dust.
The sever health issues faced by the workers in the silica processing industry (Safe Work
Australia., 2020), have forced organizations and various departments working for the health and
welfare of worker to implement certain measure and regulation should be implemented to tackle
the issues presented by the silica dust (Baldwin, Yates, Beattie, Keen, & Warren, 2019).
However, utilization of protective equipment developed to prevent silica dust entering the body
is a matter of great concern as most of the worker resists usage of equipment due to heat and
sweat related issues. The present report elaborates on the issues faced by the workers working in
quarry producing crushed rocks. The report also provides a proposed framework related to the
health measures that should be implemented for the health and safety of the workers.
Silica (quartz)
Out of the total composition of the earth's crust, Silicon is 25.7 % by weight and
generally present in the form of silicon oxide (Merry, 2017). Quartz is the most commonly

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 3
occurring crystalline phase of silica and a major percentage in terms of the total composition of
sand and rocks. The continuous application of bricks, granite, stones, and sand in the building
material requires the processing of these materials. The processing of these materials results in
the production of silica dust which is microcrystalline particles mainly comprised of quartz. The
silica dust produced at the time of processing of different building materials and construction
works such as excavation, grinding of stones and clay, mining, cutting of stones like granite,
concrete or bricks through dry methods or blasting.
Silica dust related work and Health hazards
Crystalline silica present in the air in the form of micro particles has been classified as
carcinogen belonging to the group 1 category, as a lung cancer-causing agent by International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Kim, Kim, Jo, & Lee, 2018). Micro particles have been
classified based on their respective diameters (Thongplang, 2019).
I. Course with an average particulate diameter in between 10 μm to 2.5 μm
II. Fine particulate matter with an average diameter in between 0.1 to 2.5 μm
III. Ultrafine particles with their average diameter less than 0.1 μm
The fine and ultrafine particles generally remain suspended in the air for a longer duration of
time and because of their smaller diameter can diffuse into the pulmonary cavity resulting in
respiratory and renal disorder. The chronic health condition produced by the silica dust has
forced many countries to put a limit on the concentration of exposure of silica at the working
condition. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
introduced threshold limit value (TLV) for silica dust based on the 8 hour time exposure at
respective work site at 0.025 mg/m3, whereas, Australia has put the limit for silica exposure at
0.1 mg/m3 of air for an 8 hour working time. The production of repairable crystalline silica
(RCS) (WorkCover Queensland , 2019)occurs due to one of the following function:
Fabrication and installation
An article reported by (Smith, 2015) suggested that protective measures that are needed
to be taken for the protection of workers as it was observed that most of the workers were being
exposed to a substantial amount of silica in the process of manufacturing and installation of
countertops. In the study, it was reported that 46 workers of Spain and 25 workers of Israel

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 4
developed silicosis, which was attributed to the exposure to the RCS at their work.
Excavation
It is of prime importance that working conditions at stone and coal excavation sites
should be monitored in terms of the respiratory and renal health of the workers. At the time of
excavation, the rocks or lands are disrupted either by mechanical action or by an explosion which
results in the formation of a high concentration of micro particulate suspension in air. In a study
reported by (Mlika, Adigun, & Gossman, 2020) provided information regarding pneumoconiosis
development in workers as a result of micro particulate exposure at the time of coal excavations.
Clay and stone
Crystalline silica is present in high concentration in both clay and most of the stones,
therefore the processing of clay and stones results in the generation of silica dust of micro
particles. In terms of percentage composition sandstone has approximately more than 70 % silica
(Health and Safety Executive, 2020)by weight, whereas clay has approximately 57 % silica
(Yahaya, Jikan, Badarulzaman, & Adamu, 2017). The high concentration of silica in stone and
clay results in a generation of high concentrations of silica dust at the time of processing such as
mixing and cutting for industrial purposes. In a report published in (Health and Safety Executive,
2020) suggested that workers related to clay and stone processing industries and construction
industries are more prone to lungs related disorders such as bronchitis and emphysema. In a
study reported by (Baldwin, Yates, Beattie, Keen, & Warren, 2019) an emphasis was made on
the risk of exposure to RCS in 590,000 workers of Great Britain (GB). In another report, it was
estimated by the researcher that the patient's number suffering from lung cancer was
approximately a hundred per year in the United Kingdom, which was mainly attributed to RCS
exposure (Rushton, et al., 2012).
Tunneling
Tunneling generally involves cutting between or through the mountains to make way,
however, the process of pathway making involves explosion or cutting with the help of a
machine. Both are energy-intensive processes and relates to the production of large amounts of
silica dust. An article reported by (CNN NEWS, 2017), suggested that workers working in tunnel

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 5
construction could be at risk of chronic silica exposure, which could result in severe health issues
like silicosis or black lung diseases.
Constructing materials
The consequence of aerosol generation is an integral part of the construction process. As
per the innate nature of the materials involved in the construction process the probability of the
presence of a high concentration of silica in the aerosol is generally very high. The particulate
diameters of these aerosols are very small, which could diffuse deep in the lung tissue and could
result in permanent damage to the lungs. The RCS exposure in the building/construction area
presents very challenging task as the number of variable in terms of exposure time, type of
material utilized in work and worksite characteristics (Sauvé, et al., 2013). In a study reported by
(Hammond, Shulman, & Echt, 2016) presented the data as per the percentage silica content in
milling of the asphalt it was observed that silica percentage varied in between the range of 7 % to
23 % by one manufacturer and 12 % silica was released by the process conducted by another
manufacturer.
Dry processing of brick, stone and concrete
Bricks, stones, concrete and rocks are few of the basic ingredients for the production of
building materials. Among the various rocks used in the construction process utilization of
granite in the construction process is very high. The silica percentage in granite may vary from
20 % to 40 %, due to the high concentration silica in granite, the probability to silica dust
exposure at the time granite cutting and polishing is very high, hence the exposure to silica
(Gerasimova, Kapustin, Rogante, & Kochnev, 2017). In a study published by (Leso, Fontana,
Romano, Gervetti, & Iavicoli, 2019) it was reported that the application of artificial stone (AS)
could present a high risk of silicosis and silica-related disorder. The silica concentration in AS is
almost close to 90 %, whereas, it is approximately 3 % in marble and 30 % granite stones.
Therefore, processing these AS with powerful equipment may result in the emergence of a high
concentration of RCS dust.
Grinding and chiseling of concrete
Grinding and chiseling are the processes by which the unevenness is removed from the
surface of concrete or stones along with the removal of any imperfection present on the surface.
The process uses high energy equipment which results in the production of a high concentration

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 6
of RCS in air, which could affect the health of the worker’s health working in close proximity. A
study published by (Si, et al., 2016) on the working condition of Australian workers, indicated
that almost 49 % of cases of RCS exposure occurs in the workers working at the construction
site. A study published by (Rafeemanesh, Majdi, Ehteshamfar, Fahoul, & Sadeghian, 2014), a
total of 12.9% of concrete grinding workers were suffering from silicosis. The studies indicate
that the grinding workers are at more risk of suffering from silicosis or chronic bronchitis due to
the inhalation of RCS at the working site.
Quarrying
Quarrying is the process of acquiring minerals, rocks and other building materials from
the earth's surface for their application as a building material or other uses of minerals. Silica in
the form of quartz is present in all the materials such as rocks and gravels. A report published by
(Méndez-Vargas, et al., 2013) indicated that the workers working at the quarry were more
susceptible for pulmonary disorders due to RCS on an average working cycle of 3 years.
Present case study
The present case study indicates that the concentration of RCS 0.12 mg/m3 in the second
plant of the quarry was above the limit 0.1 mg/m3 suggested by the Australian government, the
RCS concentration 0.05 mg/m3 in the primary plant was double the value of designated by
ACGIH. The high RCS condition in the primary and secondary plant present a severe issue for
the workers, as the high RCS concentration in air, if ignored could result in disorders such as
I. Acute silicosis: Silicosis is a lung disease which is developed due to exposure to the
environment having RCS, silicosis is incurable. Acute silicosis results when a high
concentration of RCS is exposed for a short period of time and could result in the rapid
development of silicosis (Kramer, et al., 2012).
II. Accelerated and chronic silicosis: If the development of silicosis occurs within a 3 to 10
year exposure period it is known as accelerated silicosis. Whereas, chronic silicosis could
develop even after 10 to 40 years (Guarnieri, et al., 2019).
III. Progressive fibrosis: The prolonged exposure of RCS could result in the development of
silicosis into progressive massive fibrosis which is characterized by coalescing of the
nodules (Wang, Lan, Yang, De Jun, & Kuang, 2012).

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 7
IV. Lung cancer: Silica dust have named as class A carcinogen, hence the development of
long term exposure of silica could result in lung cancer (Liu, et al., 2013).
V. Disorders such as scleroderma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and kidney related
problems (Möhner, Pohrt, & Gellissen, 2017).
Necessary precautions at the work site
Crystalline silica is present in most of the building materials and the processing of these
materials could result in the production of a high concentration of RCS. Therefore while working
in the atmosphere having a substantial concentration of RCS following precaution needed to be
taken:
I. The facilities provided for the prevention from RCS such as water sprinkles, proper air
ventilation system and a controlled blasting cabinet, which would help in maintaining
dust exposure.
II. Always get the full information regarding the material on which worker will be working
in terms of material, its silica content and product safety data sheet.
III. The utilization of appropriate protective working equipment in the area where it was
required, such as the utilization of standardized respirator while working in the
atmosphere of RCS dust.
IV. The proper training of the workers is of the prime importance in terms of the safety
measure that is needed to be followed in the hazardous RCS environment.
V. The work clothes need to be properly washed along with vacuum cleaning off any dust
from clothes. Also, if the shower facility is available at the working site than showering
prior to leaving the worksite should be carried out.
VI. Proper knowledge of the health hazard related to RCS should be obtained, and habits like
smoking should be avoided, as smoking could enhance the damage to the lungs.
VII. Proper face and hand cleaning should be carried out, prior to performing any activity like
eating, drinking or the implementation of cosmetics.
Frame work for health surveillance
The harmful effect of RCS on the worker health have been elaborately cited in the
literature, therefore a well formulated health surveillance framework is a prerequisite

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 8
requirement for the workers’ health and wellbeing (Seneviratne, Shankar, Cantrell, & Nand,
2018). The present case study shows that worker in both primary and secondary plants have been
in the exposure of RCS of 0.05 mg/m3 and 0.12 mg/m3 respectively. As mentioned in the earlier
section the concentration in both the plants presents an alarming situation. The precautionary
health measures that could be applied for the workers to prevent them from the harmful effect of
RCS related health issues. The health surveillance program should not be confused with the
precautionary control program; health surveillance is an additional requirement for the wellbeing
of the workers. A framework for health surveillance should comprise of following points.
I. Periodical chest X- rays along with the comparison of any previous chest X-ray of the
individuals, in order to compare the effect of silica on the lung cavity.
II. Appointment of professional health workers for proper guidance in the need of medical
assistance.
III. Regular checkup in breathing symptoms, along with the base line set up for the
respiratory system of individual worker at the time of joining the RCS related work.
IV. Monitoring of the habits of the workers which could worsen the effects of silica exposure
V. Continuous base line monitoring in terms of RCS exposure to the workers
VI. Periodic health checkup and record maintenance, tests such as questionnaire in terms of
breathing problems and assessment of the lungs.
VII. Awareness programs regarding the complication of RCS exposure and precautions that
should be taken to prevent silicosis should be carried out at regular intervals.
Timeline for implementation of framework and recommendations
The working condition at the quarry, reported in the case study indicated a high
concentration of respirable quartz (silica) 0.12 mg/m3 for the operators working at secondary
plants and in case of workers working at primary plant respirable quartz concentration of 0.05
mg/m3. As the workers have avoided the use of precautionary equipment designated for the
safety against RCS, which makes the conditions much worse. Timeline recommended that could
be implemented in the first 2 months for the workers as follows:
I. Appointment of professional medical staff for the regular checkup of the workers in the
first 15 days, also who can maintain the medical record of the workers.

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 9
II. In the first month, the workers are needed to be made aware of various diseases related to
RCS.
III. The Importance of protective equipment and their use at the time of work should be
included in the awareness program of the First month.
IV. As the workers in the secondary plant are in exposure to the high concentration of RCS
at their worksite, therefore their respiratory health assessment along with the X-ray of the
respiratory system should be carried out in the first month in order to check any damage
to the lungs.
V. All workers should be tested for respiratory system function along with the X-ray of all
the workers should be carried out in the first 2 months, to make an assessment health
condition.
VI. Mandatory full body checkup every 4 months for the workers, in order to check any
other effect of silica on workers’ health.
Conclusion
The earth's crust is composed of 25.7 % silica by weight, which is generally present in
the form of silicon oxide. The crystalline silicon oxide (silica) is generally found in the form of
quartz. Quartz is a major component in most of the building materials and microchip industries.
The fine and ultrafine particle due to their lighter weight generally remains suspended in the air
for a long time and could end up in the pulmonary cavity of the respiratory system, which clouds
further result in disorders related to lungs and kidney. Due to the ill effect of microparticles of
silica has been named as a carcinogen of class 1, as lung cancer-causing agents. The ill-effects
produced by RCS has been studied for a long time therefore based on those studies ACGIH has
introduced TLV for silica dust at 0.025 mg/m3, whereas, Australia has put the limit for silica
exposure at 0.1 mg/m3 based on the 8 hour time exposure at respective work site.
Construction-related work such as grinding, tunneling, polishing, and quarrying result in
the production of a high concentration of RCS close to the working area, which affects the health
of workers. There are large numbers of diseases that are associated with the exposure of RCS
such as silicosis, fibrosis, lung cancer and disorders related to kidney and skin.

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 10
The vast array of chronic diseases associated with RCS makes the precautionary measure
needed to be taken at the worksite very important, the facilities such as sprinkles, proper air
ventilation, closed blasting cabinet to prevent dust exposure. The application of standardized
protective equipment along with the standard respirator at the worksite is a prerequisite for the
safety of the workers. The health surveillance framework requires periodic X-rays, Availability
of the medical staff, periodic health checkup and monitoring of the respiratory system. As per the
working condition in the quarry, a 2-month health surveillance timeline is being suggested which
include the appointment of medical professionals along with the awareness program and workers'
health checkup.

RESPIRATORY SILICA AT WORK PLACE 11
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