Oceanic Circulation, Natural Disasters, and Environmental Impact

This report delves into the intricacies of oceanic water circulation, exploring its three primary types: waves, tides, and ocean currents. It examines the impact of climate change on these processes, leading to discussions on various types of floods, including riverine flooding, urban drainage issues, and coastal flooding. The report then analyzes coastal sedimentation processes, emphasizing the roles of waves, tides, and human activities. It further investigates natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and hurricanes, detailing their causes, types, and associated hazards. The report also explores thunderstorms, tornadoes, and wildfires, their development, and the damages they inflict. Finally, it addresses the environmental impacts of these natural phenomena and suggests mitigation strategies to reduce their effects. The report uses numerous references to support the discussed concepts.

Running Head: Final
final
Geology

Final 1
1. OCEANIC WATER CIRCULATION
There are three types of ocean water circulation
1. Waves: It is a movement of oscillatory. It is a sort of horizontal movement of the ocean.
The energy of waves is the wind.
2. Tides: It is rise and fall of sea levels in periodically. It is a vertical movement of the
ocean. There are two types' tides that are low tide and Ebb tide.
3. Ocean current: It is the horizontal flow of a mass quantity of water in a structured
direction. It is like a river flowing.
Effects of climate change
It is easily interrupted process. Changes in climate impact belt of the conveyor. Global
warming leads to increase in rainfall because of it water level in ocean increases and can
cause to flood and melting of glacier lead to long term effect on the ocean.
2. Flood
Types of flood
There are various types of the flood as follows:
Riverine flooding:
Changes in riverine flooding vary with terrain. Flat areas cover from shallow and water will
come slowly in a week, in areas of the hilly and mountainous flood has arisen just in a minute
after heavy rain. There are many types of riverine flooding like overbank flooding, flash floods,
ice jam flooding

Final 2
Source: ("Riverine flooding, 2017)
Urban drainage:
In areas like undeveloped water is run off by its nature. Water will remain there only where they
fall some of them are evaporated, and ground absorbs some, some feed the plants and trees and
some permeate into ground deeply and remaining which are left collected into rivulets, assemble
both in speed and quantity as it quickly down the watershed by drainage ways and space to its
final destination.

Final 3
Ground failures:
Abatement and condensation of soil cause the areas flood prone in the immediate proximity of
ground failure, on the other hand, mud floods and mudflows causes the damage to downstream
and down slope of the area where the primary ground failure has occurred.
Fluctuating lake levels:
The level of water in the lake may fluctuate yearly in the short term or long term. When there is a
heavy rainfall result in high water level for short period and annual melting of snow may results
in high water level in long period
Coastal flooding and erosion:
Coastal flooding and erosion caused from wave actions and storm surges, and it is a serious
problem, but the frequency of flood may vary from time to time. (Nied Manuela et al., 2014)
Hazards
Hazards associated with this flood are categorized into initial hazards that can arise due to the
direct connection of water and secondly, it occurs because of flooding’s like an interruption of
services, health diseases and effects of tertiary.
These hazards can be prevented by changing life styles, purchasing pattern, avoid direct contact
to water, avoid eating fast food and does not let the rain water collected from the house.
3. Coastal sedimentation process
Waves and tides cause it. Environment fine sediments of Shore face and near shore which is
dominated wave remain suspended which left behind the sediments of coarse grain. This is
deposited in deep water. So, gravel and sand dominate the foreshore, near shore and beach. Tides
cause from the gravitational attraction of moon and sun on the oceans.

Final 4
The wave contacts the angle of shoreline, this energy generated the current that runs parallel to
the shore in between the shoreline and breaking waves. They generated deposit sediment in a
pattern of zigzag known as long shore transport. This develops the landforms like bars, Barrier
Island, and spits. The form and erosion give impact to the wave's energy on the shoreline
Source: ("Coastal Sedimentation Process, 2017)
Human activities also cause the coastal sediments like sediment starvation, pollution, trapping of
sediment, coastal degradation and changes in water-level. (Yvette S. et al., 2017)
4. Risk and natural disaster
The risk of the volcano is arisen because of activities like Ash fall, Laharas flows of lava and
flows of Pyroclastic. The risk of earthquake arises due to release of energy like shaking of the
ground, push or acceleration when waves of seismic occur on the surface of the earth. When
there is faulty in earth moves, shaking, population
Earthquake cannot be predicted, but it can be controlled by preparing, education, recovery, the
volcano is controlled by prediction of volcano eruptions, and it can be altered by technology
changes (Blaikie et al., 2014).

Final 5
5. Tectonic plates
The pieces of earth crust id=s known as tectonic plates. This tectonic can cause dangerous
natural hazards like earthquake and volcanoes.
Earthquakes
The main reason behind earthquake is when tectonic plates of earth come together. An
earthquake occurs in the deep underground with boundaries of plates. Due to pressure on the
plate side they bump into each other that it is coming closer and stick together and pulling of
plates are very high that it will suddenly break from each other and causes an earthquake.
Volcanoes
When tectonic plates come together or pull apart, it will lead to the volcano. As when it spread a
part, hot magma occurs and filled the space. (Mallard et al., 2016)

Final 6
Source: ("Tectonic Plates, 2017)
6. Hurricanes
Hurricanes are large, twirl storms. It is very faster than the cheetah. It is formed from the warm
water of the ocean. This water strikes the land, when it comes to the land, it will push the wall of
water ashore of the ocean. This water is known as storm surge.
Types of Hurricanes:
Category 1: Winds which is faster than 119-153 km/Hr. which is faster than a cheetah.
Category 2: 154 km/Hr. the wind which is faster then baseball fastball.
Category 3: 178-208 km/hr. wind equivalent speed of tennis ball.
Category 4: 209-251 km/hr. the wind which is faster than roller-coaster which world's faster.
Category 5: more than 252 km/hr. Wind speed close to the train of high- speed. (Groen et al.,
2016)
Avoidance of this risk:
 Panels of fabric
 Barriers
 Panels of storm
 Plywood
 Straps of hurricane
 Shutters of colonial and accordion
 Rolling down the shutters of hurricane

Final 7
7. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Causes of Thunderstorms:
 Warming which is unequal of the earth surface.
 Lifting of orographic because of obstruction of topographic due to air flow
 Availability of frontal zone results in dynamic lifting.
Development of thunderstorm
After the lifting has started, parcel of warm moist air starts cooling due to the expansion of
adiabatic. After elevation dew points have reached which results in cumulus cloud and
condensation. Cumulus cloud will turn into thunderstorms (Folger et al., 2013)

Final 8
Source: ("Thunderstorms, 2017)
Causes of tornadoes:
 Instability
 Shear of wind
 Reduction in air pressure
Development of tornadoes
It is developed from a severe thunderstorm and lakes and oceans. (Brooks et al., 2013)
Damages from thunderstorm and tornado
The damages occur from a tornado may be different from one another as it depends upon the
frequency of tornado. It can cause to broken-down of windows, branches of trees, blowing
off roofs and car which is moving can be pushed from the roads. Thunderstorm will cause to
lightning, heavy rain and tornadoes, winds, thunder and hail.
8. Wildfire
A wildfire front is that section which is sustaining continuously flaming ignition, in which
material that is unburned meets the rustling flames or exploding conversion between materials of
burned and unburned.
Causes of wildfire
90 percent of the wildfire is caused by humans. Human caused wildfire can cause from campfires
which are left unattended, debris burning, inadequately avoided cigarettes and eagerly action of
arson. And 10 percent is caused by lava or lightning, campfires.
Prevention

Final 9
 For preventing cigarettes to cause wildfires, it should be disposed to the area where it
cannot cause fire and cannot be a source of ignition. Place the cigarettes in the water it is
very easy to prevent the wildfire.
 Timely check the weather
 Use location for fire which can be controllable
 Do not burn anything which is not usual or flammable
Environmental impact of wildfire
It damages the habitats of the environment which rely on the type of soil and the intensity of the
fire. It also affects the population and interrupts after an incident. It also damages the buildings
and homes and the species of animals also. (Albini et al., 1976)
9. Earthquake
Origin of an earthquake is a spontaneous faulty movement of the earth. It is caused due to
vibration of rocks on each side of faulty rubbing with each other or in opposite side.
Geologic hazards are caused by diversity of Colorado of rocks, type of soil, structure of geologic,
condition of climate, topography all their activities are grouped together to form diverse and
vigorous processes of geologic and when the movement of humans changes into environment
which is dynamic these process of nature can become problem like geologic hazards.
(Lomnitzeta al., 2013)
Earthquake is developed more at boundaries of tactic plates in which diverse plates are meet. It is
more common in a place where two plates are sliding past or colliding, specifically around the
boundaries of Pacific Plate. (Noda S. et al., 2016)

Final 10
Reduce the impact of earthquakes by following ways:
 Develop building which is earthquake resistant
 Plans for emergency
 Drills for earthquake
 Warning of tsunami
10. Volcano
Types of volcanoes activity-
 Strombolian eruption
 Eruption of Plinian
 Eruption of Vulcanian
 Eruption of Hawaiian
 Eruption of Effusive
 Eruption of Pelean
 Eruption of Phreatic
 Eruption of Surtsey
In MOUNT ST.HELEN volcano there is a huge quantity of gas which is ash-laden that
are violently created to create cauliflower-shaped which is high above the volcano
eruption, and in HAWIAAN VOLCANOES there is a disruption is molten, spurts lava of
incandescent from the fissure. This lava grouped in old pit craters for forming lakes of
lava, cones, etc.
Gases caused by volcanic activities are toxic that is carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid. (Crisafulli et al., 2015)

Final 11
Environmental impact of volcano
 Phreatic
 Rhyolite flow
 Flow of Basalt
 Pyroclastic flow
 Lahar
 Emission of carbon dioxide
Minimize the impact of the volcano by wearing an emergency mask or wear a cloth over the
face, close windows to prevent from ash, excess ash should be removed from the roofs and
wear a protection while doing the cleaning. (Lemzikov et al., 2014)

Final 12
References
Lemzikov, V. K. "Models of source spectra for tectonic earthquakes in application to some types
of volcanic earthquakes: Klyuchevskoi volcano." Journal of Volcanology and Seismology 8.2
(2014): 125-134.
Crisafulli, C. M., et al. "Volcano ecology: disturbance characteristics and assembly of biological
communities." Encyclopedia of volcanoes. 2nd edition. London, UK. Elsevier Publishing (2015):
1265-1284.
Noda, S., and W. L. Ellsworth. "Scaling relation between earthquake magnitude and the
departure time from P-wave similar growth: Application to Earthquake Early Warning." AGU
Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2016.
Lomnitz, Cinna. Global tectonics and earthquake risk. Vol. 5. Elsevier, 2013..
Albini, Frank A. "Estimating wildfire behavior and effects." (1976).
Mallard, Claire, et al. "Subduction controls the distribution and fragmentation of Earth’s
tectonic plates." Nature 535.7610 (2016): 140-143.
Groen, Jeffrey, Mark J. Kutzbach, and Anne Elise Polivka. "Storms and jobs: the effect of
hurricanes on individuals’ employment and earnings over the long term." (2016).
Brooks, Harold E. "Severe thunderstorms and climate change." Atmospheric Research 123
(2013): 129-138.
Folger, Peter, and Aisha Reed. Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes in the United States.
Congressional Research Service, 2013.

Final 13
Flood, Yvette S., and Gary J. Hampson. "Analysis of floodplain sedimentation, avulsion style
and channelized fluvial sandbody distribution in an upper coastal plain reservoir: Middle Jurassic
Ness Formation, Brent Field, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Special Publications
444.1 (2017): 109-140.
Nied, Manuela, et al. "On the relationship between hydro-meteorological patterns and flood
types." Journal of hydrology 519 (2014): 3249-3262.
Blaikie, Piers, et al. At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge,
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Final 14
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