Investigating Accidents and Safety in Offshore Capstone Projects

This report investigates the causes of accidents in offshore environments, focusing on a case study of Capstone Consultancy. It begins with an introduction outlining the research aim, which is to understand why accidents occur offshore, and the objectives, including analyzing theories like the Domino Effect, health and safety at offshore, and the entropy model. The report poses research questions and justifies the rationale for the study, highlighting the importance of understanding and mitigating risks in the offshore industry. The literature review delves into the Domino Effect theory, health and safety practices, the four-fold strategy, and the entropy model, alongside management communication theory in the oil and gas sector. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including the timescale for the study. The report aims to provide insights into the factors contributing to offshore accidents and suggest strategies for improving safety and risk management within Capstone Consultancy and the broader offshore industry.

Research Methods

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Research Aim.........................................................................................................................1
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................1
Research Questions................................................................................................................2
Rationale of Research.............................................................................................................2
Resource Implication..............................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
Domino Effect theory.............................................................................................................3
Health and Safety at offshore theory......................................................................................4
Four fold strategy...................................................................................................................5
The Entropy Model.................................................................................................................7
Management communication theory in oil and gas................................................................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................8
Time scale.....................................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
These days, the major issue is related to the uncertain accidents, disasters and mechanical
failure etc. It is very important for people to take care of their self from such uncertain risks and
hazards. In this context, Offshore employees are those who work for another country, from their
home country. Offshore corporations are those who are registered outside the country where they
have their main offices and operations. In the following assignment, the researcher’s main
objective is to analyse that why do accident occurs with human beings, while working offshore.
Scholar will focus on the several reasons like human errors, natural disasters etc. In order to
analyse the reason for the accident occurring while working abroad, researcher will focus on the
several theories like domino effect, four-fold theory, the entropy model and management
communication theory in oil and gas etc. In order to analyse the conclusion and obtain an
appropriate solution of the research issue, scholar will apply various methods of the research
methodology (Mercieca and Mercieca, 2013). Researcher has main aim of this investigation to
identify that why such kind of accidents arise and also scholar is required to understand the
reason of such uncertain accidents. The present study provides the detail understanding about the
offshore employees and how they affected. In the present study, research will conduct with
respect of the Capstone Consultancy company. In order to get detailed understanding of the
research topic, scholar have bifurcated the whole literature review in the various themes. With
assistance of this chapter, scholar can easily get deep knowledge about the topic. At the end of
this research project, investigator will conduct the interview for the Offshore employees for
collecting the data about the Capstone projects.
Research Aim
“To investigate the reason due to which accident occur while working Offshore: A case study of
the Capstone Consultancy”
Research Objectives
 To analyse the understanding about Domain effect theory
 To investigate the health and safety at offshore theory
 To understand the concept of the entropy model
 To explore understanding about the management communication theory in oil and gas
Research Questions
 What is the concept of Domino effect theory?
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 What is health and safety aspect at the Offshore theory?
 What is the meaning of Four-fold strategy?
 What is the entropy model?
 Define the management communication theory in oil and gas?
Rationale of Research
In the present dissertation, scholar’s main intension is to develop understanding about the
reasons by which accident occur offshore. There are several reasons such as human error, nature
disaster and mechanical structure failure etc. It is great responsibility of the company to keep
secure its personnels from uncertain hazards, risks and accidents at the workplace. With the
Offshore, accident is major issue in the present time thus it is very important for management to
understand several reasons and make efforts to reduce it. The major reason for selecting this
topic. is that investigator has immense interest in this subject. In addition to this, researcher
wants to acquire detailed understanding and knowledge about this topic. Furthermore, scholar
have sufficient information about mentioned research aim that is why this topic has been selected
in the present dissertation.
Resource Implication
For conducting the survey, investigator required various resources such as human
resource, time, finance etc. In the absence of these resources scholar cannot accomplish the
objective of study. Human resource is major factor which affects the investigation. For
conducting research, employees play a very crucial role. In addition to this, finance is another
factor which affects the research. In several tasks like printing questionnaire, travelling, internet
charges etc he requires fund. Moreover, time is another factor which affect scholar because they
have limited time period. Due to the short period, it is very difficult to attain the objective of
investigation. In order to overcome the impact of time, scholar will use the Gantt chart method.
In this method, each activity is organised according to the time period. In addition to this, for
overcome the impact of shortage of finance, researcher will use activity based costing method.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of Domino effect theory
According to the view of (Baccini and Dür, 2012) the domain theory is governed by the foreign
policy and practices.
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Domino Effect theory
Domino theory was the prominent theory from 1950's to 1980's, this theory has approved
if any country comes in the influence of communism, then other surrounding companies will
follow the Domino effect. This theory was used by successive administration of United States for
the justification of the need of American intervention during Cold War all around the world.
After world war II, theory authorities that the fall of non-communist state the communism will
overhasty other non-communist neighbouring states in that region. This Domino theory was first
introduced by President Harry S. Truman for the Justification of sending their minatory aid to
Turkey and Greece during the 1940's, but afterwards when this theory was reapplied by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower in South-east Asia during the 1950's it becomes popular. Domino theory
was amongst the main arguments which were used during the administration of Kennedy and
Johnson in the 1960's for the justification of military involvement of America in Vietnam war.
This theory is a belief that communism was an expanding political orientation and which will
aggressively spread from one country to another (Baldwin, 2012). According to the writing of
Russian Bolshevik leader Viadimir Lenin “ International Revolution”, he illustrated that
communism was the movement which is not based on nationality it is formed on the basis of
class. It will exceed the boundaries and borders on the basis of nationality, patriotism, and
language. After the hold of Communism at Russia according to Leniommittee of Russian and
foreign delegates. The Comintern’s main objective was to promote and advance communist
movements abrn it would inspire the evaluation of similar revolution in France, Germany and
other European countries. According to him whenever, workers will exploit it will result in the
motion to Communism. One of the critical safety aspects of any job is how well the worker is
supervised. The adverse consequences of fallible decisions made by the organisation could be
alleviated if line management or supervisors were competent. However, if line-management is
limited by resources, put under undue time pressure, has inappropriate perceptions of the
hazards, is ignorant of the hazards or has motivational difficulties, it is unlikely that they will
identify these problems. In this case, line-management deficiencies could result in a management
failure (such as deficient training) revealing itself as a human error (such as carrying out a task
incorrectly). Had the management failure been rectified, the task may have been carried out
correctly.In 1919, Communist international was being established by Moscow, along with
Russian communities, their main objective was for the promotion and the advancement of
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communist movement abroad. According to Baldwin, (2012), it can be said that Domino theory
allows to have effective consideration of key axioms of industrial safety. With an application of
such measures the number of issues can be overcome. It has been noticed that overall application
of concern theory can be classified in different measures. Classification can be as injury,
accident, unsafe, fault and ancestry. Along with this, it can be said that injury can be caused by
an accident if the mechanical and unsafe measures are not being referred properly. Drezner, (2011)
has stated that reference of physical hazards need to be referred properly. If the person is having
ineffective monitoring then it will affect the overall measures. Moreover, consideration of
ancestry and social environment need to be referred properly.
On the international agenda of communism whole west was arguing for that, this
psychosis had strengthened into the theory of Domino during the 1940's. This increased the
introduction of rising in the risk for the communism in China. It is believed by leaders once the
communism will introduce in any one country it will soon infiltrated in its neighbouring
countries (Drezner, 2011). In addition to this, Bjerkan, (2010) has stated that accident is avoided,
according to Heinrich, by removing one of the dominoes, normally the middle one or unsafe act.
With an effective application of key foundations in respect to the accident prevention the key
measures can be taken into account. However, such incidents are mainly affected due to unsafe
conditions and acts. Multifactorial measures also need to be developed so that lengthy sequences
of changes can be taken into account.
A new factor in Domino theory is being introduced that many of the nations are incapable
to resist communism. After the year of war most of the European nations were economically
exhausted and their system and administration was also weak to resist communism in their
country, this leads them easy prey for the communist infiltration because their peoples were
depressed, starving and desperate because of war. Asian borders were most weak at that time and
were in most risk because communists find very easy to move in-out of the border, as well as the
government and system of all those Asian nations were comparatively weak.
So on conclusion, the domino theory is a belief that the communism spread from one
nation to its neighbouring nations. According to western planners they believe that China would
act as an artistic movement for the advancement of communism in Asia. This theory is based on
analogy with falling domino which get popular in late 1950's and then widely accepted. This
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theory was partly supported by Soviet led comintern, who had promoted communism all over the
world. This theory was later accepted by all US presidents and had become an underlying
principle in foreign policies of America during Cold war (Bjerkan, 2010).
Health and Safety at offshore theory
Offshore is allowing the exploitation of the UK and continuously turning for the
innovation in technical solution. These designs holds legal duties and the theories of health and
safety carry early interaction with designers for the ensuring of both projects and safety risks as
low as possible. The involvement of health and safety at the theories of the Offshore installation.
As according to the regulation offshore safety case, 2005 it is generally wished to for the
involvement of the easiest stage of the project which is before submission of design notification.
For the cited organisation their Heath and Safety Executive has both specialist and
inspectors who are needed and to be informed during the formation of Design process. HSE
manages its involvement in design process for bringing appropriate resources for the
participation in duty holders interaction. Furthermore, a model plan is discussed for the
participation of duty holders (Mearns, Hope and Tetrick, 2010). Some stages of design process are
proposal for field development, different concepts of design evaluation, FEED study which is
front and engineering design, construction which will includes installation and transport, detailed
designs of Engineering, along with further Hook ups, Commissioning ad operations with majorly
subsequent designs modifications. Health and safety are required to be involved in these
stages as its discussion affects its safety process. It includes the Legal frame work, HSE's
Milestones in design process, evaluation of inspection plan. This concept of health and safety is
not a new phenomenon of the business world (Riding and Rayner, 2013). It is been developed
since last years. Even though the concepts has gained several innovations and significant
attention for the development of sustainable working environment. The main objectives of this
culture is to exploring the different concepts of health and safety culture in relation to
environment. In the analysis of roles of different organisation in implementation and
maintenance of safety culture, and throwing light on different challenges and assets which fosters
in the implementation of health and safety. Author has stated that overall development of process
might be affected due to health and safety measures so that long term development can be taken
into account.
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Four fold strategy
This is the theory of individual decision over on risky outcome and from that expected
theory of utility, the alternative model is been given for to explain behaviour in better way. This
Four Fold strategy is risk attitude under different evocation procedures which are, determined
when average individual are- Risk seeking over gain in low probability, risk averse over gain of
high probability, risk averse on over losses on low profitability and seeking of risk over
probability of high losses. Using two different elicitation procedures, to examine robustness of
the Four fold strategy. It allows us to observe weather the decision made by every individual
which is consistent to each of the above elements of four Folds strategies. It is found that Four
Fold strategies is very good predictor of risk potential. On relation to this there are several
potentials which are explaining the sensitivity to the procedure of elicitation. Having the
exception of the low gain in probability the risk implied attitude for most participants in task of
choice is very much opposite to the predicted from the FourFold strategy (Levi, 2010). The risk
attitude that are derived with procedure of price in relation to FFP is consistent, thus having
greater similarities in it can be concluded that the price task of FFP can be considerable.
According to Tenorio-Borroto and et.al., (2013), it can be said that health and safety measures need to
be employed properly so that overall outcome can be advanced effectively. By having an
effective consideration of four fold strategy the promotion of causation, prevention and safety
management can be taken into account. Along with this, it also helps in effective monitoring of
outcomes so that long term sustainability can be referred properly. Levi, (2010) has argued that
measure and control theory also need to be referred properly so that safety in reference to
offshare can be referred properly. A tool designed to improve the non-technical skills of
supervisors. Can be used if the quality of supervision is identified as a possible cause of
accidents. Along with this, it can be said driving for the excellence is key measure which need to
be referred properly. It assist in understanding the change in behavioural drivers so that things
can be managed properly. Analytical tools based on academic work have been developed for
industry in certain cases.
The expected value of the investment the Cited company makes is an average on the
basis of its probability of each outcome. However, this concept of Four fold is unable to describe
the Cited company this pattern works on the basis of percentage profit gain, which is low
profitability and high profitability on the basis of their gain and losses.
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Accidents are no longer considered to be happen because of single chain of the Event,
According to early thinker of the academia they think that the accidents are to be seen in single
chain to which each event is the cause of next one. Several other ancient theories are based on
serial causation idea. Like fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, man-made disasters\,
probabilistic risk analysis and others.
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Illustration 2: Four Fold Strategy
(Source : - Prospect theory, 2017)
Illustration 1: Evolution of selected academic theories
(Source: - Human and organisational factors in major accident prevention, 2016 )

On the basis of this the column is four significant columns which are Significant Gain,
significant losses, and on the other side on the basis of their profitability which is High
Probability and low Probability (Tenorio-Borroto and et.al., 2013).
Fourfold pattern for the risk seeking and risk aversion.
Significant Gains Significant losses
High Probability Risk averse which is
underweight potential benefits
This fear of disappointment
takes unfavorable settlement
waste material.
Risk seeking
desperate to recoup loss reject
favorable settlement continue
gambling seeks risky
Low probability Risk seeking
In this there is hope for large
gain, It rejects settlement
which are favorable, it consists
of gambling supplements,
chiropractic and acupuncture.
Risk Averse
It consists of the fear of having
large loss, it takes unfavorable
settlement, buying of
insurance, along with
diagnostic testing which will
be un-warned
The Entropy Model
As per the view of (Flick, 2015) entropic model defines the uncertainty and risk of the accident
in the offshore. This model provides a balanced, comprehensive approach to hazard control.
With help of this model , individual can easily understand to make balance between the uncertain
risk and security. As per this model, there are major two kinds of risk identified that is entropic
risk abnd residual risk. In the context of entropic risk, the risk is associated with the degradation
of business systems. On the other hand in the context of residual risk, the inherent danger in all
organisational act Management communication theory in oil and gas vities. It is great
responsibility of the management to keep secure its employees from the uncertain hazard by
make proper arrangement and facilities. With assistance of this mentioned model, individual can
learn the ways to keep themselves from uncertain hazard and risk in the company. In this model
major two kinds of risk included. There is residual risk that can not be completely eliminated and
entropic risk arisen when system degrade (Perks and et.al., 2013). There are various factors
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which shown in the entropy model of risk such as processes, technology, physical environment
of the company, human resources etc. Management should consider all these mentioned factor
while it considering the risk and hazard associated with the company.
As per the view of Leary, (2016), it can be said that consideration of human factor is
necessary so that key measures can be taken into account. In this respect, it can be said that for
having an effective consideration of such measures the key factors need to be referred.
Classification of measures can be as individual, job and organisation. By having a proper
reference of competence and skills the overall development can be accomplished. Mackey and
Gass, (2015) has provided a support to the statement and state that culture and leadership are also
measures which helps in understanding the sustainability. Tasks should be designed in
accordance with ergonomic principles to take into account limitations and strengths in human
performance. It indicates that overall development need to be referred properly so that risk can
be reduced properly. It helps in meeting the standards properly so that better outcome can be
taken into account. As expected, employees were initially reluctant to perform stretches and
exercises at work.
In addition to this, it can be said that key accidents are mainly occurred due to health and
safety issues. Offsharetech, (2017) has said that by having a spot light on the policy makers the
organisation can have better operations in order to lead business to impressive level of success.
Along with this, it is necessary to have efforts that can assist in reducing the likelihood of
incidents so that traditional aspects can be considered properly. Prevention measures today also
recognise human factors as major contributors to operational safety and the optimisation of
system performance offshore. Leary, (2016), has argued that by having an effective
consideration of the theory the role of human factors can be referred properly. It allows to
overcome issue and lead business to impressive level of success. It has been noticed that
majority of risk and accidents are being occurred due to improper consideration of human
error. It indicates that high level issues can be referred properly by having recognition of
human factors.
Management communication theory in oil and gas
On taking about the Cited company of Oil and gas industry, it is been witnessed
unprecedented conflicts, an unrelenting stakeholder corporate criticism and their history which is
protracted on the heel of violence of the extraction of Oil. From the past decades there are
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several conflicts which are arising in the cited company in to wake oil Exploration. Interests
expressed as the disagreement by contradictory power, orientation and the affiliations in between
each other. Also, there are many conflicts arises in the management of communication theory in
oil and gas because they are means which organisation makes the adjustment, compromises and
learning of the change adaptation.
Communication and innovation are separated from each other and can be regarded as
opposite end which is same to the spectrum, however they are interdependent on each other. The
communication is usually based on Perception, whereas on the other hand an information is
based on the logic.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the research study, research methodology is one of the major chapter which helps the
investigator in obtaining an impressive outcome. In the absence of this chapter, researcher is
unable to obtain the result of the investigation. There are various kinds of methods included in
the research methodology such as research approach, philosophy, design, sampling, data
collection, data analysis etc (Flick, 2015). With assistance of these methods, scholar can get an
appropriate outcome of the study. In the present study, researcher’s main objective is to
investigate the reason for accidents occurring with offshore employees with respect of the
Capstone consultancy. Thus, researcher will apply each method of the research methodology so
that appropriate solution can be obtained. Following are some methods which can help the
scholar in identifying the reason for accidents - Research Philosophy- Research philosophy is one of the most important method in the
research methodology which help the scholar in investigating the study and obtaining an
impressive solution of the research issue (Leary, 2016). In the absence of this research
philosophy, scholar cannot achieve target of the research. There are major two kinds of
research philosophies that is positivism and interpretive. Researcher will user various
theories and concepts in the context of interpretivism philosophy. On the other hand, in
the context of positivism philosophy, scholar consider main objective of the study is to
obtain an appropriate solution for the investigation. In the present study, scholar will use
positivism philosophies for identity the reason for occur accident on offshore employees.
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