Design of a One-Day Battery Back-up PV System Project

This project details the design of a one-day battery back-up PV system for a house, aiming for energy independence from the utility grid during emergencies. The design considers a three-bedroom house with a two-car garage, specifying power requirements for various appliances, includi...Read More

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Design of a one-Battery Back-up PV System
This research paper is about designing a one-day battery back-up PV system for a
house in the island which is being owned by me and does not wish to depend on the utility
provider during any disaster. The house is made up of three bedrooms, two-car garage with
one roof south facing home, and two maths. The PV system will be providing backup electric
power enough to operate four LED lights, a small radio, a medium screen TV with aerial
antenna and amplifier, tow box fans, high efficiency 9000 Btu Air condition, and a
refrigerator.
The house also has one HP pump with an overhead 200Ga water storage having the
head of 20 feet and the total 1.5 inch PVC of 50 feet is to be used. There is also a need to
design the system to be able to handle the pump. The roof in which the PV system will be
installed will be as shown in figure 1 below:
The system of solar photovoltaic is an example of system of renewable energy which
utilizes modules of PV in the conversion of electricity from sunlight. The generated
electricity can be used directly or stored, combined with a single or numerous electricity
generators or fed back into the grid line. The system of solar PV is a clean source and reliable

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electricity source that can be used in a variety of uses like livestock, agriculture, industry, and
residence. The basic components of solar PV system include loads, auxiliary sources of
energy, battery bank, inverter, and solar charge controller (Castañer 142).
The sources of auxiliary energy include the diesel generator or other sources of
energy that is renewable. The load involves the electrical devices that will be coupled to the
system of solar PV, they include four LED lights, a small radio, a medium screen TV with
aerial antenna and amplifier, tow box fans, high efficiency 9000 Btu Air condition, and a
refrigerator. The battery will be used in the storage of energy which will be used by the
electrical appliances when there is the need. The invert will be used in the conversion of the
PV panel’s DC output into a clean alternating current for the appliances using AC (Deambi
247).
The solar charge controller will be involved in the regulation of current and voltage
coming from the PV panels towards the battery hence preventing the overcharging of the
battery and prolonging its life. The PV module will be involved in the conversion of sunlight
into direct current electricity.
The Sizing of Solar Panel System
The PV solar system will be coupled with other components as shown in the figure below:
The system above is a Hybrid AC-DC system which is applicable in connection of consumers
of mid-range AC power.

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Determination of the demand for power consumption
The initial stage of designing a system of PV solar is to calculate the entire energy and power
which will be consumed by all the loads that require to be delivered by the system of solar
PV.
 Calculation of the entire Watt-hour daily for every devices to be used: The Watt-hour
gotten will be added together for all the appliances to acquire the total Watt-hour on the
daily basis which should be provided to the appliances (Fletcher 187). The total Watt-
hour for every appliance which will be used in this house can be determined as shown
below:
Four LED lights:
Each LED consumes 40W; For 1 hour, the energy consumed will be 40Wh while in 12 hours
in a day, the energy consumed by a single LED will be 480Wh. For the four LEDs, the
energy will be 480*4Wh.
Energy consumed by four LEDs = 1920Whr
A small radio:
A radio consumes 300W in one hour, for the whole day, the total energy consumed will be
300*24hours = 7200Whrs per day
A medium screen TV with aerial antenna and amplifier:
A medium screen TV consumes 350W in 1 hour, for the whole day, the total energy
consumed will be 350*24 = 8400Whrs
Areal antenna consumes 120W in 1 hour, for the whole day, the total energy consumed will
be 120*24 = 2880Whrs
Tow box fans:
A single box fan consumes 25W per hour, for the whole day, the total energy consumed will
be 25*24 = 600Whrs. For two fans, the total energy = 600*2 = 1200Whrs (Messenger 157)
High efficiency 9000 Btu Air condition:

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A high efficiency 900 Btu air condition consumes 300W per hour. For 24 hours a day, the
total energy consumed will be 300*24 = 7200Whrs
A refrigerator:
A refrigerator consumes 750W in one hour. 24 hour of energy consumption will be 750*24 =
180000Whrs
Hp pump:
(Michael 167)
The type of pump which can be used in pumping water using solar PV system is gravity
pump. The energy consumption of water pump is 4500W.
The total Watt-hour per day for all the appliances = 1920Whr + 7200Whrs + 8400Whrs +
2880Whrs + 1200Whrs + 7200Whrs + 180000Whrs + 4500W
The total Watt-hour per day = 213300Whrs = 213.3kWhrs

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 Calculate the total Watt-hour on daily basis required from the PV modules: This is gotten
by multiplying the total Watt-hours consumed by the devices by 1.3 which is the system’s
energy loss.
Total Watt-hours on daily basis required from the PV module= 213.3kWhrs *1.3
Total Watt-hours = 283.689kWhrs (Mohanty 215)
The PV modules dimension
Diverse dimensions of PV module will produce the different quantity of power. To et
the size of PV module, the total peak power produced is determined. The produced peak watt
depends on the climate of the region and size of PV module. There is need to consider the
generation factor of the panel which is dissimilar in every geographical position. For Puerto
Rico, the factor of generation panel is 3.43. To calculate the size of PV module, the following
is determined:
Total rating of Watt-peak required for PV modules:
The total rating of Watt-peak = Total Watt-hours on daily basis/3.43
= 283.689kWhrs/3.43
= 82.71kWhrs (Pearsall 187)
Determine the number of PV panels for the house:
This is gotten by dividing the total rating of Watt-peak by the output Watt-peak rated of the
available modules of PV. The accessible PV panels are 200W, the number of PV panels
require = 82710/200 = 413.55
The number of panels required = 414 panels
Inverter size
An inverter is applied in a system where there is need of an output power of AC. The inverter
rating should be higher than the entire watt of devices to be used in the system. The inverter
should possess a similar nominal voltage as the battery used in the system (Wills). The
inverter size for this system is 30% greater than the total power consumed by the devices:

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Inverter size = 130/100* 283.689kWhrs
= 368.8kWhrs
Battery size
The type of battery to be used in this system of solar PV is deep cycle battery. This battery
type is designed specifically for low level of energy discharge and fast recharge. The sizing
of the battery can be gotten by:
Total Watt-hours on daily basis by all the devices = 283.689kWhrs
Diving the value above by 0.85 for battery loss = 283689/0.85
Diving the value above by 0.6 for discharge depth = 333751.77Whrs
Dividing the value above by nominal battery voltage which is 1.2V for NiCd =
278126.471Whrs
Multiply the outcome above with the duration the battery will be used which is 10 year*365
= 3650
Capacity of Battery (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by devices x Autonomy days
(0.85 x 0.6 x Voltage of nominal battery)
Capacity of Battery (Ah) = (283.689kWhrs x 3650)/ (0.85 x 0.6 x 278126.471)
= 2628Ah (SINGH 185)
Solar charge controller size
The controller of solar charge is normally rated against voltage and Amperage capacities.
There is need to choose the controller of solar charge to match the batteries and array of PV
voltages and then select the right type of controller of the solar charge is correct to ensure that
the solar charge controller has sufficient capacity to take care of the current from the array of
PV.
The controller of solar charge rating = Total current of short circuit/1.3
The total energy consumed by the appliances = 283.689kWhrs

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Total PV panels needed = 82.71kWhrs
Short circuit current in the system = 7.4A
Solar charge controller size = (4 strings *7.4A) *1.3
= 38.5A
The rating of controller of solar charge should be 38.5A (Shaw 174)
Cost of the Project
The approximate cost of this PV solar project can be tabulated as shown in the table below:
Device Number/ratings Model Cost
PV Panels 414 panels JWP 260 Desert
Polycrystalline Module
2800 Dollars
Solar charge controller 40A rating MPPT Charge controller 325 Dollars
Batteries 2628Ah ratings Lithium-ion 190 Dollars
Inverter 368.8kWhrs Magnum Energy
MSH4024M Inverter
95 Dollars
Conclusion
This research paper is about designing a one-day battery back-up PV system for a
house in the island which is being owned by me and does not wish to depend on the utility
provider during any disaster. The house is made up of three bedrooms, two-car garage with
one roof south facing home, and two maths. The PV system will be providing backup electric
power enough to operate four LED lights, a small radio, a medium screen TV with aerial
antenna and amplifier, tow box fans, high efficiency 9000 Btu Air condition, and a
refrigerator.

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Work Cited
Castañer, Luis. Modelling Photovoltaic Systems Using PSpice. Perth: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
Deambi, Suneel. Photovoltaic System Design: Procedures, Tools and Applications. Moscow: Taylor &
Francis, 2011.
Fletcher, Gregory. The Guide to Photovoltaic System Installation. Paris: Cengage Learning, 2013.
Messenger, Roger. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Third Edition. Colorado: CRC Press, 2011.
Michael. Advanced Photovoltaic System Design. Michigan: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2014.
Mohanty, Parimita. Solar Photovoltaic System Applications: A Guidebook for Off-Grid Electrification.
New York: Springer, 2013.
Pearsall, Nicola. The Performance of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Modelling, Measurement and
Assessment. Michigan: Elsevier Science, 2014.
Shaw, Michael. Introduction to Photovoltaic System Design. California: Jones & Bartlett Publishers,
2013.
SINGH, CHETAN. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS: A Manual for Technicians,
Trainers and Engineers. Melbourne: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2016.
Wills, Rosalie. Best Practices for Commercial Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System Installation. London:
Springer, 2010.