Impact of Countermeasures on Online Fraud in UK Travel and Tourism

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
Title........................................................................................................................................1
Project introduction................................................................................................................1
Research aim and objectives..................................................................................................1
Rational of research................................................................................................................2
Significance of research.........................................................................................................2
Approach and Methodology...................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................4
Introduction............................................................................................................................4
The counter-measures to prevent and detect online fraud in UK...........................................4
The impact of counter-measures against the online fraud.....................................................5
Various strategies to prevent and minimise impact of online fraud.......................................5
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................................8
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Title
Investigating the impact of online fraud within Travel and Tourism Industry in UK.
Project introduction
Online fraud is a significant issue of modern society. It is a deception or frauds which
make use of internet including hiding data and information or delivering incorrect
information for the purpose of tricking victims out of inheritance, property and money. The
most common fraud types in online are known as spoofing and phishing. In this modern
world, internet is providing number of opportunities for people in order to make effective use
of services provided by different sectors. In this regards, people needs to provide their
personal data and information such as bank account number, CVV pin and other account
details to use the services such travel and tourism. Thus, there is a possible chance of using
this information of customers in online frauds which involve identity theft and financial fraud
effectively. Internet or online fraud is the use of services provided by internet or software
with internal access to defraud victims to take advantage of them. It leads to monetary losses
and has a negative impact on victims.
There are some agencies such as enforcement, international and incorporating
multiple jurisdictions responsible for investigating the online crimes. The online fraud
activities within travel and tourism industry received less priority and attention from these
agencies which leads to enhance in online frauds. In this regard, the researcher will put
proactive approaches in order to prevent online frauds on its victims. The researcher will also
contrast the arguments in the research project in order to deliver comprehensive
understanding of the matter. Further, research methodologies will be described and data will
be collected from secondary sources such as online blogs, articles, magazines and websites to
formulate the structure covering all aspects of every chapter effectively.
Research aim and objectives
Aim
The aim of research is to investigate the impact of the countermeasures in the control and in
prevention of online fraud within U.K. This aim is to ensure the development of scheme in
order to prevent and control online frauds.
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Objectives
A few objectives regarding the study are summarised below in order to accomplish
the aim of research.
 To identify the counter-measures to prevent and detect online fraud in UK.
 To investigate the impact of counter-measures against the online fraud.
 To develop various strategies to prevent and minimise impact of online fraud.
Rational of research
In this research, researcher will be able to enhance his or her knowledge regarding
different strategies to prevent and minimise the impact of online fraud. In this regards,
researcher will also address different issues and challenges while collecting information to
formulate strategies. However, this will help researcher to increase his or her knowledge and
comprehending skills. This will also help to get familiar with online activities in order to
assess its impact on victims towards online fraud.
Significance of research
Online fraud is a major crime where people make misuse of data and information of
others. It affects the daily life of an individual and decreases their faith regarding online
activities. In this regards, prevention agencies are also not paying their full attention to
minimise or prevent the online fraud. The research will help to collect information and
valuable data in order to understand the online fraud and its related activities within travel
and tourism industry to identify strategies that are useful in the prevention of such activities.
Further, the research is significantly important that it will provide a comprehensive
understating regarding impact of the countermeasures in the control and in prevention of
online fraud within U.K. in order to ensure development of strategies and schemes to prevent
and control online frauds. Through this research, other researchers and people can understand
the arguments made on impact of online frauds on victims.
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Approach and Methodology
It can be said that appropriate research methodology is important for researcher in
order to attain the objectives and aim of the research in precise manner.
Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is an essential part of research methodology
which deals with development, source and nature of knowledge. For the present, research,
positivism philosophy will be used by researcher in order to spot tangible information that is
credible.
Research Approach: Research approach is a plan which includes various steps that helps to
define the broad assumption regarding data collection process and its description. In this
regards, researcher will use inductive approach for the investigation.
Research Design: It is plan which will help researcher to attain aim, objectives and questions
of investigation (Bellini, 2017). Researcher will make effective use of exploratory research
design for the current investigation.
Research Strategy: The strategy towards research is very useful for the researcher in
attaining the objectives of investigation. In this regards, investigator will use qualitative
research strategy for the investigation.
Data Collection: Data collection is an important part of research that it helps to collect
relevant and reliable data and information for investigation with the help of secondary data
collection method.
Data Analysis: The data and information collected through secondary data collection method
will be analysed with secondary sources such as authentic information given in online
articles, magazines, blogs and other websites.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature review is one of the most important parts of research. Here, investigator
creates arguments in order to compare and contrast different articles and information derived
from authentic sources. The main motive of this part is to establish an effective theoretical
framework within investigation in order to provide comprehensive understanding and
effectiveness of investigation effectively.
The counter-measures to prevent and detect online fraud in UK
According to Pappas, (2016) there are three types of risks an organisation should
considered working within travel and tourism industry or any other sectors such as
transactional, regulatory and reputational in order to develop mitigation and prevention
strategies. There are different things that can help to detect and prevent online frauds such as
installation of anti-virus including online scan features, attachments or emails from strangers,
unsolicited SMS, risky websites and legitimate entity. As per Schuckert, Liu and Law, (2015)
most of the online fraud cases comes from online activities made by a person such as
personal information including account number, CVV and other details for purchasing
something. This makes very easy for the thief’s to make financial transaction from the
person’s account without noticing him or her. However, the UK people are we aware of the
online frauds but still there are some people who take it very casual and become the victims.
An online fraud can be detected from the account statement and unauthorised transactions
made by someone from your personal account. Agag and El-Masry, (2017) argued that travel
and tourism industry growth is increasing rapidly and people are making payments through
digital technologies rather than using cash. In this regards, they have many issues such as
cancellation, refund of payments, cash is deducted from their account even they have not
made the transaction etc. The organisation is not responsible for this as any other person has
stolen their information and making payments. The organisations operating within travel and
tourism sector must be aware of online frauds and must have secure tools to connect with
customers or receiving payments from them. In addition, it is important to check the domain
names received from emails in order to ensure that they are not spear. It is crucial to
understand that there are some websites which are not safe including blogs that are risky. The
customers must be aware while making transaction such as they must check the page of
merchant to ensure security such as it must be starts with URL or ‘https’. Malware is also a
threat in online transactions that malware in a device can affect the financial transactions. In
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this regards, virus scan is important on the device to detect malware or any unauthorised
website. The organisation must manage some schemes in order to prevent cyber-attack. In
this regards identification of malware in the browser, mobile malware fraud, mobile premium
spyware and diallers etc. must be evaluated effectively.
The impact of counter-measures against the online fraud
According to Ponte, Carvajal-Trujillo and Escobar-Rodríguez, (2015) the major
impact of counter-measures against the online fraud is that not only helps organisations to
reduce risk of frauds but also provides satisfaction to customers regarding security and safety
of their personal information and data effectively. Counter-measures help to determine the
cost of fraud within organisation. In this regards, the management is responsible for
examining the chargebacks and refunds including sales which is lost to cancellations and cost
of anti-fraud solution. As per Zaki and Abuzied, (2018) online frauds are more resourceful
that media is covering all the stories including latest digital heist. Online frauds cover illegal
activities that deprive the victims of property, funds, sensitive information and confidential
information. Typically, it includes unauthorised transaction and fraudulent transactions or
request for return of payments. There is a great impact of counter-measures that the
technology such as 3D secure deliver security layer for both debit and credit card online
transactions that helps to minimise or reduce the negative impact of frauds. The risks are
depended on different e-commercial transactions that there are no particular counter-
measures sufficient for all situations (Fogel and Murphy, 2018). Thus, it is assessed that there
are both positive and negative impact of counter-measures on online frauds. It is crucial to
understand that there are some websites which are not safe including blogs that are risky.
Online transaction, authentication of an offline or online transaction with another device,
device authentication, monitoring of web session to detect anomalies, device response are
also some effective counter-measures that can be considered by organisation in order to
reduce or minimise the impact of online frauds effectively.
Various strategies to prevent and minimise impact of online fraud
As per Kim, Nam and Kim, (2019) there are different strategies available for organisations in
order minimise and prevent online fraud activities such as they can use different prevention
tools and techniques including multifactor authentication. This is a very helpful tool which
includes a PIN number, password and OTP (one time password). For telephonic
communication a voice recognition fraud protection is very useful in order to record calls and
compare them to the inbound caller’s voice. In this regards, there are some important
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guidelines issues by federal financial institution examination council in order to prevent both
organisation and people from online frauds. In this, tactics, behavioural analytical
development, duel consumer authentications and band verifications in which a person
receives a nitrification notice through another channel such as mobile device to authenticate
the procedure included effectively. As per Al-Weshah, (2018) an effective management of
risk management programs in order to address frauds comprises some elements such as
multifactor authentication of online transaction, authentication of an offline or online
transaction with another device, device authentication, monitoring of web session to detect
anomalies, device response through voice or SMS, the process of consumer enrolment and no
disruption at point of sale. Identification of malware in the browser, mobile malware fraud,
mobile premium spyware and diallers etc. are also effective in preventing online frauds
within travel and tourism industry.
E-commerce plays a vital role in travel and tourism business but there are some risks
are also associated with this. In order to manage the risks there are some strategies given
below;
Keep employees updated: It is very important for employees to have information of online
frauds which are taking places in the industry (Kamilaris and Prenafeta-Boldú, 2017).
Employees must have knowledge of recognising warning signs especially towards phishing.
In addition, the model of shared responsibility will help to support transaction flagging.
Protection of payment method: The payment method used by organisation must be safe and
secure that the traditional methods are not secure for customers. In this regards, virtual cards
and account numbers that generates 16 digit numbers is safe and reduce frauds. VAN’s can
reduce up to 99% losses as compared to any other traditional method.
Tighten up transactions: In order to lower fraud rates, the organisation can provide limit to
transactions made per payment card, establish timeframe to book travel services, and identify
risks of third party buy and manual review.
Dolan, Seo and Kemper, (2019) argued that in this global digital world, the problems related
to online fraud within travel and tourism business will grow. Hence, every organisation needs
to be secure and safe in precise manner to prevent such frauds effectively.
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Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above literature review that online fraud and its related
activities within travel and tourism industry requires identification of strategies that are useful
in the prevention of such activities. There are different things that can help to detect and
prevent online frauds such as installation of anti-virus including online scan features. Further,
the customers must be aware while making transaction such as they must check the page of
merchant to ensure security. Management is responsible for examining the chargebacks and
refunds including sales and every organisation needs to be secure and safe in precise manner
to prevent such frauds.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology is very crucial for the researcher in order to formulate
effective framework for the investigation. It is very important for the researcher to define
methodologies used in the investigation to attain objectives and aim of the investigation. This
chapter will help to understand the effective methodologies will be used by investigator such
as research philosophy, design, approach, strategy etc. In addition, the chapter will also cover
the data collection process which will be used by investigator including research limitation
and ethical considerations to complete research in a precise and effective manner.
Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is an essential part of research methodology
which deals with development, source and nature of knowledge. Research onion or research
philosophy is the first stage of methodology considered by the investigator (Kumar, 2019). In
this regards, there are four types of research philosophies available for investigator to conduct
the investigation such as realism, positivism, pragmatism and interpretivism. For the present,
research, positivism philosophy will be used by researcher in order to spot tangible
information that is credible.
Research Approach: Research approach is a plan which includes various steps that helps to
define the broad assumption regarding data collection process and its description. The
discussion of approach during the investigation is very crucial. Deductive and inductive are
two effective research approach available for the investigator to conduct the investigation.
Deductive is followed by the investigator in case of computing data and providing
justification for hypothesis. Inductive approach is useful in attaining questions regarding the
investigation effectively and efficiently. In this regards, researcher will use inductive
approach for the investigation.
Research Design: It is plan which will help researcher to attain aim, objectives and questions
of investigation. Research design is argued by the investigator in order to provide its clear
definition. Research design has many different types in order to carry out the research in an
effective manner. Researcher will make effective use of exploratory research design for the
current investigation (Silverman, 2016). This will help to attain investigation questions
effectively to deliver answers for them.
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Research Strategy: The strategy towards research is very useful for the researcher in
attaining the objectives of investigation. Research methods have different types which can be
used by investigator as his or her strategy such as quantitative and qualitative, systematic
review, case study and meta-analysis. In this regards, investigator will use qualitative
research strategy for the investigation. In this, the research information is associated with
various data collected from authentic sources which are more suitable and accurate for the
investigation.
Data Collection: Data collection is an important part of research that it helps to collect
relevant and reliable data and information for investigation with the help of secondary data
collection method. There are two different methods of collecting information and data such as
primary and secondary methods. In primary data collection method, information and data is
collected from a group of people selected according to the research requirement (Taylor,
Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). For this research secondary data is used in which information is
collected from various sources such as online blogs, websites, authentic articles and
magazines which are reliable and valid to conduct the investigation effectively.
Data Analysis: The data and information collected through secondary data collection method
will be analysed with secondary sources such as authentic information given in online
articles, magazines, blogs and other websites. It helps to transform the collected information
and data into useful or meaningful information to conduct the investigation effectively. It also
provides a comprehensive understanding regarding information that will be interpreted by the
investigation in order to provide a outcomes for the research. In this regards, information will
be collected from different secondary sources considering the reliability and validity of
investigation efficiently.
Ethical considerations: It is very crucial for the investigator to consider some crucial factors
associated with the research in order to complete the investigation effectively and efficiently.
It can be described as values and norms which are required to be followed by the investigator.
In this regards, the investigator is responsible for providing references for information and
data which will be collected for the investigation in order to make it effective (Flick, 2015).
The information must be reliable and investigator is responsible for maintaining the safety
and security of data such as it should not be presented as a fresh information etc. In addition,
this will help to provide justification for the information collected for the investigation.
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Research limitations: There are some limitations of the investigation which are faced by
investigator while conducting the research. In this regards, some limitations assumed by the
investigator are provided below:
Data analysis and collection: There are some issues mentioned by the investigator regarding
collection of data and information for the investigation such as there are some articles and
websites that can be protected with password (Daniel and Harland, 2017). In addition, the
analysis could be also affected by the content required to make it authentic and secured by the
providers.
 Time restriction: Investigator may have some issues of time limitation in order to
complete the investigation. Researcher assumed that the locked or secured content or
information may require time to collect information. In this regards, permission is
required to collect the relevant information for the research.
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