Analysis of Personal Approach and Error Management in Operations 1

This report delves into the realm of operations management, focusing on the personal approach, error management strategies, and security measures, particularly within the context of aviation. The report begins by examining the personal approach, a traditional method that emphasizes individual accountability for errors, and its limitations within complex systems. It then transitions to a discussion of error management, exploring various strategies such as error prevention, reduction, detection, recovery, and tolerance. The report also investigates the application of these principles in airport security, analyzing the implementation of body scanners and the controversial practice of passenger profiling, along with the balance between security and individual rights. The analysis includes the evolution of security measures, their impact on individual freedoms, and ethical considerations, offering a comprehensive overview of the challenges and trade-offs in operational safety and security.

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Personal approach
The personal approach is the widespread tradition and it is a longstanding approach. Its focus is
on the unsafe acts and errors, which has arisen from aberrant mental processes such as
forgetfulness, inattention, week motivation, carelessness, and recklessness. It can be reduced
with the help of the associated countermeasures, which are mainly directed in human behaviour
for unwanted variability reduction. This approach includes poster campaigns, which appeals to
the sense of fear for the people. In addition, writing another method or addition in the existing
ones. This approach includes various activities such as blaming, disciplinary measures,
retraining, naming, the threat of litigation, and shaming. The followers of Personal approach tend
to do the treatment of the errors as it is the moral issues and this approach assumes that the bad
things will always happen to bad people, the psychologists have describes this situation as the
world hypothesis.
Evaluation of the personal approach
The role of the personal approach will always be the dominant tradition in medicine. The
blaming individuals are more satisfying emotionally as compared to targeting institutions. An
individual is only responsible for these kinds of situations. In reality, this approach is likely to
become an obstacle to the development of safer healthcare institutions. According to the People
views the free agents are capable of opting in between the modes might be safe or unsafe modes
of behaviour. In addition, If anything goes wrong, it seems to be obvious that the group of
individual or the individual is responsible for that cause. As per the aspects, seeking the situation
must be as far as possible for the uncoupling of the unsafe acts done by the individual from any
institution and the responsibility is always in the favour of managers. Moreover, this approach is

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legally convenient in at least Britain matters. However, the personal approach has to be serious
shortcomings and it is ill-suited for the domain of medical. If the real matters are considered, it
will continuously adhere to the personal approach which later on becoming an obstacle in the
safer healthcare institutions development process.
Organizational approach
Error Management
The individual securing the management positions might find the difficulty to deal with human
errors, which can be rarely ignored by the people. As the precaution, the warning as the
documentation had been given with limitations and to avoid the error, training had been
established which helps in minimizing the errors by the effective manager to staff.
The problem identification is the initial step for error management, which helps in understanding
errors nature that occurred. Another step can be taken is to build the system with more error
tolerance which helps in limiting the consequences. For achieving the systemic solutions, there is
the requirement for adopting the global and organizational approaches for the effective error
management and its focus is not limited only with the individuals, who are doing or committing
the errors. In fact, the programs designed for the best safety will not be able to prevent or protect
all errors. Hence the best strategy must be adopted in this situation is error management. This
chapter has focused on effective error management and its strategies in the general sense. This
report focuses on the effective error management and its strategies. In addition, the report
contains the discussion on the slips, lapses and mistakes.

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Error Management Strategies
Error Prevention
The Error Prevention main aim is at the avoidance of the error completely and it can be
possible only in some specific cases. For Example, the classical manual engine started as per
the routine and the engine damage due to human error. The automatic engine helps in starting
the sequence on FADEC, which precisely monitoring the key engine parameters.
Error Reduction
The Error Reduction aim is at minimizing both the error, which are likelihood and the
magnitude. For Example, the good ergonomics must be applied to a cockpit design for
reducing the errors. In addition, the logical and clear visual design of instruments will also
help in reducing the errors by reading them.
Error Detection
The Error Detection aim is at making errors apparent should be clear. These errors can be
detected either by the individual, who had committed the error or by another individual with
the help of software. For example, the ‘Red flags’ on locks and safety pins could help in
detecting the pins holding the left position. In the case of absence or incorrect placement, the
alert had been placed for the crew.
Error Recovery
The Error Recovery aim is at making it easy for rapid recovery in the system, which helps in
reductions of error committed. For Example, the Undo key in the software of computer must
be used as the feature of error recovery

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Error Tolerance
The Error Tolerance aim is at making the better system, which has the ability to sustain itself
and minimize errors consequences. For example, the in performance model the Conservative
operational margins helps in ensuring the reasonably small errors while aircraft loading. In
addition, the balanced calculations will not endanger the flight with critical phases.
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the introduction of the stricter security measures at airports all
over the world. It includes the restrictions on the number of bags, bans on fluids, and so on.
These new security measures might be annoying and inconvenient. It might against the rights
and freedoms of the individual. Hence, due to this, the debate had been arrived in between
security and individual freedom, which has raged the relation with so many enactments of rules
and laws.
Finally, in March 2010, the UK parliament called off the meeting to review all the laws
introduced. As mostly the largest part of the population prefers the air travels on a regular basis,
this review had taken place. It had been observed that some of the people are in the favour
heightened security at airports is beneficial. However, some of them find it as it might not be
compatible with human rights.
UK Airports Body Scanners
The “Body Scanner” is the latest innovation, firstly introduced in the airports of the UK in early
2010. The first attempt of body scanners happened on 25 December 2009 in the USA Airport.
The People at the airport had been randomly chosen for passing through the scanner behaving
suspiciously. Some of them refuse to be scanned and as it is a compulsory procedure.

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The special booth had been placed and the selected person had to pass through the scanner
contains electromagnetic rays and some of the individuals refuses for this scan as it shows the
virtual “naked” image which had been seemed by the security staff. This includes the generation
of the 3-D image of an individual. The body scanners produce the “naked” image virtual, and
only the security staff allows scan the body for the identification of any kind of weapons or any
kind of the dangerous objects kept by the individual as it is the illegal process.
The rules are constructed for the security staff that after the procedure of the body scanners, it is
compulsory to maintain and protect the privacy of the travellers and should always take the
permission by asking them to go through it. In addition, the security staff have to destroy the
body scanned image immediately after the scanning. Moreover, the security officer only
monitoring the images and is not willing to see the person at the time of body scanning
procedure.
Hence, the implementation of the code of conduct had been taken place for the protection of
individual privacy and if this code of conduct is not followed by the security staff, then, in that
case, he must be punishable by the government.
Before the body scanners were introduced in the airport, there were a number of concerns for the
usage of it and the impact of it on the rights of an individual and hence it had been voiced. In
addition, the fears of the body scanners are against the “contravene privacy laws”. Some of the
personalities have suggested some points about the body scanner that could breach “child
pornography laws” which is against the production of the naked images of the small children.
Within the weeks of this augments the body scanners had been introduced by the UK airports.
However, the Human Rights Commission and the UK Equality law encountered that the body

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scanners have to be considered as the unlawful activity and it is the breaching of the “Right to
Privacy” and “Equality Laws”. The Commission also gives the recognition which includes the
right to life is also contains the paramount importance. In addition, the security includes the
measures which play a vital of the respect of the individual.
However, it raised ideas for these concerns that this criterion would only be used for the selected
people who had to go through the procedure of the body scanners. In addition, the placement of
the safeguards should be at the correct place to regulate their usage with proper protection, which
ultimately helps in protecting the rights of individual privacy and maintains the dignity of
passengers.
Passenger Profiling
This controversial security technique monitors the passengers which means they pick out the
travellers for additional security checks. It includes specific characteristics, which is race or
religion. However, now this process is not applicable in the airport's security system. Passenger’s
advocates had argued that concentrating on an individual, who might be innocent, would be
unethical practice. The individual who opposed this said that they are hugely discriminatory for
“Passenger Profiling”. In addition, this procedure is not much effective, as the suspect will use
the other process to hide his identity.
The supporter of the passenger profiling had also argued that the focused individuals, who had
been assumed as they can pose a threat, has to be under the proper observation and the security
must be faster enough to recognize the suspect by the process of passenger profiling. It is only
possible if the security staff is efficient in handling these types of cases. It is also beneficial for
the innocent passenger. However, those who want to oppose the passenger profiling reviewed

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that they are totally against it and hugely discriminate it. According to them, it breaches the
rights of the innocent individuals, especially for them who are the majority of the religious group
or the ethnic groups. As they think that they are most likely targeted in these types of process.
The reason given by the non-supporter of the passenger profiling for not adopting this method in
the airports is that they believe that the terrorists or the suspect can simply fake or change their
profiles so that they can not be caught by the security staff at the airport.
The right to privacy of an individual has to be under the vision of the rights enacted by the
government. In addition, the security staff has to perform his duty to protects the borders and its
citizens. Hence, the two rights might be sometimes had been directly opposite to each other.
Some of the people believed that the rights of an individual always take the second position as
compared to the security of the citizen and the safety of the citizens.
Personal opinion
a) The new proposals for security purpose must be considered, as they are genuinely effective and
helps the security staff for maintaining the security of the general citizens and the travellers.
b) The degree, which has proposed the measure denotes the level of intrusion involves a high level
of risk. Hence, it must be used very appropriately and carefully used.
c) Non-discriminatory manner must be used to measure security. In addition, the travellers who are
might be innocent should not go through the questioning based on race or religion and it should
be considered as the punishable activity. This will not ruin the image of the government as the
innocent travellers will not feel ashamed and will not raise any objections against it.

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d) The use of effective security measures enhance airport safety and minimize the risk to privacy.
Hence, the maximum benefits of security involve a high level of risk. Therefore, the safety needs
not to be brought up at the expense of civil liberties
e) Biometric identification must be considered by the airports for the passengers as well as for the
staff, as it is the most secure way for the verification.
f) For efficient security, the government should introduce the system with high-tech equivalent by
creating a National ID. By this process also the security of the passengers can be protected.
g) It is not necessary that all the technological measure are appropriate and will enhance safety. For
example, the technology for facial recognition in airports, are not fully dependable measure. One
of the surveys done by the government showed that 43% of the error rate not able to identify the
person as the photo was taken a long time back. Even if “Osama Bin Laden “might be he would
be caught by this technology.
h) The Body Search machine is the measure used in some of the airports to search the drugs and
other harmful substance. In addition, these machines have the ability to project the naked body of
the passenger. Hence, we have to oppose it.
i) The identification of the appropriate techniques is very important for recording the accuracy of
the information for that the security has to adopt the iris scans or the digital fingerprints of the
passengers in the airport. This will helps to identify the authenticate individuals for working as
the security staff to secure areas of airports. This will helps in reducing the error rate for the
technologies which have very low accuracy. However, using the appropriate technology would
increase the security of individuals without compromising the rights and security of civil
liberties. This will help in the representation of a good application for modern technologies.
These technologies also include the biometric identifiers machines which help in airports to

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collect the information of the passengers and the staff at the airport. In addition, the airline
workers should not refuse this procedure as it is compulsory for all the workers and staff of the
airlines. However, these procedures can not be used for unrelated purposes in the airports and if
such kind of activity happened at the airport then that activity is punishable.