Essay: Operations Management, Scheduling, Layout, and Case Study

This essay delves into the core concepts of operations management, focusing on scheduling and layout planning. It examines various scheduling techniques, including forward and backward scheduling, and explores the use of Gantt charts, CPM, and PERT methods. The essay analyzes the i...Read More

Operations Management
Essay writing

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
ESSAY.........................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is defining as administration of business activities and known as
converting material and human resource into goods and services so that business can have
maximum profit. Operation management is refers to the process of administration of business
practice that create the highest value of efficiency possible for an organization. This is also
helped for concerning the material and labour into goods and services ass efficiency as possible
to maximize the profit of company. Also, operation management is considered as the area of
management which help to designing and controlling the process of production of services and
goods (Ho and et.al., 2021). The role of the management is to ensure effective and efficient
working of an organization. This report is based on Sainsbury, the largest UK retailer of
groceries. The report will discuss the role and responsibility of leaders and mangers along with
highlighting the difference and similarities between them.
For instance, ABC Ltd makes furniture some decision regarding operation involving with
purchasing fabric and wood, training and hiring workers, layout and location of furniture factory,
purchasing cutting tools and fabrication equipment. This is also responsible for managing all the
resources which is related to strategic issues and also determining the size of manufacturing
process and project which including all the structure of information technology. There are
numerous formulas used in order to more focus on producing the product by considering
economic order quantity that is determining with large inventory order.
Report based on Salisbury that is retail company based in London which gradually
expanding it's business and became most trusted brand with quality products. Along with this,
the present report will discuss case study related to Sainsbury company and the way it has
applied lean production approach. Lastly, it will throw light on the essay related to inventory
and management control.
MAIN BODY
ESSAY
Operation scheduling help for pertaining for establishing timing and use resources in
order to maintain all the function of operations. This is also related top the uses of equipment and
facilities that is schedule for human activities. This can be considered as the short term issue in
order to more focus on hierarchy and decision-making process in which scheduling is refers as
final step for transformation process which is usually work before actual output that is also

known as finished goods (Muchaendepi and et.al., 2019). In addition to this, decision regarding
scheduling deals with the objectives and constraints that can be impacted in the process of
scheduling by long term decision. Moreover, It helps to trade-off that can bes work as conflicts
goals in order to efficient utilization of equipment and labour, inventory level, leads time and
processing times.
There are two types of scheduling such as forwards and backward scheduling, when the
concept is applied properly it helps to give the choice that is not significant. The result get by
both the methods helps to provide same. On the basis of forward scheduling Sainsburys can be
said that it is also including release date and schedule for all activities from forwards point of
time (Du and et.al., 2020). On the other hand, it can be said that backwards scheduling refers to
begin with planned receipt date or due date that can moves backward in time, according to
requiring process it is considered as the impact of scheduling process on the basis of processing
times, changeover times, setup times, resource availability, downtime, planned maintenance etc.
Operation scheduling is refers to the final step of operations that is related planning and
design, for the workplace planning it can implement during the transformation of input to output.
Also, workplace planning is related to allocation of resources with priority for work job on the
basis of firsts delivery date. Then operation planning is related to deals with time allocations and
resource allocations which is required for long term planning that is decided on the basis of
allocations of equipment and labour in order finding balance between time and uses of limited
resources within organization. There are different types of techniques of operation scheduling
such as loading, this is involved for assigning jobs for work centres for the various machine in
work centres.
On the other hand, this is related to multiple work centre or machine and perform for
project process that can become complicated. There are two types of approaches infinite and
finite loading (Tejesh and Neeraja, 2018). This is also necessary to consider the capacity of
work centre which help to gives priority of rules that are appropriate by using under infinite
loading approach. However,finite loading is related to actual start and stop of job at the work
centre. In this process scheduler can be operated by number of hours in order to gives high
priority to all the centre which are already busy in nature. Also, scheduler are keeping high
priority for waiting cost as well as it provide potential disruptions, cancellations and new jobs.

Sequencing is related to the process which helps for determining the processing jobs at
work centres and can be individual work stations. The process of order is related to the crucial
when it comes for cost of waiting in order to process the cost of idle time at work centres. Also,
it can be said that there are different types of rules and heuristics are selected in orders to
consider the order of job in order to more focus on waiting process. The well-known are help for
presenting on the basis of Berry, Vollmann, Whybark, Jacobs etc. Such as Random, first come
served, the shortest processing time, the earliest due date, critical ratio, least work remaining.
Fewest operation remaining, slack time, next queue, the least setup etc. All the rules are help for
providing the setup cost and time that is independent in nature or processing sequencing. On the
other side, process which based on rulers are take more time in order to operate the business ion
the basis of no interruption in processing.
Gantt chart are one of most common method of scheduling ins order to give more priority
to management by early 20th. This is the process of visual aid for loading as well as scheduling,
then the visual aid is commonly known ass Gantt chart. This is used for clarify and organize the
actual use of resources within time framework. Generally, in this time is horizontal with
scheduling all the sources that are related to loading process. In an organization managers are
responsible for using the Gantt chart for make trial of error scheduling that can bes impacted of
different arrangements (Macoir and et.al., 2019). This is help for showing the visual
representation in order to uses by considering all the aspect of project. Also, represent the
information of project which is necessary for consider by understanding task duration and
overlapping activities. Also, it depicts for completion of work in effective manner so that it
follows all the activities in effective manner. All the activities and tasks are connected with each
other in order to more focus on using it on effective manner. Then with the help of network
diagram it can be said that it helpful for giving the clarity of success.
There are different types of Gantt chart are used in order consider workforces planning.
One of the most common chart is related to schedule and load chart. This is help for identifying
the utilizations of resources and work planning by following all the steps. Also, this is scheduling
on the basis of start time and finish time which is necessary for developing the idea of vertical
axis which shows job in progress also on the other hand vertical axis is help for showing the
order which can access the times period that take by project (Muchaendepi and et.al., 2019). The
quick review of Gantt chart help for providing the estimation of time which is taken by process.

Further, it can be said that this is most important tool which help for scheduling. On the other
hand, there are some limitation of Gantt chart which is necessary to consider so that it helps for
covering the limitations of the process. The important thing is to update regularly in order to
keep it current. However, chart does not directly reveal the cost of alternate loading that does not
consider for time of process when it is different from work centres.
On the basis of scheduling service operation it can be said that it help for encounters
problems that is seen in manufacturing defects. Also, on the basis of natures of service
intangibility of service is related to the inability of services and stores services that is fact for
demand by using random sampling. It can be said that it is related to random demand which
makes scheduling of labour and extremely tough for managing the problem. Moreover, slack
time is refers as determine on the basis of solving the mathematical equation that is necessary to
consider also it helps for determining the time of product which is necessary for scheduling
(Muchaendepi and et.al., 2019).
CPM & PERT technique is help for measuring the probability of completing the project
that is scheduling the project date. In this process of assessment it helps for providing the value
of degree of uncertainty which can be associated with three times. The program evaluation and
review technique is mainly used for analysing the technical or statistical tool which help for
determining for project management. This is also helped for analysing for representation of task
which is involved for completing a given project. Also, for the operation it can be used for the
scheduling and coordinating the overall activities of large scale projects.
On the other hand critical path helped for managing the activities by using day to day
operation and also help for delaying the project. Also, provide the confirmation of sit can be
finishing on time also when the critical path is more than one it is different from one another.
This is help for showing the visual representation in order to uses by considering all the aspect of
project (Saha and Ray, 2019). Also, represent the information of project which is necessary for
consider by understanding task duration and overlapping activities. Then PERT is used for
uncertainty by making it possible in order to know in precisely manner by considering the
duration of all the activities. The key difference of PERT and CPM is related to PERT is used
for project management techniques that is help for schedule, plan, organize, coordinate and
controlling the certainty of activities. On the other hand, CPM is mostly based on statistical
technique in order to schedule , plan, organize and coordinate etc. for defined activities. Further,

CPM is used for managing the cost and also control the time. However, PERT is technique is
mainly used for planning and controlling the time.
It has been critically analysed that layout planning is deciding on the basis of the best
physical arrangement of all resources that consumes space within a facility. This is also
including desk, work centre etc (Ho and et.al., 2021). The process of layout planning is related to
the plan of plant that is help for improving the efficiency in order to arranging equipment
according to the function. Also, this is help for management of waste in the operation in order to
handling inventory accordingly. This is also affected the work planning on the basis of affecting
the productivity and service quality. However, consequences of poor layout are help for
increasing the cost, confused and frustrated customers and poor communication on the basis of
informations flows (Saha and Ray, 2019). Further, this is important for the work management in
order to consider all the activities which help for arrangement of resources in business that help
for providing the facilities which is specially designed for maintaining the problem as well as it
help for arranging resources on the basis of machine that is being moved or changing the
procedures which is being implemented and this is performed on the basis of expansion in
facility or space reduction.
This is important to focus on layout planning because it helps for managing the activities
which is performed on the basis of wasting time, energy, confusion etc. Some other reason
behind layout planning refers as promoting face to face interaction between workers and
management. When the layout planing is proper it is critically help for building good working
conditions that help for increasing the flow of information as well as improving the
communication (HR and Aithal, 2020).
On the other hand, work process system is related to combinations of parts that is come
together in specific order to produce desired results. In an organization it is necessary to sue
because it helps work based system in order to accomplish the work load in order to create series
of task which is help for performing and carried out the requirement . Further, the most task are
involving on the basis of purchasing materials, hiring employees, selling service, etc. In order to
place that kind of tasks it ids necessary for organize the interconnected system which is helps for
developing the benefits as well as it help for improving efficiency as well as it also helps for
developing the idea of bottom line.

Work system are help for allowing everyday task in order to operate in as coordinated
manner and also providing the basic framework in order to produce the product and services.
However, it can be analysed that it is not possibles that single work's system exists because the
concept is related to shell which is necessary for filling the organization need and goals. For
instance, work system is related to information system, supply chain and a service for employees
or customer. Then operating the E-commerce websites are accomplished task which is help for
customer services and marketing for managing the transactions.
There are some work system which are designed in order to accomplish task and end on
the basis of special project such as data collection, conference etc. In context to operation
management it can be said that it is help for link together on the basis of work system such as
work system which is necessary to connect with supply chain, design work system and
packaging work system (Du and et.al., 2020). Further, on the basis of work system it can be said
that it is necessary to manages the element of system which is contain series that influence the
work system as well as it helps for operating together in order creating whole system. This is the
element which including organization structure as well as alls the policies and guidelines.
In addition to this, it can be said that layout planning is important in order to more focus
on significantly affect the productivity as well as it is impacted by different work system.
However, when the layout is poor it impacted on communication process (Tsay and et.al., 2018).
Then layout planning is help for deciding the physical arrangement for all the resources that
consume space within facility. This is generally accepted in order to plan for ensure about
environmental quality that is help for promoting the flow of circulation of people and facilitate
the locations for both service and facilities. Some major steps which is necessary to follow by
organizations for layout planning such as collecting required data, prepare for blueprint in orders
managing process chart and flow diagram, preparation of draft layout and lastly test run. When
company followed all the steps it resulted by efficient utilization of space.
Inventory management policy is one of the most important function of business as it
helps in managing the stock of the company and contribute in saving the cost of firm. Along with
this, inventory policy is way to analysis what are the best procedure for the product can flow
through supply chain (Wei and Zhang, 2018). Although there are set of rules when product
should be brought or produced. Moreover, inventory policy is important to manage time, demand
and uncertainties in supply chain. However, it is hard to predict the details and error occurred in

the process so for dealing with this issue set of rules has been established. All those policies must
take care of three main level of inventory such potential alternative to inventory and the product
designed. (Gupta and Gupta,2019) Thus, such policies help in minimizing mistake and help in
strategic decisions in supply chain. Moreover, there are the types of inventory such as continuous
review in company can order any time as well as in case of periodic review policy orders are
generally made at particular time.
 Inventory control is one of the major factors that is necessary for biggest cost in
order to use it as capital based business. When management look at balance sheet
it helps to make the inventory as the large portion in order to use assets for lot of
working capital.
 Inventory control help for avoiding the cost of capital which is related to buying
stock and strains in orders to going with needed inventory. There are different
types of policies are used by company in order to more focus on continuous
review policy which help for company should order a predetermined numbers of
unit from supplier.
 Also, on hand inventory help to get the best reviews in order to manages by cost
in effective manner. Also, it helps to provide availability of resources which are
available at warehouse (Gupta and Gupta, 2019).
 Further, Then back order are related to not focus on loses the order of inventory
this is affected by not managing the resource in effective manner also it is impact
of efficiency of resources.
 Also, net inventory is refers to the consider on hand inventory which is in transit
the value of units and warehouses on transportation.
On the others hand, periodic reviews policy is impacted Sainsbury by not manage on the
basis of fix schedule. There are full potential used by company in order to mores focus on
developing the knowledge. On the basis of every cycle it can bes said that it is necessary for
elapsed time between two consecutive order which is ordered for same. All the policies are
important in order to more focus on effective management system that can be easily tracked by
warehouse in order to overstock, managing Stocking etc. (Berenguer and Shen, 2020). Also, it is
help for robust the plan of Sainsbury that is efficient according to using different software and
help for avoiding the inaccurately filling orders by high return volumes and loss of customer

base. This is also helped for managing the cost by better inventory planning and ordering in
order to work on balance that is crucial for business and provide the better planning.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that operation management is very much important
for the business. The stud has concluded that Sainsbury is making use of various method like
total quality and time management in order to lean its production. Along with it has also
concluded on the importance of management policies for controlling production cost.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Berenguer, G. and Shen, Z. J., 2020. Om forum—challenges and strategies in managing
nonprofit operations: An operations management perspective. Manufacturing & Service
Operations Management. 22(5). pp.888-905.
Du, M. and et.al., 2020. Genetic algorithm combined with BP neural network in hospital drug
inventory management system. Neural Computing and Applications. 32(7). pp.1981-1994.
Gupta, M. and Gupta, S., 2019. Influence of national cultures on operations management and
supply chain management practices—a research agenda. Production and Operations
Management. 28(11). pp.2681-2698.
Ho, G. T. S. and et.al., 2021. A blockchain-based system to enhance aircraft parts traceability
and trackability for inventory management. Expert Systems with Applications. 179. p.115101.
HR, G. and Aithal, P.S., 2020. Integrated Inventory Management Control
Framework. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences
(IJMTS). 5(1). pp.147-157.
Macoir, N. and et.al., 2019. Uwb localization with battery-powered wireless backbone for drone-
based inventory management. Sensors. 19(3). p.467.
Muchaendepi, W. and et.al., 2019. Inventory management and performance of SMEs in the
manufacturing sector of Harare. Procedia Manufacturing.33. pp.454-461.
Saha, E. and Ray, P. K., 2019. Modelling and analysis of inventory management systems in
healthcare: A review and reflections. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 137. p.106051.
Tejesh, B. S .S. and Neeraja, S. J. A. E. J., 2018. Warehouse inventory management system
using IoT and open source framework. Alexandria engineering journal. 57(4). pp.3817-3s823.
Tsay, A. A. and et.al., 2018. A review of production and operations management research on
outsourcing in supply chains: Implications for the theory of the firm. Production and Operations
Management. 27(7). pp.1177-1220.
Wei, M. M. and Zhang, F., 2018. Recent research developments of strategic consumer behaviour
in operations management. Computers & Operations Research. 93. pp.166-176.
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