This economics essay examines the state of dental and oral health in Australia and Queensland, highlighting key statistics on tooth decay and dental visits. It delves into the economic and social costs associated with poor dental health, including the impact on individuals and society, and discusses the role of government in addressing these issues. The essay analyzes the effects of water fluoridation, exploring both its benefits in preventing dental caries and potential negative externalities like fluorosis. Furthermore, it examines the economics of community water fluoridation programs and public education initiatives, considering their positive externalities and impact on market efficiency. The analysis includes the role of government in addressing negative externalities, and the overall effect on the health and well-being of the population. The essay uses relevant data and research to support its arguments, providing a comprehensive overview of the economics of oral health.