Organisational Theory and Practice: Marks and Spencer CEO Analysis

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the organizational theory and practices employed by the CEO of Marks and Spencer. It examines the CEO's management styles, including democratic approaches, and the principles followed, such as balance of authority, discipline, and unity of command. The report outlines the functions performed by the CEO, including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, and details the steps taken to design an effective organizational structure for high performance. It also explores the strategic organizational changes implemented by the CEO, such as aligning with online shopping, and their impact on the company and its employees. Furthermore, the report highlights the leadership styles of the CEO, focusing on transformational and coaching styles, and their contribution to enhancing organizational effectiveness. Finally, it discusses the effects of power, influence, and conflicts within the organization, providing a comprehensive overview of the CEO's role in shaping Marks and Spencer's success.

ORGANISATIONAL
THEORY AND PRACTICE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
A) Management styles, principle and function performed by CEO of Marks and Spencer........4
B) Steps taken by CEO regards to organization structure for high performance and state
organization change brought by company...................................................................................6
C) Leadership style of CEO that contribute in enhancing organization effectiveness................7
D) Effects of power, influence and conflicts...............................................................................8
Types of motivation at chosen company ....................................................................................9
Literature review .......................................................................................................................10
Recommendations .....................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management is an process that include planning, organizing, leading and controlling
various activities so that end outcome can be achieved in the best possible manner. Manager
through making use of different styles and method is able to motivates employee's to work hard
so that company can retained its competitive advantages. Motivation helps in inspiring individual
to improve their performance so that company can attained its objective by delivering better
services to customers. Power, regular conflict also have impact on company, its employees and
performance of company. CEO by making use of better motivation techniques, leadership styles
and performing effective management system is able to helps company in enhancing its market
share and profitability. Marks and Spencer is British multinational company that was started in
1884 in United Kingdom that deals in clothing, food and home products. This report is about
CEO of Marks and Spencers that has make use of effective management styles, principles to
manage diverse individuals and resources for achievement of end objectives of firm. Moreover,
it has highlighted point related to leadership styles, motivational techniques used by manager to
enhance overall performance. At last, it has contained information related to suggestion that
CEO manager of Marks and spencer can used in order to growth and expand business in external
environment.
MAIN BODY
A) Management styles, principle and function performed by CEO of Marks and Spencer.
Steve Rowe is the CEO of Marks and spencers that has been working with the
organization for more than 26 years and put its best efforts so that company can attained its

objectives. Management styles is technique or method that is used by manager to pursue
employee's to work hard such as it has make use of democratic management styles to motivate
employees that has yield company maximum benefits. Steve Rowe encourage employee's to
share their respective ideas, view points that could be fruitful for organization to expand its
business operations (Choi, Wallace and Wang, 2018). So, on the basis of various view points
given by several individuals top management take decision for benefit of organization.
Furthermore, it can be stated that this style contribute in coordinating various employee's to work
as team rather than individuals, enhancing their morale etc.
Principles of management
There are certain principle which has been followed by Steve Rowe while managing
several task and activities so that best outcome can be gained. Principles of management abide
by CEO of Marks and Spencer can be stated as follows:
Balance of authority and responsibilities: Manager while completing its task has ensured that
all employees are given equal chance to perform their authority and responsibilities. Quality has
helped in making individual comfortable in completing task in the best possible manner.
Discipline: Another principles abide by M&S CEO is discipline which means it has ensured that
all resources are systematic arranged, rules and regulations are clearly defined etc. At the same
time it has continuously monitored each and every activities so that corrective actions can be
taken in limited time frame (Ansoff and et.al., 2018).
Unity of command: Manager of M&S has ensured that subordinate must receive order from
only one superior so that there are no chance of conflict any more.
Remuneration: It can be stated that it has also ensured that good remuneration is paid to all
employees that are working in organization so that they are motivated to improve their
productivity.
Function performed by Marks and Spencer
Steve Rowe performed several activities and function like planning, organizing, staffing,
leading, coordinating and controlling so that organization objectives can be achieved. So, various
function carried out by CEO of M&S can be illustrated as follows:
Planning: It is the first and foremost function performed by CEO as it plan activities that need to
be undertaken by company in future circumstances (Raudeliūnienė, Davidavičienė and

Jakubavičius, 2018). Moreover, total resources, budget that company will required to complete
the task so that needs of customers can be fulfilled beyond their needs.
Organizing: It is also responsible for organizing several resources that company needs in order
to complete activities and meet customers requirements.
Leading and Controlling: Moreover, it can be said that CEO lead employee's about the way
they need to complete particular task or activities can be completed. Through regular supervision
it has identify key errors and find alternative method that can fruitful in achieving end goals.
B) Steps taken by CEO regards to organization structure for high performance and state
organization change brought by company
Organization structure is an system or procedure regarding the way particular task need
to be completed or roles and responsibilities need to be performed by each individual. Effective
organization structure helps in understanding the manner in which information will flow from
top to bottoms for smooth operation of business (Lawrence, 2018). There are numerous steps
which has been undertaken by CEO of M&S in order to design appropriate organization structure
for achievement of high performance which can be illustrated as follows:
Clearly defined objectives: The first steps taken by manager is it has clearly defined what are
the objectives of company and the way they can be achieved.
Determining activities: Then it has determined task that is need to be performed by specific
individual so that best outcome can be gained.
Assigned duties: Moreover, it has assigned duties, roles and responsibilities that is performed by
single individuals so thereby is no chance of confusion and conflict in near future.
Coordinate activities: Steve Rowe has put its best efforts to coordinate various activities that
are performed by diverse individuals so that company can enjoyed competitive advantages for
more time frame.
Information employee's about their relationship: At last, it has make aware employees about
their relationship with other people that helps in quickly and effectively delivery of services to
customers. So, it can be stated that overall organization structure of company has helped in
yielding higher performance of employee's in the firm.
Recently, Marks and Spencer CEO has brought strategic transformation change in order
to attract more and more customers within firm so that it can enjoy maximum profitability and

market share. Like it has decided to align with online shopping to provide ease and comfort to
customers to easily make purchase of products and services while staying safe and secure at
home. This organization change brought by CEO has directly impacted on employees as well as
firm such as it helps company in adding more and more customers within firm. Employee has to
learn new method or techniques about the way organic product can be sold to enhance overall
sales volume of company (Chaudhary and Panda, 2018). Furthermore, it can be stated that
through making changes in its strategies it is able to retained its brand image in minds and hearts
of maximum number of customers for more time scale. Therefore, the change brought by
company has helped Marks and spencer in earning more profit margin by fulfilling requirements
of customers.
C) Leadership style of CEO that contribute in enhancing organization effectiveness
Leader is an individual that is responsible for guiding and influencing employee's to work
on their overall performance and productivity so that company can enjoy maximum outcome.
Steve Rowe, the CEO of M&S has make use of two different leadership styles in order to
encourage employee's to make optimum utilization of their available skills and capabilities for
benefits of company. So, the way leadership styles has contributed in enhancing organization
effectiveness can be illustrated as follows:
Transformation leadership: Steve Rowe has make use of transformation leadership to
influence diverse range of employee's to contribute in growth and expansion of firm. Such as
the management has worked effectively to identified several changes that are happening in
external environment, the way they can be executed. CEO of Marks and Spencer by engaging or
encouraging employee's to adapt to external changes has helped in sustainability of enterprise
(Kezar and Holcombe, 2017). Furthermore, it can be illustrated that Steve Rowe has capabilities
to take higher risk or strong visionary that helps in smooth operations of business. So, all these
motivate it to make use of transformation leadership in order to promote expansion of business in
international market.
Coaching style: It can be stated that leader that is Steve Rowe has also make use of coaching
style of leadership to motivate employee's to increase its overall performance and productivity.
Through coaching styles it is able to provide confidence to employee's about the way particular
task can be completed. At the same time helps in reducing overall wastage of resources, time as
employees are clearly known about specific task that they need to performed so that company

can attained its end objectives (Comey, 2018). So, overall it can be interpreted that CEO of
Marks and Spencer by making use of different leadership styles has effectively manage various
employee's and helped in achievement of company goal.
Steve Rowe by making of two leadership styles is able to inspired individual to enhance
their performance so that company can retained its market share in retail industry of United
Kingdom.
D) Effects of power, influence and conflicts
In Marks and Spencer Company all functions are segregated into multiple functional
areas. Based on the hefstede power culture all operations is delegated to different designated
professionals on the basis of power culture, post culture and different cultural dimensions.
Effects of power
In the organisation power play a huge role. In Marks and Spencer Company all powers is
segregated in different designated authorities on the basis of the individual position role in
company. Power plays a huge role for every business entity in company. All functional areas
associated with the company is segregated into multiple departments like marketing, sales,
operations and other such operations. Due to power culture every employee in each functional
department got some kind of power that can favour the business objectives of company. This
could improve work efficiency of the organisation (Krajcsák, 2018). Power is allotted in the
Marks and Spencer Company based on the designated position hold by the employee in
organisation hierarchy. The higher the designated position role adopted by employee the higher
the power is allocated to such individual employee. This play a huge role in motivating
employees of company to put extra effort in order to achieve the overall business objectives of
company. In order to get promotion and entertain more power this concept motivate employees
for achieving the business objectives.
In context to the company every single functional direction is segregated into multiple
teams. Every employee holds some kind of power in the team that can favour in achieving
overall business objectives. Apart from motivating employees to enhance the productivity power
further allow the employees to sustain in the organsiation (Connolly and et.al., 2017). Every
employee likes to hold the power and if the human resource get the power they do not like to
leave it. Only if they will offer better designated positions and power than only they would like
to switch the job roles. All these factors and aspects create positive impacts over the growth of

company. Power also strengthen the decision-making process. If the senior employee in
company carry the power to take decisions than it faster the entire practice of making the best
level of decisions in business.
Effect of influence
This is further associated with the organisation. Influence denotes some kind of authority
of the individual and organisation as a whole. Marks and Spencer Company is among the leading
organisation at a global level associated with the retail sector. The influence company hold in the
retail sector allow the organisation to easily attract stakeholders for achieving business
objectives. IN the organisation structure employees also hold influence based on the designated
position they hold. All this create a huge effect over the market performance of company.
Effect of conflicts
The less company been involved in conflicts the more it will perform in the associated
market. Management at the Marks and Spencer Company do not like to involve in any conflict
that support the business to achieve the objectives. Limited conflicts sustain the effectiveness of
the organisation hierarchy which favour the success of company.
Types of motivation at chosen company
Management of the Marks and Spencer Company follow the concept of maslow need
hierarchy model in order to motivate the human resources associated with the organisation. This
model comprises motivation types into different segments such as physiological, safety, love and
belongingness, esteem and self actualisation. All these are the different areas that favour the
motivation requirements of company.
Physiological: Physiological is a crucial type of motivation. This is considered as the basic need
of human being. IN any condition employee must be capable enough to achieve this needs. This
is a crucial direction part of the motivation as in any situation employee must be able to fulfil the
physiological needs. IF the human resource do not feel capable enough of meeting this need than
it will not feel motivated towards the job (Rahbi, Khalid and Khan, 2017). If the employee get to
easily meet this requirement than it will favour the human resources to sustain its motivation
high against the designated position it holds in organisation.
Safety: Safety is another direction that lead to employee motivation at the organisation. Every
employee work at the company feel motivated. The design of the building of Marks and Spencer
Company is formed in such direction where every employee feels safe. Proper sanitization is

conducted at the infrastructure so that all safety guidelines can ensure by the entity. Apart from
safety at the infrastructure of company other benefits like insurance also allocated to the
employee of company. Insurance provides the health cover benefit to human resources so that
they can ensure proper safety at work place. All the safety related aspect provide a suitable
motivation to the employee at work place.
Love and belonging: This is another key dimension associated with employee motivation.
Employee must feel they belong to the organisation. Proper love and respect must be granted to
every single employee work in organisation. If the employee get proper respect and love from
the organisation than they feel more motivated towards the work they conducted (Hussain and
et.al., 2018). This is among the most effective strategic direction that favour employee
motivation at work place.
Esteem: Esteem is another key factor influence employee motivation. This involves self-respect
of every work force. It is crucial that employee get proper respect at work place. Management at
the Marks and Spencer Company established a culture where senior employees also needed to
respect the freshers and new employees. This all contributed positively in the overall motivation
of the work force.
Self actualisation: This is the self actualisation. IT involve individual expectations of the human
resource in respect to motivation. This is another crucial element influence the employee
motivation practice. Company has transformed its organisation hierarchy in such a way that
employee get a huge scope of promotions that allow the work force to sustain in company and
achieve an effective career growth.
The above mentioned points demonstrate the different areas of employee motivation.
This directly favour the overall business objectives of company.
Literature review
As per the views stated by Razak, Sarpan and Ramlan (2018), motivation is a subject area
where company try to increase the morale of individual employee. The content theory of
employee motivation reflect the maslow need hierarchy model that directly link up employee
motivation with the individual needs of the human resources. This involves needs related to
physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem and self actualisation aspects of the
employee motivation. Brannan (2017), reflected in its study that physiological need related to the
basic need of human being. This involves the key requirements associated with the living that

can favour the human resources to live its life. Safety need related to the health and security of
the human resources. Love and belongingness is about to make employee feel comfortable at the
work place. Esteem need directly linked up with the self-respect of human being. Self
actualisation need is all about fulfilling the self expectation of the human resources part of the
organisation. Motivation is all about fulfilling the expectation of work force. If the job role and
income do not favour to the personal expectations of the human resources than it will never be
able to motivate the work force to put extra efforts.
Recommendations
It is recommended that company focuses over improving the corporate culture. The
organisation can work with the human resource team so that all problems of employees can meet.
Issue resolving play significant role for the company to get employee motivated. It is
recommended that organisation must cater the expectation of its human resources so that they
can feel motivated against the position role hold by individual employee. In context to the Marks
and Spencer Company they use the departmental structure where every function is distributed
into its own individual department and function (Boyd and et.al., 2018). Departmental structure
allow the organisation to contain an effective flow of operations at the organisation. In order to
ensure the high performance at work place company can implement approaches like 360 degree
performance management system which will favour the management to assess the individual
performance of employee. Leadership style like democratic, progressive, system, contingent and
many such leadership styles are also crucial so that company can meet all its objectives.
Motivational need of employee can meet with the support of maslow need hierarchy model.
Literature also favour the maslow need hierarchy model to ensure the proper motivation in
favour of the work force at the organisation.
CONCLUSION
Leadership style involve contingent style, democratic and other such styles are effective
enough so that organisation can meet its objectives. Motivation is immensely depends upon the
need and requirements of the human resources. If the company is capable enough to meet the
need of the employee than such work force can achieve their individual objectives. Maslow need
hierarchy model is best suited model for employee motivation.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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