Healthcare Management: Organisational Behaviour Report - ATHE Diploma

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of organisational behaviour, focusing on leadership theories, managerial styles, and their impact on organisational effectiveness within the context of the NHS. It delves into various leadership theories, including trait, behavioural, and contingency theories, evaluating their application and influence on employee motivation. The report further examines different managerial styles, such as autocratic, paternalistic, and democratic approaches, and assesses their effects on organisational outcomes. Motivational theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, are explored to understand how they can inform employee motivation and contribute to a positive work environment. The study also covers theories related to work relationships and interactions, the characteristics of different organisational structures, and the importance of organisational culture in developing effectiveness. Furthermore, it analyses how organisations can facilitate innovation and creativity, assesses the importance of learning, evaluates the effectiveness of team working, and examines the effective management of change. Finally, the report considers the culture and structure of the NHS and their impact on its effectiveness, along with management approaches to organisational decision-making and risk assessment.

Organisational Behaviour
By
Muhammad Atif
ATHE Level 7 Diploma in Healthcare Management
Learner Number: 17156
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
ACTIVITY 1....................................................................................................................................3
(a) Evaluation of leadership theories......................................................................................3
(b) Impact of managerial styles on organisational effectiveness............................................4
( c) How motivational theory can inform employee motivation............................................5
(d) Theories relating to work relationships and interaction....................................................5
ACTIVITY 2....................................................................................................................................5
(a) Analysis of the characteristics of different organisational structures...............................5
(b) Evaluate the importance of organisational culture theory in developing organisational
effectiveness...........................................................................................................................6
( c) Analysis of how organisations can facilitate innovation and creativity...........................6
(d) Assessment of the importance of learning in organisations.............................................6
(e) Evaluation of effectiveness of team working....................................................................7
(f) Analysis of the effective management of change in organisations...................................8
ACTIVITY 3....................................................................................................................................9
(a) Culture and structure of the NHS and its impact on it effectiveness................................9
ACTIVITY 4....................................................................................................................................9
(a) Management approaches to organisational decision-making...........................................9
(b) Assessment of management approaches to risk and uncertainty in decision making....10
(c ) Effectiveness of organisational decisions......................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
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INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is a concept in which people interact to each other in a
company to enhance business productivity to achieve common goal and objective in an effective
manner. It helps to build positive relationship among the human resource of firm. Employees’
actions are crucial for each organisation to meet their vision in an appropriate way (Adler and
Gundersen, 2007). The present report is based on study of the NHS which provides health and
care service to people in United Kingdom. Report consist the theories of leadership, managerial
style along with impact on the organisation, types of structures, importance of organisational
culture in effectiveness of company, the role of team in modern corporate world. The overall
purpose of the study is to highlight the importance of it in new management of trade entity.
ACTIVITY 1
(a) Evaluation of leadership theories
Leadership theory defines the theories in which all the terms which are beneficial for a
leader are addressed. In these theories all qualities of a leader are examined in which the internal
qualities of a leader are introduced. Further more also, its behaviour with others are mentioned in
these theories. This description helps to understand all the terms, nature, behaviour of a leader
more properly. The evaluation of this leadership theory is described as under:
Trait theory: This theory is related with internal quality of human being. Inner quality of leader
can be identified through trait model (Pinder, 2014). It is argued that the commanders are born
not made. There are certain characteristics of person which influence the behaviour of
subordinate. It aids to create different between non-leader and leaders regarding their quality.
Behaviour theory: This relate with human behaviour with their followers. There are different
approaches of it which is described as per under.
Autocratic: The concept of leadership in that the commanders no allow to take
participant in decision making process for business activity. Major drawback of it subordinates
feel inferior which is harmful for company. Autocratic approach is helpful for that company that
have inexperience employees (Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, 2011).
Democratic: In this the leader encourage to followers to share their thoughts to
development of the business. High motivated and skilled team use participative approach of
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behavioural leadership. By applying democratic leadership style, leaders can motivate their
subordinates to attain the goal of better productivity.
Contingency leadership: It reflects that nobody is superior in directing to employees but
situational leadership is best. It is evaluated that, organisation is totally depend upon on the
situations: internal or external. A contingent leader apply his own style at the right time in
difficult situation. So, that their firm can perform better task.
The above mentioned theories help to motivate or guide the subordinates towards their
role and responsibilities in an organisation to achieve their mission in effective manner. These
theories also helps leaders to guide subordinates and encourages them to do task in effective
manner. So, it is summarised from all the information is that a leader can be used one of the
above theory in the achieving better result for their organisation.
Trait theory is used as the one of the main example for motivating an employee.
Subordinate have to examine all the nature of a leader and have to apply all those things on
themselves. It helps them to increase their efficiency.
(b) Impact of managerial styles on organisational effectiveness
Management style is refer as the way to managing to whole function of organisation to
meet company target (Nelson and Cooper, 2007). Different firm use own unique way to control
their operation and it has direct impact on the work-culture of the firm. There is several method
of administration which is described as per under:
Autocratic management style: As the name suggest, the method of managing of company
activities fully centralized to the higher authority of organisation. There is no existence of bottom
department involvement in necessary planning and policy of the corporation. The Impact of
autocratic style on the organizational effectiveness is quick decision of the business, due lack of
involvement of lower level personal it provides accelerate to take appropriate decision for
company function (Osland and Turner, 2011). All the suggestions and order issue by the top
management so there less possibility of arising confusion for the job of workers.
Paternalistic style: In this approach director consider the employees recreational and social
needs during process of decision. Two ways communication system involves in vertical form
employer provide essential information to employees and take their feedback to develop business
planning or strategies. It helps to enhance their motivation which is crucial for the both. The
impact of paternalistic style on NHS organizational effectiveness is developing positive relation
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between top and lower management, effective work-culture and high morale of employees
(Miner, 2015).
Democratic style: In this way of management employer allow to his subordinate to give their
opinion and suggestions to make business decision to enhance company market-share. Two way
communication systems exist in this style. It is useful for small size organisation to meet their
goals. The impacts of democratic management approach on NHS organizational effectiveness are
positive relationship, team work and enhance workers skills such as the communication,
decision-making, problem solving etc. The above mentioned management style helps to increase
the productivity of company, O2 mobile use autocratic and paternalistic approaches for their
managing work.
(c) How motivational theory can inform employee motivation
Motivation theory implies an desire to do the task. It helps an organisation to get better
result. Employees’ motivation is important element for business growth of a company.
 Theory is a way to encourages worker to put their effort to achieve organisational goals
and objective in effective manner (Robbins and Judge, 2012). For example Maslow
theory helps to motivate employee to take responsibilities to enhance the effectiveness of
organisation.
 There different need of an individual which is importance to deliver to encourage them.
Security requirement is relate with protection of their job. If the company ensure their
role in firm than the will put best effort to give qualitative service to patient of NHS.
 Social need help to motivate employee toward duties in organisation. In this context it is
relate with team formation positive relations among the teammates help to encourages
employee to achieve company task.
 High moral of NHS workers assists to give better care to patient who getting treatment at
there. Promotion of employee assists to enhance their motivation toward their task, when
an individual get high responsibilities so he or she give better effort to achieve company
goals and objective.
 Employee have some basic need to survive in this world like food, water. So, for this they
have to top do in an organization from which survival of life became easy. This need is
treated as physiological needs.
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 Ability to do work, proper environment for performing task and motivation make the
performance of an individual effective. It helps an individual to increase efficiency of an
organisation. A good leader always encourages and motivates their subordinates for
better result.
Motivational theory motivates an employee to perform task correctly. It encourages them
to do all work systematically. This systematic working appraised them by their leader and leader
can encourage them by motivate them in front of others.
( d ) Theories relating to work relationships and interaction
Theory is related with work relation as well as interaction between employees and
employer to achieve company mission. Effective implementation of motivation theories help to
build positive relationship between these two (DuBrin, 2013). Regular interaction assist to create
better bonding which is crucial for organisation.
1. Motivation theory helps to create coordination among group member as well as owner
and workers. It aids to develop better communication between these that contribute
allocation of task to each employee within an organisation. In the present scenario of
NHS which dealing in health and care sector it is crucial to each individual know what is
their duties regarding hospital service so they can perform their role and better
communication with top management assist to take necessary guideline from them that
help to give better service to patient during their treatment at NHS.
2. Motivational theories also aid to enhancement various skills in workers which is crucial
for both employer and employees. It helps to attain some needs of an individual and for
that they should have to perform well in an organisation. It also helps them to improve
their skills and in their development also.
3. Behavioural theory implies the leader behaviour with its subordinates. It helps them to
achieve all the tasks correctly. In this theory there are certain more elaboration like there
is no one way to do all the projects correctly. So, a leader should have to change itself
from according to the demand of time.
4. Power theory describes the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of
people. In an organisation power means the authority level or leaders of an organisation.
They help them maintain the strategies and work of firm.
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5. Social constructivism means sociology theory of knowledge according to which the
human behaviour and development is social situated and knowledge can be increased in
them while interacting with some other people. In organisational sense, employee can
maintain their development and increase their knowledge from other workers. So, it
helps them to improve their work quality.
By using all these theories an organisation can be achieve its targets with the help of their
employees. Workers can be do effective work if their leaders behaviour towards them is correct
and right. They have to motivate their subordinates by using their power. And employees have to
learn many things from their leaders, so, that they can perform better task and helps in the
growth of a firm.
ACTIVITY 2
Analysis of the characteristics of different organisational structures
Attached in PPT file
Evaluate the importance of organisational culture theory in developing organisational
effectiveness
Attached in PPT file
( c ) Analysis of how organisations can facilitate innovation and creativity
In last 2 decades technology is rapidly change and its affect the business function of the
company. In health care sector innovation play vital role to give better treatment facilities to
patients. In late 20th century there were number of difficulties arise and patient loss their lives in
emergency cases. Now hospital adopt new tools and equipment to diagnose the disease along
with provide require care to them. Skilled employees of hospital are well aware about the use of
advance machinery to recognised causes of illness as well as develop a plan to give medical
treatment to get quick recovery (Choi, 2007). Creativity of employee can be used by the
organisation to develop caring plan for their patient. Supporting approach of organisation assists
to facilitate the changes which are essential in efficiency of company. In the above mentioned
scenario, NHS has autocratic and paternalist management styles which aid to make coordinate
with this in positive way. Support of higher authority motivate to employee to perform their role
in productive way to accomplish target. Skilled worker of hospital help in communicating to
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patients expectation. In health and care sector sick people expect that they will get good support
at there by the nurses, doctors also technician staff. Creativity thinking assist to use equipment to
identified the issue of illness on right time to deliver best treatment facility to them.
(d) Assessment of the importance of learning in organisations
Learning is process which help to individual as well as organisation to enhance their
potential to meet their determined goal in effective way. It also assists to increase the moral of
worker which is beneficial for the company (Mathieu and Taylor, 2007). Technical knowledge is
good and necessary for a leader because with the help of this they can manage everything in an
organisation which is related to management and experiment based knowledge is more
necessary then technical knowledge because it helps to a leader from recover to any situation in
firm. In health and care sector the continuous learning aid to enhance the potential that helps
meet personal target. In employee context there are number of kinds benefit which can
gain by them through learning first increase their skills, better ability of communication
assist to develop the relationship with top management along with it take participate in
decision-making process through provide their suggestion, motivation of employee direct
influence by the learning that motivate them toward their role within organisation.
Improve confidence level of workers by gaining knowledge to pursue specific task in
effective. At the same learning is also beneficial for the organisation where there are
number advantages of it which described as per under:
Flexibility: Through this approach company can get greater flexibility in performing it
operational task. In health and care sector, it assists to develop strategies to allocation of work to
get resilience which is importance to adapt the various changes that take place at workplace.
To motivate employee: It is essential for each business organisation to encourage it
employees toward their duties in organisation. In above mentioned scenario of NHS, motivation
of workers is crucial to deliver good treatment to sick person (Eder and Eisenberger, 2008).
Health care dedication for their role helps to organisation to enhance it brand value with
sustainable growth.
To monitoring the talent of worker: Through the continuous learning company can
develop better method to measure the performance of its employee which aid to plan their career
growth to motivate them.
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( e ) Evaluation of effectiveness of team working
Team working plays a crucial role in an organisation to achieve efficiency to meet their
goals and objective. It is collaborative efforts by the number of people who perform their duties
to achieve a common mission. Group productivity is important aspect for the company. By team
working, this assists to NHS to enhance the quality of care services and meet the customer
satisfaction level (Elangovan, Pinder and McLean, 2010). Evaluation of effectiveness of team
working for the cited organization is as follows:
Setting goals: It helps to set the goals for entire health care team of NHS. This provides
necessary information about the work that needed to be performed by the group. By this, team
members can understand the mission of the NHS. It assists to allocation of work according to the
skills of health care professionals.
Planning: Teamwork effectiveness has helped in planned the work that can be easily
completed. It provides the framework of performing the tasks to health care workers of the NHS
to achieve common goals and objective.
Decision-making: By team working approach, decision making of health care workers of
NHS has enhanced. In different types of situations, they have able to take decisions by using the
past experience and co-workers helps to deal with the problem.
Dysfunction: The Team dysfunctions of an outlines that is a root of causes of politics and
dysfunction on the teams where you work, and the keys to overcoming them. These are absence
of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability and inattention to
results.
Team cohesiveness: In simple term it can be define as the bonding of teammates to pull
their task to increase their efficiency. Three elements are included in the cohesiveness such as the
pride, commitment and interpersonal attraction for the works (Stein and Cropanzano, 2011).
( f ) Analysis of the effective management of change in organisations
The management of change is process in which change take place in company smoothly
and thoroughly. It is essential for the top authority to assess the causes of change and develop the
necessary model to communicate with it. In the above stated scenario hospital rotate the shifting
and increase the duties time with 2 hours that affect the behaviour of worker as well as they
recruiting new employee to communicate with demand and supply (Podsakoff, LePine, and
LePine, 2007)An organization like NHS have to get prepared about all the changes in advance.
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They have to prepare such strategies which are helpful at the time of change. Just for survival
and growth change is compulsory. So, every organization have to adopt these changes as early as
possible.
Merger and acquisition represents the situation when two companies merge themselves and
made a new name. It is very hard to maintain all the situation correctly because in this process
two different thinking and based organization merge themselves and start business. This changes
in thinking rises conflicts in an organization which are not acceptable.. The following impact
arise though the change:
Increase the cost: Due to enhancement of work-hours the major impact of it the cost of
function is high. Hospitals pay more incentive to worker for extra time. Higher cost reduces the
profit of the organization.
Low interest of employee: It is not necessary every individual accept the change which
takes place at organisation. In present scenario of NHS increment in duties hours affect the
mindset of some workers in negative way which is lead their low productivity.
To deal with the above mentioned changes, it has required an effective management of
change in NHS. Planning helps to create coordinate to allocation of task and resource among
each employees of corporation. It assists to provide guidelines to top as well as lower department
how to deal with diversity of work. Rotation in shifts of care workers help to manage the work
together with equality among all employees. (Blader and Tyler, 2009) Major purpose of the
change is maintaining the balance between demand and supply of health care service at
organisation. Health care organization appoint new employees by communicate with requirement
of patient regarding their treatment its essentials to develop the cooperation between new and
existing worker to deliver goods care to improve their health.
ACTIVITY 3
(a) Culture and structure of the NHS and its impact on it effectiveness
Organisational culture and structure is crucial to improve the effectiveness an
organisation. Better work-culture helps build positive relationship among team members as well
as top and lower management. NHS have club culture which help to hospital to appoint an
employee for their expertise knowledge to contribute in accomplishment of objective in effective
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way. It assist to increase the moral of workers which is crucial to give better health care services
to patients who taking treatment at there. The hospital has skilled and trained nurses as well as
doctors to deliver the best care (Jiao, Richards and Zhang, 2011). Positive culture of NHS helps
to development smooth relationship which is beneficial for the company meet their mission.
Along with organisation can allocate work as well as resources among the worker in appropriate
manner which is important to reduce the cost of operation. Culture of hospital is employee
friendly that assist to enhance their productivity. NHS opt the division and matrix work
structures which help to divide all functions of health and care among the capable persons to
perform in appropriate manner to enhance the productivity on the matrix system of work assist to
achieve specific target. For example in IT department of hospital and human resource aids to
develop the IT skills to coordinate with demand of new employees. Matrix structures help to
overcome adverse situations within the organisation of health and care. Hospital adopted division
structure in regular operation but in emergency situation the matrix system can be used by them.
An organisational culture refers to the system of shared assumptions, values that show
people what is right and what is wrong for an organisation. An effective organisation helps a
firm to do the things right and accurately. Culture defines that they have to follow ethical values
and not harm the organisational values.
ACTIVITY 4
(a) Management approaches to Organisational decision-making
It is important to take an appropriate decision to enhance the growth of business as well
as increase the potential of employees (Pawar, 2009). It helps to communicate with future
changes that could be affecting by the organisational operational in both way positive and
negative. There are different approaches which can be adopted by the company.
Rational approach: The concept of this decision making model the manager of corporation. It is
scientific method in which leader follow the necessary steps to develop a suitable arrangement to
overcome adverse situation which can affect the company function. There various element that
which should be consider during decision process:
 Determined the goals (Pieterse and et.al., 2010).
 Define the problem in organisation.
 Identify the type of decision.
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 Collection of alternatives.
 Evaluation of collected alternatives.
 Select best one.
 Implementation of plan (Suddaby, Greenwood and Wilderom, 2008). Control.
Behavioural approaches: The concept of this decision making approaches focus on the
behaviour of human. It not considers about the information all the decisions are made on the
actions of persons. In this method manager or leaders have bounded to make the decision he or
she cannot use all the necessary information to make suitable arrangement to resolve the problem
in the organisation. It is not effective to communicate with problems and result will be
unfavourable.
Practical approach: In this method manager and leader can go beyond the boundaries to
formulate the decision for business in this he or she can use all the information without any
difficulties. This approach is widely useable in organisations to deal with specific situations.
Personal approach: In this manager or leader use their personal experience and knowledge to
take decision for business to avoid unfavourable situations along with enhance the efficiency of
business (Arthaud-Day and et.al., 2012).
The above different approaches are described to communicate with change in
organisation to reduce the negative impact on the business and enhance the productivity of firms.
NHS is use rational and practical approaches to make necessary arrangement for their health care
service.
( b ) Assessment of management approaches to risk and uncertainty in decision making
Risk and uncertainty is harmful for each organisation to achieve their objectives in
effective manner. There are number of elements to assess the risk of business. There are different
ways to understand the potential uncertainty which affect the commercial functions of company.
Management skills: It is most crucial to identify the danger aspect which can affect the
productivity of firm. It is essentials to top management to predict the future change that could be
harmful for the organisation. Higher skills of decision-making and problem solving manage it
after the occurrence of it. In the present scenario of NHS have experienced administration that
can make adjustment in planning and policy to minimise the adverse impact though use their
skills to develop strategies and implement it (Bowler, Halbesleben and Paul, 2010).
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