Organisational Behaviour Report: M&S Leadership and Effectiveness

This report provides an in-depth analysis of organisational behaviour, focusing on Mark's and Spencer's (M&S) as a case study. It examines various aspects, including organisational structures, the impact of organisational culture on effectiveness, and the influence of learning on employee performance. The report evaluates team working's role in enhancing employee effectiveness and explores different leadership behaviours and their impact. Furthermore, it assesses leadership theories, work relationships, and the relevance of organisational culture to organisational development. The report also analyses the benefits and issues of employee involvement in decision-making and various motivational strategies. The analysis covers characteristics of different organisational structures such as work specialisation, departmentalisation, hierarchy of authority and staff relationship. The impact of organisational culture and impact of learning on the effectiveness of the employee's are also evaluated. The report also includes an analysis of various leadership theories, theories related to work relationship and interaction, and benefits and issues with involving employees in organisational decision-making.

Organisational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
Characteristics of different organisational structures..................................................................4
Impact of organisational culture on its effectiveness..................................................................5
Impact of learning on the effectiveness of the employee's.........................................................5
Evaluation of how working in teams can improve employee effectiveness...............................6
Merit............................................................................................................................................6
How different leadership behaviour impact on M & S...............................................................6
Distinction...................................................................................................................................6
Process and outcome of changes on the effectiveness of employee's.........................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
Evaluation of various leadership theories...................................................................................7
Analyse the theories related to work relationship and interaction..............................................7
Merit............................................................................................................................................8
Evaluate the relevance of organisational culture theory effectiveness organisational
development................................................................................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
Analyse benefits and issues with involving employees in organisational decision making.......8
Explain various ways to motivate employee's............................................................................9
Merit............................................................................................................................................9
Motivation theory to inform employee motivation.....................................................................9
Distinction.................................................................................................................................10
How the cited firm motivates employee's.................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
The behaviour plays a very deep and crucial role in operations of an organisation. They
have to see through effective measures to cater requirements of the various employees as well as
the customers or stakeholders of the company (Miner, 2015.). The proper organisational
behaviour will support company to gain better production and revenue generation and carry out
its operational functions in an effective and significant manner. For the report, Mark's and
Spencer's (M & S) has been chosen as the organisation of context. The report will lay emphasis
on characteristics of different organisational structures and effectiveness of the culture on the
operations of the company has been taken into effective considerations. The impact of learning
on the effectiveness of the employee's. Also, the evaluation on the working in a team is been
analysed. Various leadership behavioural theory has been analysed with regard to work
relationship and interaction. Apart from this, the benefits and issues of involving the employees
in organisational decision making and ways to motivate them are also considered in report
(Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015).
TASK 1
Characteristics of different organisational structures
Various characteristics have been effectively taken into focus that will lead to significant
growth and development of the cited firm. These characteristics will support in significant
development of different functions which will aid in rise in functional quality of M & S. This
will support the better management of different actions which supports effective management of
different functions that will cause increase in production capacity and revenue generation of
cited firm and gain a suitable market share. Some characteristics that have been taken into the
better focus are as follows:
 Work specialisation: Also, refereed as the division of labour, this helps the firm to gain
better productivity. The proper distribution of the work will aid in effective increase of
productivity of company that supports in significant manner for achieving better
operational efficiency at the workplace.
 Departmentalisation: It is the procedure including segmentation of work based on the
various operations. This is the classification of the work or job of the operations like
marketing, sales, finance etc. it can also include the geographical factors and will involve
all the structures of the company (Pinder, 2014).

 Hierarchy of authority: Also known as chain of authority that helps in the better
guidance and following of the rules and regulations that will help M & S to gain better
productivity and profitability. It can be either flat or tall and involves the various
commands that lead to the control of the actions in an organisation.
 Staff relationship: M & S has to effectively see through effective handling of different
functions that will support better maintaining of effective relationship among the
workforce of company. The effective and strong relationship will help in the better
coordination of functions or functions of organisation, in a very significant way (Gelfand
And et.al., 2017).
Different organisational structure such as divisional, hierarchical or flat structuring will
help in creating the framework and platform for the organisation to operate in most effective
and suitable manner. This will help in improving the execution of operations within the
organisation.
Impact of organisational culture on its effectiveness
The organisational culture has a very vital part in better management of the various
functions and their effectiveness. This aids in the showcasing of different operations that will
make significant increase in operational capacity of organisation. It supports increasing of
operational capacity by an organisation and supports the firm to keep a check on the employee's
with positive and negative attitude. The positive work culture will help in motivating the work
force to perform better while the negative and distressful culture will lead to the poor handling of
different functions of organisation (Wagner III and Hollenbeck, 2014).
Besides this, the better work culture of an organisation will support significant increase in
operational quality. This leads to the various operations which will support the effective
managing of different operations. M & S will have to look after the effective maintaining of the
workplace for good execution of its business functions. This will help the company to get better
sustainability and profitability in market.
Impact of learning on the effectiveness of the employee's
The learning or the education have a vital and crucial part in execution and effective
management of different functions of enterprise. The better idea and knowledge of the various
functions that help in better increase in functions that will support in good handling of different
operations that leads to suitable increase in various functions. Learning of new skills and

operations will help the employee's to look after their increase in efficiency and will track to
significant rise in operational efficiency of enterprise (Ponopaske, Ivancevich and Matteson,
2016).
Other than this, this will improve confidence level of the employee's in the firm and will
motivate them to work in a better way. This will also improve the loyalty of the customer and the
employee's towards M & S and will improve its work efficiency which will support increase in
handling of functions. Other than this, it also supports handling of different functions that
contributes to growth and development of company (Vasu, Stewart and Garson, 2017).
Evaluation of how working in teams can improve employee effectiveness.
Team working is very crucial and significant increase in functional effectiveness and
efficiency of organisation. This will aid in effective management of actions that will support the
better improvement in operations. The effective team work and coordination will lead to the
significant rise in various functions which will aids in the improvement in the functional capacity
of organisation. This will not only involve the good understanding of different actions of
company but also managing it in a very effective way that will lead to rise in operational
capacity of the company.
Other than this, the team work will help in better handling of operations in the company.
It will lead to in development of business enterprise and take into consideration the various
measures which help in good rise in the operational capacity of company. Also, a good team will
lead to fulfilment of targeted goals of the company in the stipulated time frame and will give rise
to the sustainability in the market. The team work will also lead to the easy execution of the
various tasks by the business organisation (Borkowski, 2015.).
Merit
How different leadership behaviour impact on M & S.
Various leadership behaviour will play a vital and very crucial impact on the operational
capacity of company. For instance, autocratic leadership will help company to gain a better idea
of functionality as there will only one boss or leaders, who will guide the employee's. The
democratic approach of M & S will help the firm to have a good functioning and profit
generation by involving workers in the decision making process (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans,
2015). The autocratic leadership will lead to reduction in contentment level of the organisation.
This might cause the employee turnaround and failure of organisation. On the other hand, the

democratic leadership will lead to involvement of employees and improve their performance
level to a greater level.
Distinction
Process and outcome of changes on the effectiveness of employee's
The change in the work processes and the productivity that will help in better rise in the
effectiveness of employee's. Other than this, This will help in improving of the efficiency of
work force of M & S. Various processes like adoption of new technology, business plan or
implementation of new structure will help the employee's to gain the proper knowledge and have
a better productivity and operational effectiveness ( Vasu, Stewart and Garson, 2017).
TASK 2
Evaluation of various leadership theories
Various leadership behavioural theories support the significant rise in different operations
which will help in effective management of different functions that will lead to significant
increase in functional efficiency. These theories will support gaining better idea about
functionality of organisation. This will also help the M & S to identify the suitable measures to
follow in order top meet the operational requirements of company and provide the clients with
better satisfaction level. Some major theories that are been taken into effective consideration are:
 Great Man Theory: This theory has evolved around the mid 19th century. It was based
on the scientific uncertainness. It states that the leaders are the great men are born with
the leadership traits or qualities. According to the theory, the leaders are not made.
 Trait Theory: These theories was formulated around the mid 1930's. It states that the
individual person consists of the various traits that impact the operational efficiency of an
organisation. This supports the effective handling of wide range of actions which aids in
better management of various functions of the work place (Hui, Lee and Wang, 2015).
 Behavioural theory: This theory states that the leadership of an individual in an
organisation like M & S will support the good growth and rise of cited firm that will
support in effective increase and development of company.
 Contingency Theory: This is the most popular theory that is been taken into effective
consideration by most of the business organisations. It states that there is as such no fixed
theory or method that can be implemented in the business organisation for the leadership
to tackle all the situations and issues. It involves the better handling of different actions

which is been implemented in business enterprise as per the situational context of the
company (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015).
Analyse the theories related to work relationship and interaction
Various theories are been taken into effective consideration to look after effective
handling of work relationships and interaction. The effective management of the work relations
and interaction at the workplace will help in good handling of different operations in the
organisation which will help in better growth of various functions. At organisational level, better
management of work relationship is very necessary as it will help in better management of the
different actions at M & S. Some theories on work relationships are as follows:
 Social exchange Theory: It was formulated in 1958. This theory is based on the
principle of “give and take” as the basis of all the relationships at the work place. The
intensity of this may vary in proportion, depending the intensity of the relationship. This
will help M & S to carry out its operations which will help firm to have a better
functionality (Miller, 2016). This relation is required to avoid the comparison as it ruins
the relationship and increase the conflicts at the business enterprise, which can affect the
profitability and productivity of the cited firm.
 Uncertainty Reduction Theory: This theory will help the M & S to tackle its new
employee's as it will help in better management of various operations which support
significant rise in functions which will help in better handling various functions. This will
help the employee's to know each other and gain the better attitude and belief. This will
help in the growth of the understanding among the employee's (Blader, Patil and Packer,
2017).
Merit
Evaluate the relevance of organisational culture theory effectiveness organisational development.
The organisational culture theory will support rise in effectiveness of organisation. The
organisational environment of M & S will help in better management of various functions which
will help in the significant rise in different functions that will help in the better management of
various actions. The rise in effectiveness supports better achieving of targeted goals and provide
a better satisfaction level of customer (Blader, Patil and Packer, 2017.).

TASK 3
Analyse benefits and issues with involving employees in organisational decision making
The involvement of the employee's in the decision making process of M & S will support
better management of different functions. This leads to better handling of various functions in
company but it has certain advantage and limitations which are as follows.
Advantage of employee's involvement:
 This will help in the better communication process in an organisation.
 It will lead to good understanding of actions in enterprise.
 It improves interrelation between various departments, leading to the rise in profitability.
Limitation of employee's involvement:
 This may affect the decision and may lead to the organisation to get disgraced from the
issue.
 It increases the complexity of decision process ( Lazaroiu, 2015).
Explain various ways to motivate employee's.
The M & S will effectively look after the better management of the various techniques to
motivate the employee's. Some techniques that will be used by the business enterprise to
motivate its employee's is:
 Appraisals: The M & S will use the technique of giving the appraisals to the employee's.
It will motivate them to perform better.
 Recognition: The good work of the employee's is needed to be recognise the work of its
employee's to get the better productivity and profitability which will rise the operational
efficiency of company.
 Rewards: M & S will also provide the rewards to the employee's in the form of cash
prize or other way which will help it to motivate employee's for significant rise in the
productivity (Lazaroiu, G., 2015).
 Empowering: The organisation will look after the better handling of the operations to
empowers employee's in order to motivate them.
Merit
Motivation theory to inform employee motivation.
As per the Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, various factors are needed to be fulfilled to get
the employee motivation:

 Physiological needs: It involves the necessities like food water, cloths etc.
 Safety needs: Includes the safety needs like job security etc.
 Love needs: It involves a sense of belongingness and being loved by family and friends.
 Esteem needs: It involves the feeling of accomplishment and achievement.
 Self actualisation: it is the achievement of ones full potential (Miller, 2016.).
Distinction
How the cited firm motivates employee's
M & S will effectively see through effective management of actions which supports in
significant rise in good functionality and profitability. The firm gives appraisals or rewards to its
employee's on the regular basis to maintain their loyalty and motivate them to perform better
(Hui, Lee and Wang, 2015.).
CONCLUSION
Thus, this can be concluded that organisational behaviour have a very important part in
achievement of productivity as well as profitability of the company. The report covered details of
characteristics of the various organisational structures and the effectiveness of the culture on the
operations of the company is been taken into effective considerations. The impact of learning on
the effectiveness of the employee's. Also, the evaluation on the working in a team is been
analysed. Various leadership behavioural theory is been analysed with regard to work
relationship and interaction. Apart from this, the benefits and issues of involving the employee's
in organisational decision making and ways to motivate the employees are also considered in
report.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Miner, J.B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership.
Routledge.
Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015. Organizational Behavior: An
evidencebased approach. IAP.
Pinder, C.C., 2014. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press.
Gelfand, M.J and et.al., 2017. Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and
organizational behavior: A hundred-year journey. Journal of Applied Psychology. 102(3).
p.514.
Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014. Organizational behavior: Securing competitive
advantage. Routledge.
Konopaske, R. and et.al., 2016. Organizational behavior and management. McGraw-Hill
Education.
Borkowski, N., 2015. Organizational behavior in health care. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Vasu, M.L., Stewart, D.W. and Garson, G.D. eds., 2017. Organizational Behavior and Public
Management, Revised and Expanded. Routledge.
Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015. Organizational behavior: An evidencebased
approach . Charlotte, NC.
Blader, S.L., Patil, S. and Packer, D.J., 2017. Organizational identification and workplace
behavior: More than meets the eye. Research in Organizational Behavior.
Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Work motivation and organizational behavior. Contemporary Readings in
Law and Social Justice. 7(2). pp.66.
Miller, D., 2016. Article Commentary: Response to “Research on the Dark Side of Personality
Traits in Entrepreneurship: Observations from an Organizational Behavior
Perspective”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 40(1). pp.19-24.
Hui, C., Lee, C. and Wang, H., 2015. Organizational inducements and employee citizenship
behavior: The mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of
collectivism. Human Resource Management. 54(3). pp.439-456.