Organisational Behaviour Report: Analysis of HP and IBM

This report delves into the realm of organisational behaviour, using Hewlett Packard (HP) and International Business Machines (IBM) as case studies. It examines the influence of power, culture, and politics on individual and team behaviour, highlighting the interplay of these factors within the organisational context. The report then explores content and process theories of motivation, evaluating motivational techniques for achieving organisational goals. Furthermore, it differentiates between effective and ineffective teams, analysing group development theories and their application. Finally, it evaluates key concepts and philosophies underpinning organisational behaviour within these business settings. The analysis covers various aspects, including power dynamics, organisational culture types, the impact of globalisation and digital technology, network and system theories, and organisational psychology. The report also touches upon reward, coercive and expert powers, and the effects of organisational politics, along with structural and decisional changes. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these elements shape the performance and behaviour of individuals and teams within organisations.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................3
P 1 Influence of power, culture and politics on the individual and team behaviour of the
organization..................................................................................................................................3
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................7
P 2 Content and process theory of motivation and motivational techniques...............................7
LO 3...............................................................................................................................................10
P 3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team....................................................................10
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................13
P 4 Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour.....................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is a study of behaviour of human in context of setting of
different organizations. The behaviour of human and the organisation are identified under this
study. In this study, behaviour of individuals are measured in organizational roles. The main aim
of study of organisation behaviour is to regenerate theory of organization and better
conceptualization of life of business entity (Bester, Stander and Van Zyl, 2015). The nature is
related under context of individual behaviour for physical and resources means to attain desired
objectives of organization. This report will lay emphasis on different scenario of companies and
their organizational behaviour. The first scenario is all about Hewlett Packard (HP) company.
The Hewlett Packard is a company which was founded by William Hewlett and David Packard
in 1939. This organisation works and operate under quality focused organization and ethical
behaviour to establish their presence in technical world. The company Hewlett Packard offers
range of laptops, monitors , desktop and printers, etc. Also, the Hewlett Packard is known for
their best products of Desk Jet printers and Laser Jet. This report will lay emphasis on influence
of culture, power and politics of organization and behaviour of team and their performance. The
report also lay emphasis content and process theory both will be explained and evaluated for
effective attainable of goals in organisational context.
Another scenario which is related with International Business Machine (IBM). The
International Business Machine provides cloud based services, hardware, software & cognitive
computing. The International Business Machine (IBM) was incepted in the year of 1911 and
currently company is expanded their business over 170 countries and employs more than
366,600 employees. Along with it, the company is improving their employees turnover ratio by
efficient training and development campaign. This report will lay focus on effective team and
ineffective team. Also, group development theories will be adopted by corporation will be
explained. The concept and philosophies of behaviour of organization within their business
context will be evaluated under this report.
LO 1
P 1 Influence of power, culture and politics on the individual and team behaviour of the
organization
Power, culture and politics make an huge impact on the performance of team and
individual. Power refers to the potential of team and individual to influence others in the

organisation while authority refers to provide a particular power to take the decisions regarding
assign job and its roles or responsibilities. Power, authority and influence are interrelated. After
getting the power and authority an individual can easily influence others to work in proper
direction. It also affect the team work by motivate and encourage them to work within the
interest of organisation.
Culture
Organisational culture can be referred as the policies, value, expectations, philosophies,
inner working style and many more that hold the organization together in order to interact with
the other in outside world to meet the future expectations (Tasselli, Kilduff and Landis, 2018).
The way organization behave with their employees, shared attitudes etc. are being considered as
the organisational culture. There are different types of culture like Clan culture, Adhocracy
culture, market and Hierarchy culture. The different types of culture provide the better work
environment to the employees and motivate them to feel a part of the company.
Influence of the culture:
There are different kinds of the culture available in the organization which directly or
indirectly affect the HP organization and its working individuals and team behaviour of the
company.
The classification of the culture
In order to understand the classification of the different culture Handy's cultural model
can be used by the managed of the HP company. That can help to better understanding of the
different culture and its influence on the team and individual performance.
As according to the Handy there are four type of the culture. Which can affect the HP
organisation and its team and individual performance.
Power culture — There are some culture who follows the power culture. In this culture,
power of taking decision are in the hand of the few people, and they are authorized to take any
kind of the decision and employees have to follow their rules and regulations (Klotz and et.al.,
2018). Employees of that kind of the organizational culture do not have the liberty to express
their views and opinions. It influence the team and individual by motivating them to work hard
in the company and enjoy the benefits like promotion, rewards, incentives etc. But Power culture
is not applicable in every situation. It also has some disadvantage that the holder of the power
can use their power in illegal activity or harassing the other employees.

Role Culture — In this type of the culture, each and every employee have their specific
roles and responsibility in the organization. These roles and responsibilities are being assigned to
them as according to their educational qualification and personal interest, so that can give their
best in their interesting filed.
Task Culture — This kind of the culture in the organization only focus on the task in the
direction to achieve the target of the company. This has been done in order to solve the critical
problem by forming a team with having the same interest people.
Person Culture – There are some organization which follows this kind of the person
culture, where the employees of the organization feels that they are more important for the
company as comped to the other things (Gagné, 2018).
As HP follows this person culture in their organization. This influence he individuals and
tea behaviour of the organization and increase their productivity. When employees of the HP
company feels that they are important for company so that they also work for the company
individually in order to achieve the target and also positively influence the team working when
team is being formed to solve any critical problem. They work effectively with each other in
team.
Rise of globalisation and digital technology
Digital technology and globalization have the great impact of the HP company. As the
HP is information terotechnological company which have great impact of the digital technology
and globalization. Digitization gives the company to more scope to make innovation and
development of the new informative products for the customers at the different global border. As
the globalization give the opportunity to the company to expand its business in different area of
the world where it does not perform. But this creates the problem as well to understand the
different culture and understanding of the different customers of the world. They also influence
the culture of the company as well when digitization is being applied in company that make their
work easy for the employees, they work effectively in a team as well as individually.
Principles of network and system theory
Network theory can be considered as the part of the management that helps the managers
of the HP company to understand the way employees of the organization interact and make
relation in the organisation. This relation can help and influence the organisation and its culture
positively and negatively in both way. When employees have grudges the collectively create the

negativity in the organization by making network, else they can also spread positivity by making
strong network in the organization.
System theory can be referred as the complex system of the organisation, society and a
group on which an organization interact with the outside world and crate its image on the basis
of that system. This system can be closed and open. Closed system do not have any impact of the
environment whereas open system can be affected by the environment or company can be
affected by the outside environment like different cultural employees, language, and
globalization.
Organisational psychology
This can be referred as the different study of the organizational structure and apply the
model that can help the organization to understand the way in which the employee of the people
of the HP company interact with each other. This study will help the HP company to make
improvement in the organizational culture in which employees interact, behave and work. HP
company's management can improve its culture by applying different principles and theories.
Power
Power influence the person in both negative and positive manner. It helps the individual
to get work done from the others but some time they take the advantage of their power to force
others for unwillingness work. It comes from the different sources like reward power, coercive
power, referent power and expert power. The HP company use the referent, reward and expert
power to influence their subordinates.
Referent power : It refers to influence other because of the respect, likes and admire. It
can be raise by creating a good image among the group and make the part of the group through
the actions. It influence the team and individual by the behaviour of the power holder. They can
guide and direct the employees, subordinates or peer group when they requires. But it also has its
own limitation that it does not provide any authority to take decision on behalf of the others.
Reward power : In this individual can use its power to give rewards like incentives,
bonus etc. to the applicable person. The reward power influence team and individual to improve
their capabilities and skills to get incentives, promotion and recognition from the top
management of HP company. But at the same time reward power increases the biases and
conflict in the company because of favouritism.

Politics : It refers to take the decision in the organisation by using their power and
influence other to get own benefit. The higher authority and politician use their power for their
own interest like German Empire chancellor and Minister President of Prussia Otto Von
Bismark. He use his power to get support from the other countries at war time and than when he
find that the countries interfere in the administration of Germany than he defeat them.
Influence of Politics
Organisational politics is being referred to the activities that are performed by the
employees of the organisation for self interest without regretting the effect of that negative
activity in the organization.
The influence the individuals and team behaviour in the HP company. Employees who
play politics in the company not focus on their individual work, they do not even work in the
team and always try to pull down other team member. This influence the team working and
individual behaviour. And this politics cause the building of negative organisational culture in
HP company.
Organisational politics help the individual and team to improve their abilities and skills to
work with greater efficiency. It provide some power to the employees to use their power in
taking effective decision. Politics influence the employees to work hard and get the position to
use their power freely without any interference. But at the same time organisational politics also
has its own limitation. It affects the concentration of employees towards the performance and
productivity of company. By providing power or attention to some employees it decrease the
motivation of other employees. The individual and team use the political support or politics to
gain their own goal rather than to the overall goal of HP company. For example After getting the
political power individual or team engage in the activity of their own interest like to get
promotion, reward etc. which affect the overall goal of the company.
Structural change in the HP company is the change or redesign the structure of the
company in which, goals, authority, management etc are included. Whereas decisional change
can be referred as to make change in their way of taking decision like before they take decision
individually now with having the participation of the employees decision being made. On the
other hand personal change means to make change in own personality, behaviour, way of
thinking etc.
Influence of Power

Power affects the individual, their relationship and embedded in structure. As the people
in the HP organization which have the power or can say that the owner, CEO of the company
have the power of property, that can make any decision regarding the change in organization and
employees have to follow, this affect the relationship in the organisation among the employed
and employers as well.
There are different sources and types of power like, legitimate power, reward power,
referent power, coercive power, personal power, moral power, charismatic power etc, that
influence the organization and its culture. All the types of the power influence the organization in
different way.
LO 2
P 2 Content and process theory of motivation and motivational techniques
Motivation play the great role in the any organisation, as the motivated employees work
hard for the organisation and work towards to achieve the goals of the organization. It motivates
the individual and team towards a common goal to achieve the target of the company on time
with efficiency (Lee and et.al., 2019).
Motivation can be two types at the workplace namely, intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic motivation motivate the employees with the internal power. By participating in
the activities or task employees feels internal happiness which motivate them to perform better in
the internal and external environment to achieve the target. While extrinsic motivation motivate
the employees externally. By analysing the behaviours and activities of others, individual gain
some motivation to improve its performance and get rewards and power to the higher authority.
HP company use the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation techniques to inspire the employees to
achieve the aims and objectives of company on time.
Content theory of Motivation
Content theory of motivation are most acceptable theory in work environment while its
least acceptable theory in academic performance. It explains that the need and demand of the
human being change with the time. It helps to understand the reason behind the change in human
need and how often they change. Due to the changes in external and internal environment like
advance technology, economic trend etc. influence individuals to change themselves according
to the environment or to improve their lifestyle. Different authors gives different theory of
motivation to understand the behaviours of team and individual in different situation like :

Theory X and Theory Y
It was given by the Douglas McGregor in which they explains the behaviour of
employees and how to treat them in different situation to increase their moral to achieve the
target more accurately. In theory X employees are not ready to work so the manager coerced or
force them to getting work from them. Whereas theory Y explains that employees are self
motivated to work better for their internal growth. Theory X is most applicable in the situation
where the employees have no ambition and goal. The HP company wants to get work on time
than they use X theory to threaten the employees or punish them to get work from them. Theory
Y is most suitable in the situation when HP company assign the work according to the interest of
employees. It is not applicable at the introduction stage of company in market.
Herzberg's motivation theory
Herzberg's motivational or two factor theory is being considers in the content theory.
This Herzberg's two factor theory is based on the two dimension namely, hygiene factor and the
motivational factors that help the employees to get motivated in the organization and work well.
Hygiene factors: In the hygiene factor company satisfied the employees by giving them
higher pay, increase salary, additional leave, bonus, incentives etc. It helps them to satisfied the
need of the employees to retain them in organisation. It is most applicable when the employees
work in organisation with longer period of time. After some period of time employees need some
additional pay or incentives to improve their internal moral to work with the efficiency and
effectiveness.
Motivational factors: In this HP company and its management can give the different
growth opportunity, responsibilities to the employee on the basis of their work experience. It
help them to utilise the skills and knowledge of employees to recognise their work with awards,
responsibilities and achievements to increase job satisfaction. HP company use the motivating
factor while the employees are satisfied with their job and have potential to perform better in the
environment.
Maslow's hierarchy theory
It explains the need of human being in five stages such as physiological need, safety need, social
need, esteem need and self actualisation need. At the lowest level individual wants the basic need
like shelter, food, water, sleep etc. after getting the basic need individual move to the next level
of safety and security need in which they need the job security, safety etc. In social need they

want the love and affection from the external environment. While fulfilling the social need
individual move to the esteem need in which they want the respect, recognition, status and fame.
In last stage of self actualisation need individuals wants to grow and develop themselves to
achieve the individual potential. Maslow theory is not effective in all situation because it assume
that all the individual need are fulfil at same order. HP company use the Maslow theory at some
level to motivate the employees. But they can also use the Herzbergs theory X and Theory Y to
understand the behaviour of the employee's and treat them according to the requirement of
organisation to fulfil the needs and demands of employees.
Process theory of motivation
In the process theory,Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation is being considered. This
also van be applied by the management of the HP company to motivate their people. This theory
is based on the three stages of the motivation which are:
Expectancy: In this stage, as it name shows, employee of the HP company expect a lot
from their own efforts that their work and performance can give the best result. Management of
HP company can identify the key that help to motivate their employees to bring best out from
them and provide the right level of support to their employees.
Instrumentality: In this stage employees of the HP company perform as according to
their expectations and contribute to the business result of the HP company. This stage is all about
the employee's performance which is desired to reach the goal. This performance help the
employees to get the extra rewards or the promotions (Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Podsakoff,
2018).
Valence: This is being considered as the final result of the outcomes, for which the
performance has being done. If employees of the HP get the results and rewards as they were
expected, them this motivates them to do harder work in their respective field.
Process theory is highly effective when the employees motivated by getting the rewards,
incentives etc. from their superior. It is highly effective because employee's are willingly
participate in the task. But it also requires the ful
l attention of managers in the participation. If the employees get the reward below to their
expectation than it also reduce the motivation of employee's. So it is ineffective when the reward
is below to the expectation.
Implications of motivational theory

Motivational theory also help the management and leadership of the HP company. As
when the employees of the HP company get motivated they will work harder in the direction to
achieve the goal for the HP organization. This will help the management to get motivated
employees who willingly accept their policies, objective of the company and follow all their
regulations. They do not need to force them to follow the culture, value and policies. This also
help the leadership of the HP company as well. Leaders do not have to be worry regarding their
team members to motivate them and force them to accept challenges, they willingly accept
challenge and take risk for the company.
Behavioural Psychology
Behavioural psychology is also about the learning trough the behaviour of the outsiders.
This is being considered as to acquire the ideas, skills, by interacting with the other people.
Emotional intelligence can be referred as the emotional capability of the person to
manage and control their emotional. This ability to control the emotions of other as well help the
individuals in the HP company and management of the company as well, that if they are
emotionally strong then they can not be come under the false stories of their employees (Miner,
2015).
There are different number of soft skills of the managers of the HP company. Like
effective communication, flexibility, problem solving skill. Confidence, creative thinking and
many more that helps the managers to effectively manage their administrative activities in the
company. This skills also helps the Team of the HP company, like effective communication
helps the team to et effective and clear direction and understanding of their roles and
responsibilities and also help the solving their critical problems among the team members by
problem solving skills.
Task and relationship leadership
Task leadership is basically is all about when leaders of the HP company is appreciate
and motivate the work of their employees after accomplishing the task and also concerned with
the specific roles and task for employees (Moorman, Brower and Grover, 2018).
Whereas relationship leadership is all about when leaders is being motivated by having
the good relation and interacting with their employees of the team members.
Psychodynamic approach can be considered as the understanding of the individual's
mind, i.e. what is going on the person's mind or to get in the head of the person to know their

unconscious part of the mind. This helps the management of the company to get understand the
cause that no behaviour is being done without cause, helps to determine the cause. In this the ID,
ego and super ego make up the personality of the individual.
LO 3
P 3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team
Different types of the organisational team:
There are different kinds of the team working in the company which helps the
organisation to get the work done effectively in minimum time. These team are:
Functional team: This kind the team is permanent in the IBM company. This team is
being considers as the members of a same department but having the different roles and
responsibilities (Kotlara and et.al., 2018). Like in the IBM company member of the finance
department are functional team which have different roles like finance managers, finance
executive assistant etc.
Problem solving team: This kind of the team is temporary, as this team is being formed
to solve the specific issue ion the company and only focus on the specific issue. After
accomplishing or solving the problem teams are disbanded.
Project team: Project team of the IBM company can be considered as the team of the
employees, who shared the common goals and strategies. They have assigned to specific goals
that help to perform in the direction to achieving that goals
Impact of the technology on the organisational teams
As IBM its self is the global technological company which provides software, hardware,
cloud based services to their users and cognitive computing. The company used different types
of the technological equipments in their organization that give the ease to their employees and
team to work effectively. Like artificial intelligence and updated computer software in the
company helps the team to development the another software and hardware programs for the
customers which is not possible to make manually. With this even team members work
collectively and complete their work on time.
Role of virtual team development and networking
As virtual teams are being considered as the involvement of the different employees
which works from the different location through the networking and perform the specific task
and shared goals. These employees have different roles and skill (Vasu, Stewart and Garson,