Organisational Behaviour Report: Unit 12 - Marks & Spencer Analysis

This report provides an in-depth analysis of organisational behaviour, focusing on the case of Marks & Spencer (M&S). It explores the influence of organisational culture, politics, and power on individual and team performance, using Handy's Model to illustrate cultural aspects. The report then examines the impact of content and process theories of motivation, specifically Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Vroom's Expectancy Theory, on achieving organisational goals. Furthermore, it defines the characteristics of effective and ineffective teams. Finally, the report evaluates various philosophies of organisational behaviour in the context of business situations, providing a comprehensive overview of key concepts and their practical applications within M&S. The report highlights how these factors affect employee behaviour, productivity, and overall organisational success.

Unit 12 –
Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Influence of Culture, Politics, Power of organisation on the performance and behaviour of
Individual & Team .....................................................................................................................3
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................7
P2 Impact of Content and Process theories of motivation techniques on accomplishment of
organisational goal .....................................................................................................................7
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P3 Define Effective & Ineffective Team .................................................................................10
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................12
P4 Philosophies of Organisational Behaviour in context of Business Situations ....................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Organisational Behaviour refers as an useful aspect which is helpful to understand the
each and every activities related to the performance of individual and group members. It is
consider as a systematic method and application of essential knowledge that is demonstrate that
how individual and team members behave within an organisation. There are four elements of
organisational behaviour like structure, people, technology and internal & external environment
of the organisation. In this report, Marks & Spencer organisation behaviour will be analyse. It is
a British multinational company that mainly operate their business in retailing sector. This
company established in 1884 and the headquarter in London, UK. M&S is selling various
products related to home, food, cloths etc. This report will define the influence of culture,
politics and power of organisation on the individual and team performance and behaviour.
Beside this, analyse the importance of techniques of motivational theories and define the
significance of effective and ineffective team. Moreover, evaluate the philosophies of
organisation behaviour.
TASK 1
P1 Influence of Culture, Politics, Power of organisation on the performance and behaviour of
Individual & Team
It is mandatory to analyse the impact of organisational culture, politics and power on the
performance and behaviour of individual and team members. All these elements can affect
performance and behaviour of M&S individual and team positively and negatively both that are
discussed below-
Influence of Culture on performance and behaviour of Individual & Team -
Organisation culture mainly influences the value , self esteem, politeness ,belief, and
assertiveness. Through useful consideration related to the individual and team, it can affect the
over all performance and behaviour (Aderibigbe, Nwokolo and Oluwole, 2019). M&S can use
Handy's Model for the effective practices of organisational culture within internal environment.
The description of this model are given below-
Handy's Model of Organisational Culture
This model given by the Charles Handy that explained four types of culture including
power, role, task and person. All these culture types are essential for to create the effective

organisational culture. M&S use this model for better organisational culture which are discussed
below-
Illustration 1: Handy's Model of Organisational Culture, 2018
 Power Culture – The power of culture is lead by some individual that influence the
success of organisation directly. This consider some rules and regulation that are need to
consider for effective powerful culture. M&S culture is very powerful and the power of
the company determined by the managers and higher management employees. Power
culture is a strong culture enhance the productivity level of organisational individual and
team (Aliyu, et. al., 2020). Role Culture – Individual and team members of the organisation delegated with the
effective role and the power of the individuals are determine by their position and role
that they used to play within an organisation. M&S role culture consider the effective
organisational structure that mainly tall with a longer chain of command. Task Culture – This culture follow when team of the organisation are facing specific
issues. All the task of the company are completed by the skilled personalities. The power
in the team can shift to the other team members who are more capable to complete the

task and solve the problem in a specific manner. M&S is concerned about each and every
task of their employees.
 Person Culture – People of the organisation have belief that they can be a effective
superior because power of person lies among every individual and group of people.
M&S provide opportunity all the individual so that all the employees can depict their
abilities.
Influence of Politics on performance and behaviour of Individual & Team -
Organisational Politics provide authority to those employees who can take correct
decision at the right situation. Those member who have power and authority are generally do
more politics in an organisation. Top level of management are responsible to consider the
appropriate decision on behalf of the every individual and team (Chung and Kim, 2017). Top
level employee's of M&S are take many decisions which influence the company organisational
structure and politics considerations of the company. The impact of organisational politics on
behaviour and performance of the individual and team are discussed below - Demotivate Employees – Organisational politics affects negatively on the performance
and behaviour of employees. Most of the employees feel demotivated because of the
office politics because it can directly affect the perception of the employees.
 Employees Productivity Reduce – The productivity level of employees become lose
because of political behaviour. Organisational politics gives adverse impact on the
efficiency of the individual so that there productivity decrease. M&S employees can
avoid the office politic so that they can perform better.
Influence of Organisational Power on performance and behaviour of Individual & Team -
Organisational Power can influence the over all structure of the company. Top employees
of the company have more power as compared to the other employees and the power is provide
only some those employees who are responsible for the success of the organisation (Desmet and
Fokkinga, 2020). M&S provide power to their managers and high authorities that can use their
power in a right manner so that behaviour and performance of the employees and team members
can improve so that they can help to obtain the business objective. There are some organisational
power which are used by the M&S are as follows- Legitimate Power – According to the position and experience, individuals of the
organisation can get this power. This power mainly give to the CEO of the organisation

because he is responsible to consider all the legal act, plans and policies and also monitor
each and every activities of the organisation. M&S managers and CEO held this power so
that they can ensure that individual and team members can manage all rules and
regulations effectively.
 Reward Power – The power of reward is more because it can motivate employees and
also improve their behaviour. This power contain those people who are capable to
provide some appreciation, rewards, development to all individual and team members so
that their performance and behaviour can enhance. M&S know very well the power of
rewards that's why company give reward to encourage employees (Farkas, Sallai and
Krauzer, 2020).
Influence of Culture, Politics and Power on the Behaviour and Performance of Individual
& Team -
Basis Behaviour & performance of
Individual
Behaviour & Performance of
Team
Culture It is generalised that if power is
assigned to those individual who are
not capable so that can affect the
culture of the organisation and
employees dissatisfaction level
increase (Gaspary, Moura and
Wegner, 2020).
Organisational culture determine
the core values and belief system
of each and every group members
so it is necessary for the M&S to
focus on effective culture of the
organisation so that the
performance and behaviour of the
team members can enhance.
Politics Organisational Politics gives negative
impact on every individual and team
so that their performance and
behaviour toward their work can be
reduced. M&S can face adverse
result and some individual may not
like other employees.
Politics gives the negative impact
on the team members and it create
many difference and
misunderstanding. M&S need to
think carefully because
organisational politics affect the
productivity and behaviour of
team.

Power Organisational power determined that
authority status of those individuals
who have power to take own decision
related to their performance and work.
M&S provide power to those
individual who can give their best
contribution in the organizational
success.
Most team member use power in
right way which lead the
effectiveness of the organisation
and some team members can
misuse the power so that it can
affect the performance and the
behaviour of the team also change
(Isik, 2018).
TASK 2
P2 Impact of Content and Process theories of motivation techniques on accomplishment of
organisational goal
The description of content theory and process theory of motivation are given below-
Content Theory of Motivation
This motivation theory define the change in the needs of individual and this theory also
determine that according to the time , the need and requirements of the individuals can change.
This content theory motivate individual with the help of various elements. M&S use this content
theory to enhance the motivation level of their employees. The discussion of content theory are
given below-
Maslow's Theory of Motivation
This theory is very popular to motivate every individual and also identify the basic needs
of them. This theory five basic needs of the individual those are essential for individual to live
life. All five level of needs are demonstrate in a pyramid form and the importance of these needs
represent and follow process step by step (James, 2017). M&S used this theory to motivate their
employees so that they can perform well. The explanation of this theory are as follows-
1. Physiological needs – This is a first step that determine some common needs which are
necessary to survive in this world. These needs are food , cloths, shelter and waste.
Without this need no one can live.

 Safety needs – To fulfilment of Physiological needs, it is necessary to consider the safety
needs. In this time safety of the individual become a big question. Safety needs contain
policies, acts, law, health, security, stability and protection of individual.
Illustration 2:
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, 2021 Social needs – After consideration of physiological and safety need this needs are
prominent. This step contain the social status and love belongingness for the individual.
That includes family, friends, respect, love, affection and security. Self- esteem needs – This needs include self respect, accomplishment, reward ,
encouragement, thoughts, feelings of the individuals that can consider this to behave
proper and show some respect to the other people (Kartono, Hilmiana and Muizu, 2017).
 Self-actualisation needs – At the end , this needs take place because realisation and also
acceptation are necessary for each and every individual that create the core value so that
individual can do their personal development and growth. This needs provide many
achievement and appreciation if individual can use it in a right way.
Process Theory of Motivation
This theory motivate and inspired the individual so that they can do their work in a
specific manner. Through this theory, it make clear that how the behaviour of individuals can

change on the basis of their needs so that they can achieve their goals. M&S use some process
theory of motivation so that all the employees of the company can obtain the organisational goal.
The explanation of this are given below-
Vroom Expectancy Theory
This theory comes under the process theory of motivation that refers that all the
individual motivation level can influenced by the their expectations related to the future. Vroom
theory related to the individual efforts, performance and their results. Vroom assumed that
employees performance is totally based on their personal ability, skills, experience and
knowledge. There are three variable which include in this theory are discussed below-
Illustr
ation 3: Expectancy Theory, 2018
 Expectancy – It is an idea that help to improve the amount of right efforts that will
enhance the performance. This variable is affected by the right resources, skills,
information and support. It influence the right job role and useful resources (Kohli, et. al.,
2018). Instrumentality – This variable contain the idea that help to make performance better so
that outcome can be obtained. This variable mainly influenced by the relations of
performance and its outcomes, reward system, trust and transparency. Output is depend
upon the performance of of the individual.

 Valence – This is comes under the perceived value that individual can put on their results.
The variable shows the value of potential rewards which mainly incorporated with the
specific outcomes or particular behaviour.
M&S use both Maslow's Theory of Motivation and Vroom expectancy theory to
motivate and inspire their employees. Company can provide rewards and various types of
appreciation and benefits so that all the employees of the company can perform in a effective
manner which can help to improve the productivity of the employees and enhance the growth
rate of company (Lee and Lu, 2020).
TASK 3
P3 Define Effective & Ineffective Team
Effective Team
Every company want an effective team so that they can accomplish the organisational
goal every easily. Effective team are focused about their performance which will help to improve
the performance efficiency of team members. In effective team all the team members work
together so that they can achieve regular task. There are many characteristics which M&S ant in
their team members so that company will make the effective team. Some specific characteristics
of effective team members such as set goal, risk taker, effective communicator, loyal, honest etc.
Ineffective Team
Those employees who are not very interested in their work and their attitude toward their
job role is low so these types of employees consider a ineffective team employees. Ineffective
team employees are lack of knowledge and skills about their work and they are not even good in
time management (Madzivhandila, Babalola and Khashane, 2019). All these factors are
responsible for their declining performance level. There are various characteristics of ineffective
team members which are considered by M&S company so that company can more focus on their
employees. Some characteristic of ineffective team are lack of believe and trust, poor
communication skills, unclear goals, bad time management, low work efficiency etc. all these
characteristic indicate decrease the performance level of employees which affect also company
performance.

Comparison between Effective &Ineffective Team
Effective Team Ineffective Team
Purpose Purpose of the effective team is very
clear and effective.
Uncleared Purpose
Roles & Responsibility Effective team are responsible toward
their role.
Ineffective team are not
concerned about their role and
they are not interested in any
type of responsibilities.
Communication Follow effective communication Lack of communication
Belbin Theory
This theory explain that individual has their own ability and behaviour to accomplish the
team target they can follow some set of rules which determine their role in the team. This theory
defined nine role include plant, monitor, team worker, coordinator, implementer, evaluator,
investigator , completer and shaper. All nine roles are essential for the effective team which can
help to improve the performance level and also help to get successful results for the company.
This theory is very significant because it can improve the inner strength of the individual. There
are various types of role performed by the employees but in context of M&S , company want
some specific role in their employees so that they can build an effective team . Company opt
some some from these nine role which are discussed below- Evaluator -The role of evaluator is prominent for the employees and which create an
effective team. Evaluator can analyse and evaluate the performance of own and also
check the performance of their team members which can help to make most effective
team. M&S want this type of role that employees can play which lead the success of the
company (Sethibe, 2018). Implementer – A good implementer is concerned about their performance and he or she
can make appropriate plan and strategy and also implement it on their performance so
that their performance level will increase and he or she can help to enhance the
performance of their team employees. M&S can appoint that employees who are good
implementer so that they will remain in company for long time period and also help to
accomplish company goal.

 Investigator – The role of investigator is on demand and every organisation want this
type of employees who have this quality. The role of effective investigator help to
identify and analyse the issues and also find out the specific strategies to resolve these
issues. M&S focus on this role so that company can make effective team to gain the more
profit and other advantages (Shayya, 2018).
TASK 4
P4 Philosophies of Organisational Behaviour in context of Business Situations
Path Goal Theory of Leadership
This theory developed by the Martin Evans & Robert House and this theory mainly
related to the contingency approach that is considered from the expectancy theory of motivation.
This theory indicate various leadership style which are play a specific role for the development
of the organisation.
Illustration 4: Path-Goal Theory of Leadership, 2021