Organisational Behaviour Report: Culture, Power, Motivation, Teams

This report provides an in-depth analysis of organisational behaviour, focusing on how culture, politics, and power influence individual and team dynamics within an organisation, using Mark and Spencer as a case study. It examines the impact of power dynamics, including legitimate, reward, referent, and expert power, and the influence of organisational culture, such as power, task, person, and role cultures. The report further explores the effects of politics within an organisation, including the concepts of rocks, weeds, and woods. Furthermore, it evaluates content and process theories of motivation, such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, and how motivational techniques enable effective goal achievement. It also explains the characteristics of effective and ineffective teams and analyses team development theories to support cooperation, providing recommendations to improve business performance and productivity. The report concludes with an evaluation of the relationship between culture, politics, power, and motivation, offering justified recommendations for organisational success.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Analyse how an organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance....................................................................................................3
M1 Critically analyse how the culture, politics and power of a company can influenced
individual and team behaviour and performance...................................................................5
P2 Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques
enabled effective achievement of goals in an organizational context....................................6
M2 Critically evaluate how to influence the behaviours of others through the effective
application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models................................9
D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that
enables teams and organisations to succeed providing justified recommendations...............9
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to ineffective team..........................10
M3 Analyse the relevant team and group development theories to support the development of
cooperation within effective teams.......................................................................................11
P5 Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational
context and given business situation....................................................................................12
M4 Evaluate how concept and philosophies of OB inform and influence of behaviour within a
given business situation........................................................................................................13
D2 Critically analyse and evaluate the relevance of team development theories, concepts and
philosophies that influence behaviour in the workplace to improve business performance and
productivity...........................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
The concept of organization behaviour is referring to behaviour of every worker within
company towards their potential clients. In this way organization easily understand the real needs
and desires of customers quickly. The chosen organization is Mark and Spencer and it is the
biggest retail brand in UK. The organization was established in 1884 and its headquarter is
situated in London, UK. This firm is dealing with wide range of products which includes grocery
items, home appliances, fashionable cloths etc (Abas, Sawitri and Puspawati, 2019). The report
will covers analyse how an organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and
team behaviour and performance. It further covers explain what makes an effective team as
opposed to ineffective team
TASK
P1 Analyse how an organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance
The organization behaviour is defined as application and effective understanding of
knowledge regarding human behaviour. The different types of human behaviour are directly
connected with various elements of organization. In context to Mark and Spencer, effective
analysis of power, politics and culture are described below -
Power – Power is evaluated that strength of company is managed or handled by different
individual groups. In context to power it represents that organization is comprised in form of
various responsibilities and roles. In context to Mark and Spencer, staff members and managers
of this firm have huge responsibility for finishing their work in attractive manner. The concept of
power ultimately assists the organization for gaining their objectives, mission and vision in short
duration.
 Legitimate power – This kind of power is involved under the category of formal
management which are provided to each individual within organization. Because it has a
direct connection with job description and position. This type of power is basically
known as positional power and this is basically depending on holdings specific post
within firm by any people.
 Reward power – It is also one kind of power where controller and manager of company
provides appraisals and increments to their workers according to current quality in task.

In context to Mark and Spencer here manager is facilitating additional benefits to their
workers. But it is provided to them only if workers will perform their performance at
higher rate.
 Referent power – The other name of this kind of power is called organized religion of
attributes. This kind of power basically referring to behaviour, nature and development of
manager which is responsible for influencing behaviour of others according to current
behaviour. Due to the effective use of this kind of power company effectively sustained
their vision, mission and objectives for long duration.
 Expert power – This type of power is basically referred to different capability or ability
which is percussed by employees according to seniority which assist them to showing
expertise in various situations. Due to the effective use of this kind of power manager of
TESCO easily handled all categories of employees in smooth manner (Cormier, 2018).
Politics – It is connected with various kinds of functions which are handled by non –
active workers within company. The employees who are not able to do their work in effective
manner will impact the objectives of Mark and Spencer and done wrong functions within
management. Various kinds of sections are comprised into the form of management politics
which are categorised into different steps -
 Rocks – In respect of rock power, it is defined as rest on communication of individuals
and the management of formal sources. It includes responsibilities, roles, title, expertise
and others. In this type of power, the involvement of political involvement are very high
which is mainly raised by workers within company.
 Weeds – This is basically the mixed form of communication equipment's and individual
powers. Due to the effective use of communication equipment's, company easily
sustained strong connection with their employees. Management also able to run their
various functions smoothly. That means with help of this power Mark and Spencer is able
to sustain their goodwill in market.
 Woods – It is also one type of power which is used by Mark and Spencer to cover safety
of workers within workplace. This is done with help of executing strong guidelines
between employees. Due to this employee easily do their work with full interest and
passion for long duration.

 High level ground – It is basically defined as the set of various task and policies
according to different structural management technique. Due to the effective use various
policies higher authority easily manage their workers.
Culture – In context to culture it shows the routes where the structure of organization
culture is adopted by each section of manager. In this way firm easily operates their function in
maximum energy for long duration. With help of keeping positive work culture lower-level
employees are able to share their real problems with higher authority without any type of
hesitation. In context to Mark and Spencer, managers and employees of this firm are used the
model of Charles handy culture which are discussed below -
 Power culture – It represents the various kinds of adjustments which already
accomplished within organization. It is basically group of peoples who follow different
events and works in efficient manner which is beneficial for increasing the growth and
success of company. The company owner determines the effectiveness and efficiency in
decision making process of every person.
 Task culture – This culture shows the group of those employees who have the ability to
perform their task or function in systematic and attractive manner (Davronov, 2021). In
comparison with others, it is one of the important theories which have direct connection
with various sections within company.
 Person culture – In this culture workers having the feeling that they are safe and highly
valuable for organization which leads to enhance the success of firm effectively. With
help of maintaining this kind of feeling workers put the full effort in their job for long
time. In this way company easily delivered high quality services to users in long time.
 Role culture – In aspect of this culture workers are delegated with various
responsibilities and roles Therefore, it is necessary for Mark and Spencer that they
facilitate task to their employee's according to their qualification, interest and
specialization. In this way employees of this firm is able to handle complicated task
easily.
M1 Critically analyse how the culture, politics and power of a company can influenced
individual and team behaviour and performance
Influence of politics, power and culture at workplace -

It has been analysed that power, culture and politics of company are strongly interlinked
with the activities of organization. Due to this influence are highly generated on the individual
and team behaviour and performance. Mainly there are four different types of culture which are
already discussed above. Due to proper utilization of culture and facilitating flexibility, the
management of Mark and Spencer easily sustained positive relations with their potential
customers and employees for long duration. But in context to politics, it develops negativity
between employer and employee in workplace area. It leads to produce impact on the individual
and team behaviour and performance. The factors of power are defined as various functions and
these functions are managed by top level management in business.
P2 Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enabled
effective achievement of goals in an organizational context
The motivation is basically referring to process and it is highly important for maintaining
the behaviour of goal oriented in the company working environment (Deng, Walter and Guan,
2020). The ultimate motive for adapting this theory is getting proper understanding that in which
way employees of Mark and Spencer get encouraged at higher rate within short duration. In
context to motivation theories, they are classified into two parts which are discussed below -
Content theories – This type of theories are also called as theory of motivation and it is highly
useful for influencing the behaviour of workers by keeping concentration on internal factors. The
various kinds of theory which belongs to the category of content are discussed below -
Maslow's Hierarchy Needs Theory – This type of theory is majorly depending on
various real evidence which represents the significance of each individual requirements. In this
theory the needs of every individual are displays in form of pyramid which consist of different
steps. With help of adapting this theory organization is able to enhance the motivation level of
employees at higher rate. The stages which are comes under this theory are discussed below -
 Psychological needs – In this theory it is the first stage and here common requirements
of each individual are involving and it is very important for them to survive their life in
decent manner. Those basic need are shelter, food, cloth, air, water and other. Due to
fulfilling these needs in time employees easily put their full effort in their roles and
responsibilities.
 Safety needs – In this stage security and safety requirement of individual are highly
considered by organization. Those kinds of needs are health, financial and job security. In

context to Mark and Spencer here management are providing effective health insurance
and salary to their workers. Due to this the satisfaction level of employees are highly
increased with in low time.
 Social needs – Her living human beings are get converted into social animals. Therefore,
they required family, friends, belongings for reducing the feeling of loneliness at higher
rate. In respect of Mark and Spencer higher authority of company are developed various
kinds of groups to motivate the employees in efficient manner. The name of those kind of
teams are club parties, sports team etc.
 Self – esteem – After the fulfilment of above-mentioned needs human beings always
focusing on their wants to have an ego and self-confidence (Habeeb, 2019). The
employees of this company want to live their life with full respect between society. In
respect to Mark and Spencer they are rewards and promotions to their workers in
particular time period according to their performance.
 Self – actualization – This stage is linked with employees where they handling their task
in efficient manner. Due to this employee within firm easily understand that where they
lack in their work. In this way resources of firm are utilized in optimized manner.
Herzberg motivation theory – With help of using this type of theory also the
management of Mark and Spencer is able to encourage their employees at higher level. Due to
high encouragement employees within firm is able to do their job role with full energy and
systematic manner. The theory of Herzberg's is also called as two factor theory. The elements
which are comes under this theory are discussed below -
 Hygiene factor – It is one kind of summary of those components which did not facilitate
satisfaction to workers within organization. But fact is that it is highly essential for
keeping the presence of various components between workers in workplace area. The
name of those components is healthcare policy, working atmosphere, safety and others.
Without effective presence of these components’ employees get demotivated in their
work easily.
 Motivating factor – In front of workers the presence of different components are very
important. Because it plays crucial role for enhancing the performance of employees
regarding their roles and responsibilities. The name of those components are growth,
respect promotion and so on.

Process theories – These types of theories will assist to analyse the behavioural and
psychological process of individual. It is highly important for motivating employees at higher
rate. Due to this the top-level management of Mark and Spencer is able to sustain their overall
growth and success in market for long time.
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory – In context to theory, positive attitude and behaviour
of manager towards their workers is one of the strong techniques for accomplishing the work in
prescribed time. According to this kind of theory the authority of Mark and Spencer is mainly
focusing on the value of workers internally. In each company manager required provide respect
to their low-level employees and also need to understand their feelings internally. Due to this the
positive relationship between employee and management strongly (Hewett, Shantz and Mundy,
2019). It leads to increase the employee performance at higher rate. Along with this it is the duty
of manager to guide their employees properly in work.
Vroom's expectancy theory – This theory is basically created by Victor Vroom and this
is highly important for evaluating various factors where the performance of employees is
depends. This theory is comprised of different components which includes ability, skills and
knowledge. The steps which are involves in this theory are discussed below -
 Valance – If top level management of organization wanted to motivate their workers,
then they required to analyse their needs in efficient manner. For conducting higher
authority of Mark and Spencer require to consider different tactics such as promotions
reward systems and others.
 Expectancy – In this type of factor the manager of firm keeps effective communication
to the expectations of organization by utilizing the skills and abilities of workers. For
accomplishing the expectation of organization management is providing advanced
training to their employees which leads to increase their performance effectively.
 Instrumentality – It is the last stage of this theory and her company-maintained
communication in workplace area with their workers. Along with this the authority of this
firm also promised them to provide promotions and rewards to them for enhancing their
motivation level.
Employee motivation technique -
The technique of employee motivation level is basically defined as extrinsic and intrinsic
influences that lends in satisfaction level of job. It provides beneficial contribution to the

functions and productivity of organization. The various kinds of motivation technique which is
applied by the management of Mark and Spencer are -
 Radiant positivity – Creating strong, friendly and positive work environment in
workplace area is a very common method for motivating individuals at higher rate. For
motivating employees effectively Mark and Spencer is required to organize different
types of functions with help of their subordinates in effective way. The names of those
functions are music sessions, events, games and others.
 Sharing performance to increase productivity – When organization recognized various
events of profit sharing, it provides an important pride to each individual. Due to
providing benefits to employees, they always do their task with full dedication and
honesty for long duration (Malik, Choi and Butt, 2019). It leads to enhance the revenue of
firm at higher rate.
M2 Critically evaluate how to influence the behaviours of others through the effective
application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models
It has been evaluated that the concept of motivation plays the major role between
employees in workplace area. With help of effective motivation, employees of this firm is able to
do their work in smooth, attractive and systematic manner. By evaluating various models such as
Maslow's hierarchical theories and others it is understood that this theory assists the employees
to fulfil their basic and other needs in time. In this way the satisfaction level of employees in
their job are easily sustained for long time. It leads to sustain the reputation of firm effectively in
market.
D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that
enables teams and organisations to succeed providing justified recommendations
From the above analysis the theory of motivation is a very suitable strategy for Mark and
Spencer. Because with help motivation theories organization is able to maintain proper
coordination with their employees. When company used culture, power, politics and motivation
in form of combination they are able to run their business activities systematically and
effectively for long time.

P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to ineffective team
The employees of organization are effectively considered as the very important asset for
maintaining the growth and success of organization in market globally. With keeping high
growth and success firm is able to deliver best quality goods and services to their potential
clients for long duration. In respect of Mark and Spencer they developed talented and strong
team within firm which is highly important for using the resources of company in optimized
manner.
The features of effective team are comprised of aims in clear way which involves goals,
task, mission and vision of teams. Employees of organization feels relaxed and comfortable
which is beneficial for reducing pressure of top-level management. It is also important for
motivating the members of team which leads to increase the level of their participation
(Massoudi, Jameel and Ahmad, 2020).
Tuckman model of team development -
In respect of Mark and Spencer it is a highly essential model for gaining knowledge
regarding various kinds of work effectively. Due to the effective utilization of concept of team
development company easily run their activities smoothly. The steps which are involved in this
model are -
 Forming – It is the first step of this model and here workers are gathers like a group and
they represent their attitude. After the strong development of team. After the strong
development of teams every individual give their introduction in front of others. After the
introduction work are allocated to every member by management.
 Storming – It is the second stage of this step here members of team get busy in their
work which is facilitated by higher management. It leads to develop strong trust between
employees between employees. In this step work are divided into smaller parts for
employees.
 Norming – In this stage various kinds of regulations and rules are members of team for
running the functions of business in smooth manner. And these rules and regulations are
created by the higher authority.
 Performing – This kind of procedure is created by team members for sustaining the
objectives and vision of organization. In this step members of team within company are
worked in efficient manner according to their knowledge.

 Adjourning – Here after the successful accomplishment of different tasks team are fully
dissolved.
Difference between effective and ineffective team -
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Clarity In effective team objectives
and task are clearly defined by
management.
In this kind of team work and
objectives are not clearly
described. Because for
management the value of this
team is less.
Decisions In effective team decisions are
always made by management
as per the opinion and ideas of
team members (Oreg and
Berson, 2019).
Here the suggestions and
opinions of team members are
not considered by
management.
Atmosphere In this kind of team friendly
and strong atmosphere are
sustained in workplace area.
Here negative work
atmosphere is carried by this
team which is not good for
company performance.
M3 Analyse the relevant team and group development theories to support the development of
cooperation within effective teams
It has been analysed that if organization have strong or effective team for conducting
various task then the productivity of firm is easily sustained in market. With help of having
effective team, workload and stress of top-level management are highly decreased for long
duration. The highlight of effective team is that here team members share their thoughts openly
and freely with higher authority and between each other. In this report the model of Tuckman is
also used by Mark and Spencer which consist of five stages. It includes forming, storming,
norming, performing and adjourning.

P5 Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational
context and given business situation
Here various kinds of philosophies and concepts of organizational behaviour are
depended on the essence of company and their employees. During the time of conducting task
the nature company of company within is considered in form of quality which are processed in
individual manner. But if firm requires to complete their goals and objectives, then organization
required to motivate their employees effectively. In context to Mark and Spencer they applied
different theories of leadership to motivate their employee's effectively -
Path goal theory -
This type of theory is relating with the behaviour of leader and it is highly important for
maintaining job satisfaction level and productivity of workers. This theory basically consists of
four leadership technique which are described below -
 Directive leadership – By using this leadership manager permits their followers for
identifying the expectations of top-level management effectively. In this leadership
manager scheduled the work and provides right direction to them.
 Supportive leadership – With help of this leadership management are become very
friendly and approachable (Piercy and Carr, 2020). That means here manager is mainly
concentrating on welfare of employees.
 Participative leadership – In this type leadership manager highly provide value to
opinion and suggestion of employees before taking final decision.
 Achievement oriented leadership – According to this leadership manager facilitates
highly challenging and complicated work to their workers. Due to this ability and skills
of employee's are highly improved.
Contingency theory -
In this kind of theory organization behaviour is utilized effectively to predict, assist and
manging behaviour of workers. By using this concept company easily realize that in which way
employees are highly motivated. There are various types of situational forces which effects the
study of organizational behaviour and linked it with employee behaviour. According to this
theory no kind of particular styles which is suitable for various types of situations. In aspect of
increasing the leader effectiveness it is important for them that they analyse all types of