Organisational Behaviour and Leadership Report: David & Co Ltd

This report provides an analysis of organisational behaviour, focusing on David & Co Limited, a food and beverage company. It examines the influence of organisational culture, politics, and power on individual and team performance. The report delves into Handy's model to understand different types of organizational culture, including role, person, task, and power cultures, recommending a power culture for David & Co Ltd. It also explores the impact of political factors on employee concentration, stress, and productivity. Furthermore, the report discusses the application of reward, expert, and legitimate power within the organization. It then investigates motivation theories, including Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (motivational and hygiene factors) and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, and how these theories can be implemented to enhance employee performance. The report concludes by examining the characteristics of effective and ineffective teams.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual, team and performance..1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals
................................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team....................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour...................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
In an organisation, large numbers of employees are working who provides their effective
services and contribution in order to achieve target goals and objectives in effective manner. For
this, management of firm needs to provide appropriate responsibility to each individual on the
bases of their skills and abilities (Ali, 2010). Each and every individual of company plays the
most important role as manager of firm creates future goals and objectives that needs to attain
properly. To achieve these targets, manager needs to analyse behaviour of employees to
coordinate with them easily.
This report is based on David & Co Limited which is a food and beverages organisation.
For them, it is required to build direct connection with customers. So for this, they need to
analyse behaviour of organisation and its services as well. This report includes impact of
organisation’s culture, politics and power on individual, team and their performance. It also
includes theories of motivation and motivational techniques, ideas to make an effective team and
concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour.
TASK 1
P1 organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual, team and performance
In a business organisation, all employees are working together to achieve target goals and
objectives in proper manner. It is required to analyse predetermined objectives that helps to
achieve desired success and growth. In all these activities, organisational structure has major
impact that used to analyse performance, effectiveness and behaviour of employees. It is
essential for manager to analyse working ability and skills of their employees to provide them
proper responsibilities.
There are some factors as culture, politics and power that influence individual, team and
performance as -
Culture – It is the most important component of a firm that consist working environment,
employee’s communication, coordination as well as behaviour (Al-Zu’bi, 2010). For this,
manager needs to manage all these activities properly to get higher profits and growth.
Organisational environment must be positive, ethical and motivating that maximise employees
working approaches. This culture can be explained with help of Handy's Model such as:
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 Role culture: Each and every employee plays a different role in an organisation on the
basis of his/her skills and abilities. These activities are based on their effective
contribution in a firm. In David & Co Limited, employees analyse customer's
requirements and needs for providing quality services and products to them. As per role
given to employees work performance should be done.
 Person culture: In a firm, each individual contribute their effective services on the basis
of their responsibilities and working approaches. Manager of firm needs to analyse all
these working activities of workers to maximise organisational productivity and
profitability which are based on individual's behaviour towards organisation and its target
activities. The best performer should be given rewards and incentive for motivation for
better performance.
 Task culture: Manager of firm needs to analyse skills and abilities of employees to
distinguish responsibilities to them properly. All these activities can be a task for
employees that they need to accomplish properly. Through this, they can achieve future
goals and objectives in proper way. Through this manager can build positive culture and
working environment in business organisation (Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis, 2011).
Such type of culture is required in organisation for solving particular problems.
 Power culture: The power is held by only few individual of David & Co Ltd. who
influence whole organisation. This type of power carry few regulations and rules. All the
high level decision in business are taken by top manager or superior. As per skilled,
knowledge, experience such power is given to individuals.
After analysing all type of culture, it can be concluded that David & Co Ltd need to follow
power culture so that each and every members and staff working in organisation can perform
better and proper rules and regulation can be followed.
Politics- These are the most common factors that influence each business activity in unofficial
manner. Politics and political environment create negativity and differences between individual,
teams and their performance. These are informal activities that reduce employees’ productivity
and firm's growth. Therefore, for this, manager of A David & Co Limited needs to detect such
factors to minimise its affects.
 Effect on concentration: Politics in official environment divert employees mind set and
concentration. It is directly influence individual and team behaviour. These are
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inappropriate activities in working environment that requires to control on exact time.
These kinds of elements reduce power and effectiveness of business roots. It directly
affects working ability of individual and team in order to accomplish a specific task.
 Increases stress: Some of the negative approaches in organisation create stress and
negativity in individual's mind (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014). Politics is also a factor
that maximise instability in employees mind and they feel frustrated as well as stressful.
All these activities have negative impact A David & Co Limited, its team workers and
their working abilities.
 Reduction in productivity: A David & Co Limited require to manage working activities
of employees to maximise their profitability and growth. In this procedure, political
factors influences adversely on the employees working approaches and productivity as
well. So for this manager and senior employees needs to analyse such activities in order
to control them properly.
Politics arise in A David & Co Limited because of various reasons which need to be decline for
employees so that they can perform better. If all staff are given equal opportunities, problems are
heard and other then issues cannot be arise in business. Due to politics, organisation productivity
declined that leads to low profit and sales.
Power – Structure of an organisation is develop on the bases of working approaches of
management and employees. These activities provide authority to individuals to make proper
control on operational and functional approaches. Manager of firm play a most important role in
respective to manage all business activities in proper way.
 Reward power: In A David & Co Limited, manager and other employees play a most
important role to analyse employees’ performance and their working abilities to provide
them rewards. These are the motivational tools that help to boost employees’ confidence
to achieve target goals and objectives easily. This process has direct impact on individual
and team performance as well as their behaviour (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013). It can be
given in terms of gifts, incentives, bonus and other for encouragement and motivation of
employees.
 Expert power: This activity is based on power of different entities of firm. For this, they
analyse skills and abilities of employees to manage them in effective manner. Main
objective of this process is to build long-term relation with employees to manage all
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activities in effective manner. In order to solve complex problem at A David & Co
Limited, expertise are required so that they can provide best solution to problems.
 Legitimate power: It is based on working abilities and approaches of an individual to
have an effective position in a firm. All these powers help to maximise profitability and
productivity in an organisation. Through this, management can easily build positive
working environment to maximise performance of employees in proper way. For David
& Co Limited, these activities assist to manage business approaches to get maximum
profit.
After analysing different types of power, it can be said that A David & Co Limited need to
implement reward power in organisation for providing benefits to both employees as well as
organisation. This helps in achievement of goals and objectives in effective manner.
TASK 2
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals
In a business organisation, manager and senior employees are playing the most important
role in order to motivate employees through different methods and activities. For this, they
analyse how to maximise performance of employees. Through this, they can get desired
profitability and growth. (DeChurch and Mesmer-Magnus, 2010). There are two different
theories of motivation given below -
Herzberg Two-Factor Theory:
This theory is introduced by Fredrick Herzberg in 1959. This theory is classified in two different
factors as Motivational and Hygiene factors. These elements are determined below as -
Motivational Factors: In this factor management and manager of firm needs to use
different motivation procedure to motivate employees for achieving target goals and objectives
properly. Main objectives of this process is to motivate workforce to attain futures objectives
properly. So for this, manager and management of firm uses different types of methods as
reward, promotion and training to motivate employees easily. All these activities are beneficial
to maximising work force's confidence levels and boost their energy in effectively.
There are different elements of motivational factors are given below as-
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 Recognition – Employees of organisation needs to recognise skills and abilities that are
require analysed properly. Through this, they can easily maximise working approaches of
their employees. Workers needs to be praised for improve their skills and abilities.
 Growth of promotion – In a business organisation, it is required that employees get
promotion on the basis of their working approaches and abilities (DeChurch and Mesmer-
Magnus, 2010). These are the most beneficial activities that assist to improve
performance of workers.
Hygiene factors: These factors are requires existing in workplace. It is not possible that these
factors provide long-term benefits but they lead dissatisfaction if these are not existence at
workplace. For this management of firm need to use reliable policies that helps to attract
employees easily. Through this, they can easily get higher benefits and growth by achieving
target goals and objectives.
The elements of this process are -
 Pay- It is required that, A David & Co Limited offers attractive pay to employees for
enhance their performance and motivate them toward future goals and objectives.
Management of firm needs to analyse performance of employees for maximising their
pay. Through this, they can easily motivate others toward organisational goals and
objectives. All these activities are beneficial for getting maximum benefits easily.
 Job security- It is a requirement need that firm provide job security to their employees to
boost their confidence level and maximise their loyalty toward organisation easily. This
is a most specific and beneficial motivational tool (Haslam and et. al., 2014). Through
this, they can easily manage growth of employees within an organisation for a long term
period. Job security is a most beneficial term that maximise loyalty of employees for
firm.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory
It is the most important theory for the organisational development and maintains the spirit
in employees to motivate them by using this theory. It is given by Professor Abraham Maslow. A
David & co Ltd focuses on basic needs of an individual by which they are able to improve their
work performance and increase efficiency while performing tasks.
Motivation refers to a psychological process to stimulate the desires or needs and energy
to people to continually interest by doing the task. This will help in leading a team and complete
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the task on time. The motivational theory includes five essential elements such as physiological
needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs.
In an organization, a person focuses on more than one need. For example, in a team, one
member is continually seeking toward their objectives because it will lead to high salary, it is a
physiological need. However, promotion can also satisfy esteem and self-actualization needs.
Even though, the needs are hierarchical, application is not rigid.
Maslow Theory assists an individual for an overall development and these needs will help
employees to get motivated. The needs of hierarchy may create an individual pressure that can
influence the person's behaviour.
These needs are discussed in details as below:
 Physiological needs: It is an initial step in the Maslow theory. These are the need which
is required for an individual to survive such as air, water, food, clothing, shelter and
sleep. As a manager, you can fulfil the physiological needs such as proper working
conditions, reasonable work hours, etc. can be provided to their employees. This will help
an organization to maintain the status in existing competitive market and improves the
work efficiency of an employee (Hershcovis, 2011).
 Security needs: It is the second part of the theory that includes safety, health and
wellness and job security of an individual. Through this, an individual will not be able to
concentrate on his or her work. This will decline the performance of an employee.
 Social need: This is the third step in the Maslow theory. Social need also called as love
and belonging refers to a sense of feel of acceptance. It is important for humans so that
they do not feel alone, isolated or depressed.
 Esteem need: It is the fourth step of the theory. It refers to self- esteem and respect, and
personal worth. Participation in professional activities, team participation and personal
hobbies can play role in fulfilling self-esteem needs.
 Self-Actualization: This is on the peak of Maslow theory. This involves the self
fulfilment and development their full potentials (Huang and Bond, 2012).
After describing both Herzberg Two-Factor Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory, A
David & Co Limited can achieve goal and objectives. The motivational and hygiene factors of
Herzberg leads to provide incentives, bonus, security, jobs and more to employees which create
loyalty towards organisation and they perform in better and effective manner. Similarly, with
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Maslow theory, all basic, security, safety needs should be given to all staffs and employees so
that they can work in better and effective manner. The motivational techniques provide guideline
to organisation to motivate their new as well as existing employees so that they give their best.
TASK 3
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
In A David & Co Limited, several employees are working who provide their effective
contribution to achieving future goals and objectives. Sometimes organisation faces different
challenges from target market in order to accomplish customers’ requirement. Therefore, they
need to make an effective team that helps to attain targets properly.
The different types of teams are as follows:
 Problem Solving Team- This type of team is temporary in nature and focusing on
solving particular issues. This type of team can be formed by A David & Co Limited in
order to solve complex and typically problem arise in organisation.
 Virtual Teams- In this type of team, members communicate digitally rather than in
person. This team can assist members to participate from different parts of world to solve
problems. When A David & Co Limited need to discuss some important matter to all
employees of organisation then virtual team can be formed.
 Project Teams- This type of team is formed mainly for some project work which
requires high skills, knowledge and experience so that project can be completed within
given time period.
 Self managed Team- When members possess to make self decision in organisation then
self managed team is formed. As members has certain skills to solve issues with helps of
their own skills and knowledge.
Difference between effective and ineffective team
Attribute Effective team Ineffective team
Objectives This types of teams are basically
build to achieve a specific task
for organisation
A main objective of this team is
to attain future goals for getting
desired success easily.
Discussion In this type of team, manager
provides equal opportunity to
In this team, employees are not
showing their interest to
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take part in major discussion
(Johns, 2010).
represent their ideas properly.
This would results in that
leader takes part in such
activities.
Listening Each and every individual
wants to represent their ideas
and listening to each others.
Employees of this team are
only listen the order of their
leader and manager.
Effective team can be formed with help of Belbin Model which has nine team and
perform various roles which are described below:
A David & Co Limited requires all types of team such as implementer, resource
investigator, monitor, coordinate, shaper, team worker, specialist. As each team has their own
roles and responsibilities for carrying out task. The use of skills and knowledge can make team
effective in order to achieve goals and objectives.
Different factors to make an effective team – A David & Co Limited needs to build an
effective team that help to attain target goals and objectives in effective manner. Major target of
this process is to get higher success and profitability.
Factor that helps to making a effective team -
 Communication: For a business organisation, it is requiring that their employees are
working together for achieving target goals and objectives easily. In this process effective
communication play a most important role to reduce conflicts and barriers from
organisation. Manager of firm conduct training and learning session to enhance different
skills and working abilities of employees (Joseph and Newman, 2010).
 Stability: This is also an important process which helps to manage stability of employees
in order to get maximum profits. This factor helps to attain future goals and objectives.
 Loyalty of employees: In a business organisation, it is require that they have large
number of loyal employees who provide their effective contribution to achieve target
objectives easily.
Tuckman's Theory – this theory was first introduced in 1965 by Bruce Tuckman. There are four
phases such as forming, storming, norming and performing. Introducer of this theory said that all
these phases are important and inevitable for the growth of a team and its member, tackling
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problems, face up challenges, finding solutions, plan work and deliver results. Implementation of
this theory in working of A David & Co Limited is beneficial and its description is given below:-
 Forming – At this stage, mainly all teams are positive and polite as well some are
anxious. Thus, they never fully understand what work their team will do. Other teams are
excited about their task about what they have to do ahead (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012).
Leader of A David & Co Limited plays a dominant role in Forming stage. Thus, people
start working in-group which will be beneficial for both company and employees.
Through this staff member work together which increases efficiency of company. These
kind of activities helps to maximise team working efforts if each individual.
 Storming – In this next step, team move in the storming phase and it starts when there is
a conflict between team members natural working style. All such conflicts results in loss
of performance and focus on task (Lee Kim and Kim, 2013).
 Norming – In this norming phase, team members are working together in order to
achieving target goals and objectives. Through this, they can easily analyse different
ways of working. The same norming phase characterized by the growing phase of
togetherness.
 Performing - This is final stage of Tuckman theory. It focus on both task and team
relationship both of these are combined together for synergy. When there is healthy
relation between team member of A David & Co Limited they can deliver effectiveness
in company. Which results in enchaining sales volume and profit maximisation.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
Organisational behaviour: This will include about the study of the way which is used to act
within the groups. This study is important to do in efficient manner to make the organisations
more effective. This will have huge importance in the process of effective management of
workers within the organisation (Owings and Kaplan, 2012). In this regard, different
organisational behaviour theories are required to apply to attain maximum output from the
performance of each and every group of employee. This will provides the opportunity to the
manager of organisation is to bring changes in their programmes according to their nature to
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improve their passion towards work. The main elements which are included under organisational
behaviour are defined below:
 Nature of people
 Nature of organisation
Nature of people: Manager should discover the quality among their employees which
help them to increase the work efficiency, performance, taking corrective measures while
evaluating actual performance with standard performance.
Nature of organisation: To determine the nature of organisation, it is required to analyse
the aims and objectives for this formed. The system which helps to understood about the nature
and characteristics of organisation are defined below:
Social system: This will depict about the relation of organisation with other companies
and customers. This will improve the understanding regarding assessment of awareness about
society and employees.
Ethics: This will provides the norms, belief, values, rules which lies in the organisation
and need to follow by employees while performing their functions.
As per set concept and philosophies, David & Co Limited need to work so that they can
achieve goals and objectives can be achieved. This leads in better performance of organisation so
that every employees can work as per set standard.
Path Goal Theory: Application of this theory helps in improvement of understanding
aspects such as working style and behaviour of leader which is suitable for the environment. This
will enlace the working ability of leaders within an organisation with an aim of motivation of
employees in effective manner to influence their behaviour and make them more productive.
Steps included under this theory
 Identification of no. of employees and characteristics present in an organisation
 Application of appropriate strategy of leadership as per the nature of employees
There are three step in path goal theory such as task and environmental characteristics,
leadership style and path goal leadership which are described below:
Employee Characteristics- The employees working in A David & Co Limited should
possess characteristics such as high skills, affiliation, perceived level of ability and other for
achievement of goals and objectives.
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Task and Environmental Characteristics- The difficult task and environmental
characteristics arise in organisation are as follows:
 Design of task- In order to design task at David & Co Limited, support of leader is
required. In case of difficult task, proper guidance should be provided.
 Formal Authority System- According to task, leader need to provide clear goals and
direction to all employees. Work Group- In case of non supportive of team, leader need to provide support,
guidance and more to staff.
Leadership Behaviour or Style- There are two factors along with four leadership style
which need to be considered by David & Co Limited are as follows:
Factors- It includes: Consideration- relationship which can be trust, respect.
 Initiating Structure- Task behaviours such as scheduling, organising and seeing.
Leadership Style- It includes:
 Directive: It assists in effective transmission of duties (Paillé and Grima, 2011)
 Supportive: Required to provide support in the situation of challenges
 Participative: Getting opinions of employees in decision making
 Achievement oriented: Requires to provide duties and goals
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it has been summarised that different employees are working
that helps to achieve targeted goals and objectives in organisation. For this, manager of a firm
needs to manage their business approaches properly.
Each and every individual of company plays the most important role as manager of firm create
future goals and objectives that requires to attain properly. For employees of firm, it is require to
analyse predetermine objectives that helps in getting desired success and growth as well. All
these activities has major impact that used to analyse performance, effectiveness and behaviour
of employees.
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