Organisational Behaviour: Power, Culture, and Motivation at Apple

This report provides an in-depth analysis of organisational behaviour, using Apple as a case study. It begins by examining the influence of power, politics, and culture on individual and team performance, highlighting the impact of different cultural types and power dynamics within the company. The report then delves into motivational theories, both content and process theories, discussing how Apple utilizes these to enhance employee efficiency and achieve its goals. Specifically, it explores Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Adam's equity theory. Furthermore, the report examines the dynamics of effective and ineffective teams, analyzing team development theories. Finally, it covers key concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour, evaluating their positive and negative effects on employee behaviour and overall organisational success.

Organisational
Behaviour

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Analyse the influence of power, politics and culture on the behaviour of individuals and team
performance............................................................................................................................3
M1 Critically analyse how power, politics and culture of a company can impact individual &
team behaviour as well as performance..................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2. Content and Process theories of motivation with its effect on organisational goal.........6
M2 Evaluation of how to influence behaviour of others through motivational theories and
models.....................................................................................................................................8
D1 Evaluate the relationship among power, culture, politics and motivation that enables teams
to get success..........................................................................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3. Effective & Ineffective Teams.........................................................................................8
M3. Analysis of team development theory to support development of dynamic co-operation
..............................................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P4. Concepts of OB within an organisational context and a given business situation.........11
M4. Evaluation of concepts and philosophies in how they affects behaviour in negative and
positive way..........................................................................................................................12
D2 Critically analysis of relevance of team development theories in relation to concepts and
philosophies of organisational behaviour.............................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is defined as subset of management activities associated with
predicting, influencing and understanding behaviour of an individual and team as well. In
addition to this, it is an application of knowledge about how team members and individuals act
within the premises of company. It is analysed that it apply to the behaviour of individual in all
forms of organisation (Rudani, 2020). It is important for managers of an entity to conduct this
study in order to gain an insight about attitude as well as behaviour of staff members that help in
developing good relationship with them and also make improvements in an effective manner. For
the present report, Apple is chosen as a base company. The company was established in the year
1977 by Steve Jobs and its headquarters is located at California. It offer product and service such
as iPhone, iPad, watches, media player, Apple store and so on. The company focuses on
providing quality and it focuses on offering innovative feature in market that is the reason of its
success and rapid growth as well. The report will cover impact of culture, power and politics on
behaviour and performance of an individual. Along with this, motivational theories is described
that is adopted by chosen company in order to motivate staff members and attain objectives.
Moreover, there is a discussion about team work and various theories associated with it. Later, it
cover concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in a proper manner.
TASK 1
Analyse the influence of power, politics and culture on the behaviour of individuals and team
performance.
There are various factors that has impact on the behaviour and performance of team
members and individuals as well. The major factors are politics, culture and power. It is
determine that all this factors direct effect on behaviour and attitude of people that is given below
in context to the chosen company:
Culture
This factor involve norms, values, opinions, beliefs, ideologies, culture of people working
in an organisation. It is determine that culture has both positive and negative impact on overall
results of an entity and it also has influence in team and individual behaviour. With the help of
Hnady’s Typlogy, there are mainly four types of culture which is given below:

Task culture: In this type of culture, the overall tasks is divided to the staff members
with an objective to complete task in given time period. In case of Apple, its higher authorities
can opt for task culture as it impact positively on the behaviour of individuals as they get chance
to showcase their talent and effectiveness that leads to increase in productivity of an
organisation.
Power culture- It is determine that in this type of culture, the higher authorities have the
power to take decision associated with the project, Acquisition of such type of culture by Apple
may arise issues and conflicts at workplace as perception of all employees is not same or they
have the ability to complete project in more effective manner. It is analysed that it impact
negatively on the behaviour and performance of both individual and team members as well.
Role culture- In this type of culture, the overall task is given by managers after analysing
the skills, competencies, interest area of employees (O'Grady, 2018). In relation to Apple, this
type of culture help in motivating people to work with full potential and attain objectives within
stipulated time period. Role culture has positive impact on individual performance as they get
work as per their interest area and skills as well.
Person culture- Herein, the higher authorities focuses on behaviour, characteristics and
attitude of staff members of an organisation. it is determine that adoption of this type of culture
raise the chance of employees to gain growth and development that leads to increase in
efficiency of company.
With the help of above discussion, it is determine that Role culture is suitable as well as
effective for Apple. It increase the potential and interest of employees towards work as they get
work according to their skills, knowledge and competencies.
Power
It is defined as an ability of an individual to manage, control, organise and implement
activities in a proper manner. As per the view point of French and Raven, Power is of five types
that is given below in relation to respective company:
Coercive power- Herein, managers force all the employees to follow all the rules and
instructions given by them in an appropriate manner. In context to Apple, adoption of this power
affect negatively on mind set of staff members and also decline their efficiency kevel of
performing work that will to decline in profitability and revenue level of Apple.

Reward power- Herein, the managers have the right to give rewards, appreciation,
recognition to staff members as per their performance. Using of reward poser help Apple to raise
efficiency of employees as they feel valued and motivated when they are getting appreciation in
front of all the members of an organisation. This power impact positively on behaviour and
performance of individuals and team members in an effective manner.
Referent Power- The managers adopt referent power in order to motivate, influence and
encourage staff members so that their productivity increases. In relation to Apple, it help
company to gain higher growth and attain objectives within given time frame.
Legitimate power- In this type of power, the higher authorities, owners and CEO have
the right to take decision regarding overall activities of an organisation (Olsen, 2018). In relation
to Apple, using of this power impact negatively on behaviour of individuals as they are not able
to give their thoughts and ideas due to which creativity and productivity level of employees is
declined.
Expert Power-Herein, the power and control is in the hands of expert associated with
particular field. It enhance confidence level of employees as it develop positivity because they
are guided by experts.
The above discussion states that, adoption of rewards power is suitable for Apple in order
to enhance productivity as well as profitability. It is determine that employees give their best in
order to attain goals if they are appreciated by monetary and non-monetary incentives.
Politics
It is analysed that it take place when an interaction or communication take place between
two people and more than it. It is mainly of two types that is positive politics as well as negative
politics. In context to Apple, Its managers ensure that no conflict is arise among the staff
members as occurrence of issues leads to negative politics due to which productivity and
efficiency of both employees and organisation is decline. In addition to this, the company
focuses on providing positive working environment to staff members that occur positive politics
and impact positively on overall performance and behaviour of teams and individual as well.
It is analysed that occurrence of positive politics assist Apple to fain higher growth and
development and attain success in market. In addition to this, it enhance productivity of
employees that leads to increase in market position of organisation in an effective manner.

M1 Critically analyse how power, politics and culture of a company can impact individual &
team behaviour as well as performance
It is analysed that role and task culture develop a sense of motivation in individuals and
teams as well. Power culture and negative politics decline the efficiency level of staff members.
In addition to this, occurrence to positive politics help an entity to maintain a positive
environment at workplace. Reward power facilitates employees to work with full potential
towards attainment of objectives whereas legitimate and coercive power decline creativity and
efficiency of employees.
TASK 2
P2. Content and Process theories of motivation with its effect on organisational goal.
Motivation is defined as a process of encouraging, influencing employees to achieve
desired goals within stipulated time frame. It is important for higher authorities of Apple to
motivate its employees as it increase productivity and profitability of company (Paull and
Whitsed, 2018). The managers of Apple using motivational theories with an aim to enhance
efficiency of employees.
Motivational Theories- The main objective of using motivational theories is to attain
objectives within given time period. Motivational theories is of two types that is content and
process theory as well.
Content Theory:
This theory mainly focuses on the changing requirements and behaviour od staff
members with the passage of time. Along with this, it focuses on individual needs rather then
requirements of team members. The managers of Apple is using Maslow’s hierarchy theory as a
content theory that is given below:
Maslow’s Hierarchical theory: This theory states that need of an individual is arise after the
fulfilment of lower level need. It includes five needs that is given below in context to Apple:
Physiological need: It is also known as basic needs that involve clothes, shelter, food and
so on. This needs are important for the survival and growth of an individual in a proper manner.
Safety and security need: This need is important to fulfil for employees so that they can
feel safe at workplace and work with full potential towards objectives. The higher authorities of

Apple ensure safety of staff members in order to make them feel and enhance their productivity
level.
Social need: In relation to Apple, its higher authorities emphasis on marinating good
relationship with employees and develop a friendly relationship with them as it motivate staff
members towards attainment of objectives.
Self –Esteem need: This need arise after the fulfilment of social needs as it is determine
that employees want their self-respect. For this, Apple allow staff members to participate in
decision making as it boost the confidence level of employees and increase their efficiency level
as well.
Self-actualization need: The higher authorities of Apple focuses on bringing out talent
and creativity level of staff members, which make them feel valued and important to be part of
organisation. Along with this, fulfilment of such needs assist company to achieve its desired
goals in an effective and timely manner as well.
Process Theory-
It is determined that this theory focuses on the reason of changing attitude and behaviour
of people. In addition to this, it also help in motivating people to adopt change in an appropriate
manner. The managers of Apple is adopting Adam’s equity theory as a process theory that is
given below:
Adam's Equity Theory:
Adam’s equity theory is proposed in the year 1960s by John Stacy Adams. The theory is
mainly based on two principles that helps an entity to motivate its staff members and achieve
their objectives. The first principle is input equals to output that is employees should get
compensation, benefits, salary and rewards equals to their efforts and performance. In relation to
Apple, its managers evaluate performance of staff members on continuous basis and give
appreciation in order to encourage them that leads to raise in productivity of an organisation. The
second principle is employees are equally treated at workplace so that no conflicts and issues
arise. It is determine that higher authorities of Apple ensure that its workforce is equally treated
as it give equal opportunity to all the staff members to participate in decision making process. In
addition to this, it develop a positive mind set of employees towards brand that leads to increase
in efficiency of employees, which has a positive influence on sales and profit level of Apple.

It is analysed that Apple provide various benefits to employees such as medical facilities,
paid leaves, family trips, insurance and many more. Along with this, it give chance to all the staff
members to put their views in order to decline level of conflicts at workplace. It assist company
to increase productivity as well as profitability in an effective manner.
M2 Evaluation of how to influence behaviour of others through motivational theories and models
By the assistance of motivational theories that is Maslow’s hierarchy and Adam’s equity
theory help an entity to motivate its employees that has positive impact on the overall
performance as well as productivity of an organisation. Adam’s equity theory help companies to
maintain a positive working environment and to retain employees for longer time period.
Maslow’s theory motivate an employee to put their efforts in order to fulfil their needs in an
effective manner
D1 Evaluate the relationship among power, culture, politics and motivation that enables teams to
get success
It is evaluated that role culture, reward power and positive politics assist an entity to gain
higher growth and development. If all this three factors turns negative, it impact adversely on
performance as employees did not take interest in activities of an organisation. it is important for
Apple to ensure that all this factors prevail at workplace in order decline level of conflicts and
maintain productivity as well.
TASK 3
P3. Effective & Ineffective Teams.
Teams is defined as a number of people working together in order to achieve common
goals. Most of the organisations develop teams in order to effectively implement activities and
attain their desired objectives. There are mainly two types of team that is effective and in
effective team that is discussed below:
Basis Effective Team Ineffective Team
Interdependence In this type of team, the members have
positive outlook towards target that aid
in timely achievement of objectives.
The members of Ineffective teams
has lack of understanding about the
targets due to which they are not able
to achieve goals timely and properly.

Decision making Herein, all the members have the right
to participate in decision making
process that is they have the right to
give suggestion and ideas to higher
authorities. It motivate team members
due to which their productivity
increases that directly leads to growth
and development of an organisation.
Herein, few members and mainly
higher authorities have the authority
to take decision. It decline creativity
level of team members and arise
conflicts that has negative influence
on efficiency of company.
Goals The members of effective team has
knowledge about implementation of
activities along with the time period
that help an entity to achieve goals in a
timely and effective manner.
The activities is not properly define
to the team members if ineffective
team also they did not have an
insight about time period. It develop
issues and decline efficiency of team
members.
Types & forms of team:
Project team- Project teams are those that is develop for completing a particular project
and is make for a specific time period by managers. In relation to Apple, it is a large organisation
that have number of projects, development of such teams will aid company to finish project in a
timely and proper manner.
Functional Team: Herein, all the departments are working differently but their objective
is same. The functional team are marketing, human resource, finance and many more. It is
important for Apple to maintain a good relationship among all the departments so that objectives
is achieved efficiently and effectively.
Virtual Team: This team is also known as remote team and members of this team is
working from different locations. The members are interact by the help of Email, video
conferencing and other technologies. With reference to Apple, it operates in more than 18
countries and its staff members is working on different locations. By the development of such
teams, it help company to effectively implement activities in a proper manner.

M3. Analysis of team development theory to support development of dynamic co-operation
Tuckman team development model:
This model was developed by Bruce Tuckman in year 1965 and this theory is mainly
focuses on the activities from starting to the ending of task. It is consider as a continuous process
as companies uses this model in order to complete project effectively and timely as well. In
relation to Apple, using of this theory aid in managing as well as coordinating teams in an
effective manner. The mode consist of five level that is described below in context to chosen
company:
Forming: It is the first of team development and herein all the team members is group
together and activities is given to them in a proper manner (Kuo and Tsai, 2019). At this level,
team members did not have trust on each other and they prefer to work solely. With reference to
Apple, it is important for higher authorities to focused on developing relationship between team
members so that they can work together in order to complete task properly.
Storming: At this stage, relationship among team members is developed as they started
sharing ideas and thoughts as well. It is determine that occurrence of conflicts is high at this
stage if team members perception and opinions does not match.
Norming: Herein, team members were agree to work together and follow all the policies
developed by higher authorities. The team members started working with each other by mutually
deciding about how to perform activities. In relation to Apple, decline in the level of conflicts
among team members help company to gain higher growth and success as well.
Performing: At this stage, the main focus of team members is to attain desired goals or
objectives within stipulated time frame. All the team members take decision about execution of
activities, therefore it is significant for managers of Apple to give right to team members for
taking decision as it will encourage them that leads to increase in productivity of an organisation.
Adjourning: The overall objective and completion of project take place and after that,
teams are being disbanded. It is important for managers of Apple to maintain a good relationship
with team members so that future task is implemented in an effective manner.

TASK 4
P4. Concepts of OB within an organisational context and a given business situation.
Classification of Path Goal Theory
It is defined as a model that proposes a leader should change leadership style as per the
situations. It include three major elements that is given below:
Employee Characteristics: Herein, leaders undertake characteristics of employees with an
aim to develop effective strategy and to motivate employees (Jacobs and Manzi, 2019). In
relation to Apple, it is determine that its staff members feel negativity at workplace due to
adoption of legitimate power.
Task & Environment Characteristics: It is determine that it is significant for an
organisation to provide positive working environment to staff members so that they can feel
comfortable and work without any issues. With reference to Apple, its mangers focuses on
fulfilling requirements of employees so that they can work with full potential towards attainment
of objectives.
Leadership Behaviour: It is essential for an entity to adopt suitable and best style of
leadership so that activities is implement in an effective manner. In case of Apple, it leaders
make use of participative leadership style that is every employee has the right to share their
thoughts and ideas and participate in decision making process. It make an employee feel valued
and increase productivity that has positive impact on performance as well as profitability of
Apple.
Philosophies of OB
Contingency and autocratic are consider as philosophies of organisational behaviour. It
help in increasing performance of an entity as employees are free to independently take decision.
Along with this, contingency theory state that no particular theory is appropriate, it can be apply
as per the situations. With reference to Apple, adoption of contingency theory aid in dealing with
changes in an effective and proper manner.

M4. Evaluation of concepts and philosophies in how they affects behaviour in negative and
positive way
It is determine that concepts of organizational behaviour involves environmental features,
characteristics of employee and leadership styles. It is analyse that participative leadership style
encourage staff members and bring out creativity and talent of employees that leads to raise in
efficiency of an organisation.
D2 Critically analysis of relevance of team development theories in relation to concepts and
philosophies of organisational behaviour
It is analysed that team development theory involve five stages that help an entity to accomplish
project in a timely manner (Majumdar, 2018). In relation to concepts of OB that is path goals
theory it is helpful in identifying characteristics of employees that is required in order to assign
activities that is a part of team development theory. It help company to provide positive working
culture and gain benefits such as increase in productivity, raise in profits and many more.
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been concluded that there is both positive as well as negative
impact of team and individual performance of factors such as power, culture and politics as well.
There are various motivational theories used by companies with an aim to increase productivity
and achieve objectives within stipulated time period. By the assistance of Tuckman team
development theory, an organisation can complete task in a timely and appropriate manner. The
concepts of organisational behaviour involve path goal theory that aid in implementing activities
in a right manner, which leads to increase in profitability and productivity of a company.

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