Organizational Behavior Report: M&S Performance and Behavior Analysis

This report provides an analysis of organizational behavior within Marks and Spencer (M&S). It begins by defining organizational behavior and its importance, then explores the company's culture, power dynamics, and political landscape, highlighting their impact on individual and team performance. The report examines the application of content and process theories of motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, along with techniques such as reward and promotion strategies. Furthermore, the report differentiates between effective and ineffective teams within M&S, identifying key characteristics of each. Finally, it discusses concepts and philosophies related to organizational behavior, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject matter. The report aims to understand how M&S manages its employees and fosters a productive work environment.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOURS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1: Culture, Power and Politics...................................................................................................3
LO2..................................................................................................................................................5
P2: Motivation Concepts and Theories .......................................................................................5
LO3..................................................................................................................................................8
P3: Effective Team and Ineffective Team...................................................................................8
LO4................................................................................................................................................10
P4: Concepts and Philosophies..................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour can be defined as the study of human behaviour within
business. In simple word, organizational behaviour supports to understand people behaviour and
their performance on the job place. Even it assists organization to create understanding of the
aspect which can inspire group of employee's, improve their working skills as well establishes
strong relationship between staff and organization. It is classified into three form based on the
levels such as individual, group and organization level. To understand organizational behaviour
is an example Marks and Spencer. It is major British multinational retailer company which is
headquartered in Westminster, London. Organization offers wide variety products such as high
quality clothing, home products and food products to customer across the world. This report
covers organization's culture, political and power which helps to influence individual and team
behaviour and team performance. It includes content theory, process theory and motivation
techniques application to influence the behaviour of staff within organization.
LO1
P1: Culture, Power and Politics
Culture, power and politics are major parts within Marks and Spencer (M&S) and these
all are really impacted team and individual behaviour and performance within this company.
CULTURE
Organisation's culture is a culture where all people or employee come together for
achieving their organizational goals (KOPP, 2019). A positive culture always positively impact
people behaviour and performance in the company and a negative culture negatively impact
behaviour and performance of people. There are mainly four types of cultures existing in Marks
and Spencer which has been discussed below;
Power Culture: This is the first type of cultures within M&S. According to power culture, top-
level management has the highest power within this company. The management has power to
take any decision within business environment. This power help to management for influencing
their employees.
Task Culture: According to task culture, each people within company is responsible to complete
its allotted task on time. For example; HR manager need to cover its task which related to HR

practices, Management need to complete task which related to planning, directing, and
controlling etc. This culture influence people to fulfil their responsibilities within company.
Person Culture: Person culture says, each person within company should understand other
person or employee to work together (Kappo-Abidemi, Iwu and Allen-Ile, 2017). A positive
person culture always help to company for maintaining excellent relationship between all
employees.
Role Culture: According to role culture, there are different employees within company need to
play different roles to achieve company's decided goals. This culture influence people or
employee to play their great role within M&S.
POWER
Power is a way to people within company for taking any decision or step. Mainly most
power in the company is always holding by top-level management, because management is the
only responsible body which has the highest power to take decisions, make a plan, control things,
etc. This is most appropriate way to management for influencing their people behaviour and
performance within company. People use various sources within company to gain power. Some
major sources of power has been discussed below;
Formal Power: Formal power is uses by a person according to its position within the company.
For example; CEO and MD are most powerful person, because they have top positions within
M&S, so this is known as formal power (Wroblewski, 2018). Currently this power is most
influencing people behaviour and performance within this company.
Legitimate Power: Legitimate power is basically second version of formal power, because this
power also hold by a person on the basis of its position within company. For example; a leader
has power to lead or direct its team. This power highly influence team and individuals in the
workplace.
Expert power: According to this power, if any person has extra-ordinary expertise in any field,
then it can easily hold huge power within company. For example; people which has great
innovation skills are able to order other people or employees in the workplace. This power
positively influence people performance and behaviour in the M&S.
POLITICS
Politics in the company is unofficial and informal efforts of people. Employees of an
organization mainly uses politics to sell their ideas and opinions. This provides ways to a person

for achieving something informally in within company. A person always use politics to fulfil
person needs and wants (Hadi, Abdullah and Atshan, 2019). People use politics in M&S as well.
Mostly organizational politics negatively influence team and individual behaviour and
performance, because people use it to take personal advantages through other people. For
example; HR manager want to give job to its relative in the company, in which it has rejected
application forms of other skilled candidates. This is how people use politics within the
company.
Evaluation
There are culture, power and politics of company completely relating with each other.
For example; a manager of M&S always use power to make their work culture more effective
and productive. One the other side, people use politics to fulfil their personal needs in the
culture. That's why here is great relationship between culture, power and politics.
LO2
P2: Motivation Concepts and Theories
Content theory:
it is specifically designed to focus people behaviour which can motivate by determining
their needs and motivates them to fulfil their needs. Content theory has goal to motivate
individual employee within workplace by meeting their objectives. It concludes Maslow's theory
and Hezberg.
Maslow's theory
It is motivational theory which helps organization to satisfy staff within organization.
M&S applies Maslow's theory model to motivate individual employee behaviour within
company. This model is classified into give factors such as:
Physiological needs: It is most important and basic needs of human being which they
expect from the company while offering their services. Basic needs are good sitting arrangement,
air conditioning, hygienic place and water facilities etc. Human resource offers good working
condition which motivates them to work comfortably except working hours. Even they provide
water and air conditioning facilities that motivates employee to work efficiently.
Safety and Security needs: It crucial need for the people because when environment is
safe then they able to work effectively (Bubeck and et.al., 2018). To keep employee safe at
workplace offers anti-discrimination policy and anti-harassment policy offers by M&S. It

motivates employee to work hard without concerning about their safety. Additionally,
organization provides financial security to employee, so they retain in job prolong time.
Belonging and Love: It includes friendship, team working which is also considered as
essential needs for employees. Human resource encourages team working at workplace so that
each employee works effectively in group and achieves wide number of task in minimum time.
Even organization creates friendly environment within workplace which helps to maintain well-
being of each within job place. Even manager offers open communication facility to employee
where they can direct communicate with manager or team leader about their issues relevant
workload, financial issue.
Self-esteem: It is also an important need for the people for example each people expect
respect from other people which makes them feel confident. As same each employee wants
respect from other employee and senior authorities that they respect of their work and gives
appreciation. It major needs which leads effective change in human behaviour. Human resource
appreciates those employee who works hard to make their performance better. It motivates
employees to give honest performance so that they become part of appreciation.
Self-actualization: It is end stage of Maslow's theory which is come in people when they
meets above needs. M&S provides overall facility to staff so that they easy to access their
objective. As result organization enables to lead change in employee behaviour by meeting their
objectives. it gives negative impact on company as well. It leads high turnover of employee
within company that's automatically leads competitive disadvantage in business (Aronson and
Laughter, 2016).
Hezberg's Theory
It is also motivation theory and famous as Hezberg's two factor theory. It is based on two
factor hygienic and motivation factors. It helps company to motivate employee's behaviour by
reducing dissatisfaction factors. Organization applies this model as well which is described
below:
Hygienic factors: Hygienic factor includes working condition, relationship, company
policies, salary and security etc. These factor doesn't motivate employees to work hard but leads
dissatisfaction in them for job. Human resource offers job security policy to employee so that
they satisfy from their job. Hygienic factors comprises into Maslow's theory model because it

also apply to accomplish basic needs of human being within workplace. M&S meets employee's
needs which they expect from company by the help of Maslow's theory model.
Motivation factors: Achievement, profit sharing, reward strategy and bonus are
considered as motivation factor for employees. These factor motivates employees to work hard
in their performance so that they earn extra money except salary. Human resource introduces
reward strategy for employee as well provides profit sharing. This motivation factor attract
employee to retain in company and give high performance. Thus, organization easy to lead
change in employees behaviour with workplace.
Process theory:
This theory helps organization to understand that how employee behaviour is influenced
towards motivation. It supports organization to retain employee prolong time within business. It
concludes equity theory and expectancy theory which helps to influence employee's behaviour.
Equity theory:
M&S applies equity theory model within organization to retain employee's prolong time
within company. This model supports human resource to keep fair balance between input and
output. For example human resource offers good working condition at job place as result gets
high productivity of employees. Organization offers health and security policies to employee as
result they give extra time except working hours to complete task over the period. HR introduces
reward strategy which inspires employee to give high performance so that they eligible to earn
reward except salary. Thus, M&S influences employees behaviour towards motivation.
Expectancy theory:
It evaluates that an individual employee thinks that when they give high efforts in return
they get desirable outcome. This theory highlights the importance of result which represent a
valued rewards for the individual employee involvement (Hengst and et.al. 2019). Organization
applies this theory model to influence employee behaviour towards to achieve common goal.
HR assures employee about their policies that they fulfil their requirement when they give high
performance at workplace. Expectancy theory model helps organization to evaluate employee
behaviour regarding their job responsibility. For example most of the employee has doubt that
when they complete wide number of task in rerun they get appropriate incentives a not. So,
organization assures employee about their policies which motivates them to work hard at
workplace.

Motivation techniques
Reward strategy
It is best motivation technique which inspires employee to give their high performance so
that get financial benefits except salary (Ryan, 2016)). Rewards strategy is classified into two
parts recognition and incentive. M&S introduces reward strategy to motivate employee give high
efforts on their performance.
Promotion strategy
Promotion strategy motivates employee to upgrade their position from exiting position
within workplace. M&S offers promotion strategy at workplace which leads high motivation in
employee's to work hard and redeem their job position within company.
LO3
P3: Effective Team and Ineffective Team
Effective team helps in growth and success of company by effectively coordinating
activities and performance of particular individual towards organisational goals. It also helps in
facing and meeting various challenges of company thus protect company from various external
threats and helps in gaining competitive advantages in the industry (Kyle, Aveling and Singer,
2019). Marks and Spencer has effective team member that are working together for achievement
of common objectives. Therefore, various characteristic of effectively and ineffective team are as
follows:
Help in effective communication: M&S is large organisation with number of employees that
working together for performance particular task and achievement of specific goals. Therefore
communication among employees is needed in order to gain competitive advantages. Thus,
manager of company by building strong relationship between employees is able to allow open
and honest communication between team member. Team members are also included in decision-
making of company by manager to create a feeling of belongingness and motivate them to work
for growth of company.
Collaboration Spirit: Effective team in M&S company helps in bring feeling of collaboration
spirit as leader of firm continuous motivate and influence member to work as a team for
company objectives. They all work together for meeting challenges or to solve particular
problem for smooth operations of business.

Reduce Conflict: Effectively team member of M&s helps in increasing productivity and
performance of company in the industry by reducing and avoiding conflict between people. It
also helps in saving time and energy of employees in fighting with each other on various issue
(Hussein, Hasan and Murtuza, 2017.). Therefore, helps in increasing efficiency of employees by
reducing conflict regarding roles and responsibilities to be performed by particular individual.
Bring changes: M&S is able to gain competitive advantages because of effective team member
as they help in brining continuous changes and innovation within firm. Leader of M&S
encourage view, opinion of each individual thus helps in enhancing learning, knowledge and
skill of employees. Company can easily bring new ideas in the organization as team member are
highly motivated and influenced to work effectively for common goals.
Thus, it can be explained that effective team helps in expansion of business and
achievement of company goals. If company has ineffective team than it hinder organisational
performance and productivity as there is no coordination and cooperation between team
members such as :
Lack of communication: Member of team lack open and honest communication due to less trust
and belief in each other thus it leads to impact on performance and productivity of company
(Mathur, Banerjee and Kushwah, 2019). It leads to delay in decision-making as members of team
doesn't coordinate with each other and restrict communication so company is not able to satisfy
needs of customers.
Vague of roles and responsibilities: It also creates vague of roles and responsibilities to be
performed by each member thus waste lot of time of employees in deciding task to be performed.
Chance of conflict and overlapping of work increased as employees are not aware about duties
and responsibilities to be performed thus hinder growth of Marks and Spencer.
No Commonality: In an ineffective team all member perform function as per its preference and
desired and don't coordinate with each other. So M&S is not able to face various challenges of
environment that impact on company functioning. Every individual working with different view,
opinion and no common path to achieve objectives of company. Therefore, it leads to
miscommunication and ineffective operations of various function of firm.
Group development theories to support development of dynamic cooperation in Marks and
Spencer;

Various group development theories are used by Marks and Spencer to develop dynamic
cooperation among employees regarding task to be performed. Company by using such theories
is able to build an effective team for growth and success of company in the industry (Richie and
Josephson, 2019). Thus, among them Tuckman's Team Development model used by Marks and
Spencer is explained below:
Tuckman's Team development: This model explains about leader has to changes its leadership
style as its team develop ability and maturity, established strong relationship with each other for
achievement of common objectives. There are four stages that are used by M&S to develop
effective team or group of people in order to support dynamic cooperation.
Forming: It is stage where team member are highly dependent upon Leader of company for
guidance to performance particular task. They are not aware about roles, responsibilities and
their relationship with other team member within firm. Therefore, Leader of M&S introduce
newly team member about task to be performed, its roles and responsibilities and relationship
with other employees to reduce confusion and conflict.
Storming: It is stage where employees of company are able to build relationship with each other
by communicating with other regarding task to be performed by each individual. But despite that
there are various uncertainty persist within organization so leader of M&S motivate employees
to work effectively for achievement of company objectives.
Norming: It stages where each and every individual in M&S is aware about roles and
responsibilities to be performed by each individual. Crucial decision are taken by top
management by encouraging view, opinion of team member for success and growth of company.
Whereas small decision are delegated to member thus it reduces burden of top management and
helps it in concentrating on crucial works.
Performing: It is the last stage where every individual in the team is aware of vision and mission
of company and its importance in achievement of company objectives. Leader of M&S less
interact with team member as they have strong relationship with each other and able to work as a
team for common goals. They also can resolve various issue easily and effectively thus company
can easily grow and expand its market share.

LO4
P4: Concepts and Philosophies
Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour (OB) are really influencing
people behaviour within the company in both way positively and negatively (Giessner, 2016).
Some major concepts and philosophies of OB and their influences has been discussed below;
Individual Differences: There are different types of employees working together in the
company for achieving common goals. These different employees have different mentality and
mindset as well, because they are comes from various backgrounds. In this case, these individual
differences influence behaviour of people or employees. For example; each person deal with
organizational situations on the basis of their mindset and mentality. That's why this concept or
philosophy influence people behaviour in the M&S.
Motivated Behaviour: Motivation factor plays great role in the company, because top-level
management is able to take effective work form their employees with support of motivation.
Motivation has mainly two types positive motivation or negative motivation. Suppose an
employee is want to put great efforts for achieving company's goals on time. In this case, that
employee has positive motivation. On the other side, an employee not want to achieve company's
goals on time, so this is a negative motivation. Positive motivation behaviour of employees
always help to company for achieving their targets in decided time period. That's why top-level
management need to positively motivate their employees in workplace to take effective work
from them.
The Desire: According to this one, each person always has a desire to achieve something
(Fuentealba, Liu and Li, 2016). The desire is highly influenced people behaviour within M&S,
because a person's performance is completely depends on its desire. For example; an employee
of company has desire to buy a luxury car, in which this desire of luxury car influence their
behaviour to work hard within daily operations. Reason is, when an employee work hard and put
great efforts in the workplace, then it'll capable to earn more salary than other employees. At the
end, it'll able to buy things which it wants to buy, so this is how the desire of an employee
influence their behaviour within workplace.
Value of the Person: A person or employee of company always want to take award and
appreciation from their top-level management. In this case, management of M&S should give
awards and appreciation to their employees, because this step of management will positively

motivate them for working in more effective manner. On the other side employees feel valued
management, when it has given them appreciation and awards in the workplace. The
management is responsible to respect their employees for positively influencing their behaviour
in daily operations of M&S.
These are some major concepts and philosophies of OD which currently highly
influencing people behaviour within the M&S (Bakotić, 2016). The management need to develop
a healthy workplace for employee where they will enable to improve their current performance
and behaviour.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that organization culture, politics and power
influence on performance of individual and team behaviour. There are different theories of
motivation in order to influence employees to work effectively for achievement of organisational
goals. It can also be concluded from above report that effective team plays an important tole in
M&S gaining competitive advantages as it meet to various challenges and make effectively
utilization of opportunities. Last it can be explained that concept and philosophies of
organisational behavioural influence individual behaviour in both positive and negative way.