Organizational Behavior Report: Culture, Politics, and Motivation

This report provides an in-depth analysis of organizational behavior, specifically examining the influence of culture, politics, and power dynamics on team behavior and individual performance within A David and Company, a food and beverage company. The report explores the impact of organizational culture, including Handy's four types of culture (power, role, task, and person culture), and how these factors affect employee behavior. It also delves into the role of organizational politics and power, including legitimate and expert power, and their effects on employee motivation and productivity. Furthermore, the report discusses various motivation theories, such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg's motivational theories, and their practical application in enhancing employee engagement and achieving organizational goals. The importance of teams in achieving business objectives is also highlighted, along with the presentation of concepts and philosophies to understand the enterprise situation and scenario. The report emphasizes how organizations can leverage these insights to foster a positive work environment and improve overall performance.

ORGANISATION
BEHAVIOUR

INTRODUCTION
Organization behavior is the study about the individual behavior, attitude and beliefs so
that work can be assign on that basis. It is a scientific approach which is used fro all types of
management workers. As it is known that employee is the major part of the working so study is
conducted to maximize their output level (Adeniji, 2011). This assignment informs the respective
organization concept of organization behavior in their working. A David and company is chosen
in the report who deals in the food and beverage industry. This report inform about the
culture ,politics and power impact on the individual performance and behavior in the premises. It
also present various types of motivation theories which organization can use in order to induce
their employee to perform best of their ability. Moreover ,describe importance of team in the
achievement of business objectives. Lastly, presentation of various concept and philosophies to
understand the enterprise situation and scenario.
TASK 1
P1 Explain how culture ,politics and power influence the team behavior and the performance.
Organizational culture, politics and power plays a crucial role in influencing individual
and team behavior. These are described briefly below:
Culture : Organization culture indicate about the values, assumptions, beliefs, policies
which business follow in the internal environment. This experiences, philosophies and the
methods of the business able to direct the behavior of employee at workplace (Bissell and
Dolan, 2012). Along-with this the culture of an organisation influence the behaviour and
performance of an individual and team such as if in a firm their is culture of discrimination on
the basis of income and gender then it will affect the behaviour of both an individual and team
which directly impact on their productivity.
Handy's culture : There are four type of culture which A David and company can adopt in
order to enhance their employee performance and business productivity according to their
suitability and the external environment.
Power culture : In the organization it is rested in some people only and they have the
right to take decision. It is beneficial that employees does not have to report more and more
authorities for their working (Burrell and Morgan, 2017). These individual later on delegate there
responsibility to some other person of the business. Due to this work get finished on time in

appropriate way due to follow up of superior by their subordinate. Power culture also have the
demerit that employees have no authority to express their ideas and the views. For the business it
can also be negative as the position holder can do the partially with the subordinate and affect
their working.
Role culture : Role culture is a culture where the employees assign the work and
responsibilities on the basis of their education, interest and qualification. It is beneficial for the
organization as the person able to know the work for which they are accountable and responsible
for achieving . Power comes in this with the responsibility so that work can be completed on the
time in the effective manner. Due to role culture every individual of A David and company
know their duties and responsibilities so that confusion and dispute can't occur between
employees.
Task culture : It is used in the organization where teams are formed in order to solve the
specific problems or to complete a project. In task culture, team is made up of 4to 5 members
who work for the fulfillment of the goal. In this individual with common interest with different
skills and capabilities come together to perform the task. Due to task culture A David and
company can able to perform their difficult task on the time with efficiency.
Person culture : There are culture where the employees feel that they are more important
and above the organization. In such a case employee come office for earning money and never
get attached to the business due to which organization suffer huge loss. Organization should not
give their employees so that comfort that they think they are above the enterprise. They make
their worker understand organization come first and everything later on. Due to this employees
of A David and company start working for only themselves not for benefit of the organization.
They always prioritize their requirement above the business which harm the productivity and
performance.
From the above discussion , it is known that every culture has there own merits and
demerits respective organization should adopt it on the basis of their internal environment.
Politics : Politics is the activity which an individual perform in the premises to enhance
their power in the organization. People use politics in their working so that they can get attention
and appreciation from their seniors (Del and Rodríguez, 2011). This kind of politics help
employee to get future benefit in some way. Due to politics in the work place employees who are
performing their work with the full dedication and passion without involving in any wrongful

activity get demotivated. When the performer of the organization see this type of activity it
reduce their productivity because as they think that unworthy persons are provided with rewards
and opportunities. By the presence of politics people able to loose their concentration from the
working as the politics player spoil the image of the other people in the front of authorities.
Policies of an organisation help them in conducting operations and functions in effective ways
such as if their is discrimination is occur in at workplace it will affect performance and behaviour
of employees but to overcome it managers develop policies and rules regarding issues which
help them to improve their performance and behaviour towards firm.
A David and company should look after the employees who believe in the short cuts and
resist from hard work so that it can't affect the business and other employees
Power : The word power is a potential capability to influence others. It refers to the
understanding level that an superior use his powers to influence their subordinate for working
to achieve the goal of the organization (Dobrow, 2013). Business should use the power to guide
their employees not to dominate them. Positive usage of power guide the individual in
performing their task effectively. Powerful person should inform their subordinates the correct
way to perform a job , they should understand that they assigned the power so that it can be used
in supporting others. Negative power usage demotivate the employees and its affect was seen in
the productivity of the business with the downfall in employee performance. Power of a person
influence behaviour and performance of an individual and team such as if a manager use its
power in effective and good ways, it will motivate employees which leads to increase in
productivity. There are various types of power in the organization in which there is a description
on only two types below :
Legitimate power : It is also known as positional power which employee get due to
holding the position in the organization. Under this manager and leader hold the capacity
because of the hierarchy of the firm. Power is very much essential for the top superior to have
control over the employees working under them. It is power which should be use in order to
guide the individual to perform a task.
Expert power: This type of power is mainly possessed by those person who have more
of ideas , knowledge and experience than any other member in a team. Like in organization a top
manager have a experience of more than 15 years of that field than any other members that has
the great influence over the organization. For example, A David & Co Limited have an specialist

who involve in testing the food produced by them. It is type of work which no other can perform
in the organization than the person enjoy the power. The person should use this power in guiding
other individuals. By the help of expert power individual able to know the right way of
performing the work. Due to presence of experienced person in the organization employee never
hesitate to take risk and challenging activity because they think that there is somebody behind
who help them if they got stuck .
From Adeniji point of view 2011 it can be analysis that culture of an organization has
both positive and negative impact at workplace. Such as if their is diverse culture in an
organization it will create conflict in an organisation due to which productivity of employees and
team will decrease. On the other hand it will develop competatition in an organisation which help
employees to enahnce their skills by which team abel to achive goal in effective manner. When
their is change occur in policies the performance of employees may affect beacuse they required
time to understand and adapt changes. But when their is change occur in policies it will help
improve rights of employer and employees. Same as culture and policies power also have
negative and positive impact on employees, team and organisation. If any manger misuse their
power then workling condition of workplace get worst and productivity of emplotyees get
reduce. If employer use their power in appropriate manner and motivate and direct employees
towards achivement of goal in effective manner.
TASK 2
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals
Motivation is the internal procedure which make person move towards desired goals and
targets (Foy and et. al., 2011). It is driving force which influence an individual to initiate and
retain the behaviour in the A David & Co Limited. Motivation is required for workers
through this they can work in proper manner and they are mainly concentrate on achieving
potential goals and targets. Motivation theories can be divided into two parts such as Process and
content theory.
Content Theory – It is that theory which help in find out the answer to what motivate an
individual and it is mainly concerned with person needs and demand. It is consist with
determining the requirements that assist in employee motivation and make proper improvement
in their performance. There are some theories which can be used by A David & Co Limited for

increasing employees motivation at workplace that includes Maslow's Hierarchy and Herzberg
motivational theories.
Maslow's Hierarchy theory – This theory is introduced by Abraham Maslow who has
described the strength of some need at different point of time (Frølich and Kalpazidou, 2010).
This is a framework which help in evaluating strength of needs and analyse how an individual
moves from one requirement to another when basic need are satisfied. Maslow's Hierarchy
theory implement in an organization to understand the human or employees behaviour and then
make plans and strategy accordingly. Afirm evaluste their employees behaviour through five
steps, then make strategies according to stages by identifying which is more important for staff.
These stages are described as under:
 Physiological needs – Such needs are the common needs which is required for the
survival of a person. It includes air, water, food, sleep which are the psychological needs
that should be met in order to go further in the hierarchy. In order to fulfil the job, such
common needs are necessary by an employer. If these requirement will be fulfilled then
employees will be encouraged.
 Safety needs – After fulfilled the psychological needs, the other needs of human life
become the priority. t. People start to feel the need of safe and secure for survive that
includes shelter, safe neighbours, steady employment, etc (Gold and et. al., 2013). A
David & Co Limited company also provide such type of safety and security needs for
their employees. This is the major role of manager is to provide them safe and positive
working surroundings to their workers.
 Social needs – After fulfilled first two needs of hierarchy, people tend to move towards
and want to satisfy their social requirements. It is required for employees so that they can
not feel dissatisfied, demotivated and depressed. Managers can account for the social
needs of employees through which every worker need to known about each other, prompt
to do work in a team, etc.
 Esteem needs – It consist with self respect, self confidence, feeling of being unique and
attractive personal worth and social identification. In A David & Co Limited, all the
employees gain equal respect and dignity while doing work so that this will motivate
them towards reaching with desired goals or targets.

 Self Actualisation needs – This define to the need to maximise an individual potential.
Such needs are related to the development of a person intrinsic capabilities and abilities
that can be used in various real life situations.
McGregor's XY Theory: This theory is use by an organisation to identify and diffrentiate
employees on the basis of their nature and behaviour regarding work and responsibilities. There
are two type of peoples in an organisation one who like to do work and take responsibilities and
second who run from task and responsibilities. So it is duty of employer to make decisions
accodingly. Description of both type of employees are mentioned below:-
Theory X : This theory is based on the fact that employees are naturally unmotivated
(Hashim and Wok, 2014) .X type of organization must have full control at every step. In a
organization X type of employees dislike working,needs to be pressurize what's needed.
Additionally they have no ambition to work for and avoid responsibility given to them . There
are two ways of implementing Theory X: the hard and soft approach. In hard approach
punishment , time to tome supervision are adopted in order to get the desired outcome. Whereas
in soft approach less strict rules and regulation need to be taken into consideration for getting the
output. Among both the best is by adoption of soft approach this will motivate the organization
to influence the employees .
Theory Y: This theory focuses on participative style of leadership. It suspect that
employees get motivated by themselves ,they enjoy the working environment with more of
responsibility. They work to improve themselves without any compensation in return .Theory Y
type members have a good relation with there superior. They does not require time to time
supervision to get the quality product,and are the most valuable asset for the company .
By the help of the above theories an organisation able to know what are the things which
motivate the individual to perform the work as the best of their capacity. It tells the
encouragement source of the individual which enable them to the achievement of the
organisation goal.
Process theories – This theory refers to the behavioural and psychological procedure that
motivate an individual to act in proper manner (Kim and Chang, 2010). It is useful for analyse
how requirement of a person can directly impact on behaviour in order to reach with desired
goals and objectives. There are two theories which are described as follows:

Vroom Expectancy theory – It is totally based on assumption which an individual
behaviour are encouraged and motivated for perform activities and functions in order to achieve
potential goals and targets. There are three types of vroom expectancy theory which are
described :
Valence – It define as the value that an individual places on specific outcome and
strength of a person's preferences for the anticipated rewards of the results. For example, if an
individual get motivated by promoting then he might not value offers of enhanced incentives.
Instrumentality – The another major input in the valence is the instrumentality of initial
level outcome which is acquired in the second level outcome. For example, A David & Co
Limited employee want promotion and they feel that superior performance is the major key
factor of achieving goals.
Expectancy – The another major factor which determine the motivation, it refers to the
probability which a particular action lead towards desired resultant. A David & Co Limited are
initiative actions which lead towards gaining specific level of outcome.
By the help of the process theories it is known that how an individual is motivates toward
the things which they desired in their life. Business need to training and supervising of the
employees so that it can help them to get the desired result. When employees are encourage than
it support in the achievement of the business goal.
According to Suppiah and Singh Sandhu, 2011 for David & Co Limited company to use
Maslow's Hierarchy theory for satisfy need and wants of employees and to motivate them in
apropriate manner. This theory is more bneficial for respective company because it is simple to
understand, through this theory manager take decision by considering human nature and most
importantly it is applicable in all field or project. But while adopting this strategies they may face
limitation difficulties because different person think differently. Which may comeuo as a issue
while conducting Maslow's Hierarchy theory in respective company.
TASK 3
P3 What makes an effective team opposed to ineffective team.
A team is the group of individual who come together in order to fulfil the common goal
and are dependent upon one another to realise that goal (Kitchin, 2017) . Business objectives are
not achieved by the effort of the one employee it is attained by the effort of team involved. In

the organisation there are many kinds of team such as production, quality, manufacturing and
supervising. Effective team person work collectively for the organisation goal whereas
ineffective team perform work and task on their personal end due to which business not able to
achieve their overall objective on time in effective manner. Through the support of effective
team A David & Co Limited able to attain the target in the best way within the schedule time as
compared to ineffective team
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Environment In effective team environment is
productive due to which members
are able to share their views and
problems easily.
In ineffective team surroundings are
informal and tense due to which
employee not able to perform best
in the uncomfortable environment.
Leadership Under effective team, head of the
team does not control it members
and provide them freedom to
express their ideas and views.
Ineffective team leadership is
perform and undertaken by the
chairperson. They guide and lead
the people With or without the
knowledge.
Sharing In this every team member get the
chance of express their views and
thoughts. They make sure that
every individual of the team
interact at the meeting (LA,
2013).
In this discussion is lead by some
persons and the minority does not
get the opportunity to present their
views and perspective.
Role clarity In this, clarification is provided to
every individual regarding their
role in the organisation which
help them to perform their work
effectively for the
accomplishment of business goal.
In this team member role is not
clear to them due to which they are
not able to take effective actions
within the schedule time.
Different types of team in the industry are as follows :

Problem solving team : It is a temporary team in which individual belong to different
division , skills and knowledge. The main aim of this team is to provide permanent solution to
the problem so that it does not arise in the future (Llewellyn and Hindmarsh, 2010 ). Due to
involvement of different types of people organisation can view the problem from various
prospective and get the best solution.
Virtual team : It refer to the group of people who work independently without getting
affected by the space , boundaries and time. In this team member interact through each other
with the help of electronic communication such as Skype ,Facebook and email. To be part of this
team individual need to have excellent communication skill as their facial expression and body
language is not come to known.
Functional team : In an organisation there are various division who perform different
functions in order to achieve business goal. Marketing ,finance, accounting ,human resource are
the example of the functional team working.
Tuck man team development model : This is theory which was developed by Bruce
tuck man in 1965 with the four stages and later on modified it in 1977 with the introduction of
the fifth stage (Suma and Lesha, 2013). This stages are the description of the various phases
which the team of A David and company face from the start of the task to the completion.
(Source : Tuckman's stages of team development,2018)
Illustration 1: Tuckman's stages of

Forming : At this stage group or team are formed to conduct a particuar task in effective
and efficient manner. It is a initial phase in this team members are dependent on the leader as
they don't know their work and task. Individual at this stage avoid the conflicts as they are trying
to find their position and the reason for being there. This survive till the employees don't know
their work and responsibility in the undertaking. Under this team member should bring the team
together and ensure that they trust each other and work as a group.
Storming : In this stage members of team start interacting and connecting to each other
by discussion and get to know about each other's strength and weakness. At this stage team start
developing their personality and the confidence due to which they confronting each other ideas
and perspective. Frustration or disagreement about roles and responsibility is expressed openly.
In this phase members remove their boundaries which was established in the initial stage, they
start asking questioning decision. Project manager should resolve the conflict among the
individual on time so that business able to achieve their desired target.
Norming : At this stage after knowing each other strength and weakness, everyone start
developing some perceptions regarding each other and form small groups. At this stage
individual effectiveness increases as the team start developing their identity. Under this team
members set their behaviour for each other to achieve the objectives effectively. In this member
know start knowing each other strength and capabilities and develop relation which help them to
perform the work efficiently with the help of colleagues. When the new work has come than the
team goes back to the forming and norming.
Performing : In this stage the team or growp members perform work or assigned task to
achieve goal and objective. In this stage team able to function as the complete unit. It get the
work done smoothly and efficiently without any conflict and the need of external supervision.
Under this stage individual not get affected by anyone joining or leaving the team as they are
fully dedicated towards the achievement of business goal. In this team persons work hard and
passionately by their own for the fulfilment of desired target without the encouragement of
leaders.
Adjourning : It is the last stage of Tuck man team development model, in this after
completition of task team or group will be break or depart. The task get completed till this stage
and the team get disassembled. The team also break down due to the process of restructuring in

the internal environment. Due to this phase employees motivation level come to decline as the
future become uncertain. It is difficult stage for those people who develop their relationship due
to working together.
According to Dobrow, 2013 at the stage second (storming) where conflict occur at high
rate respective company use Theory X and Y. Which help manager in motivating employees
according to requireemnt and need because different peoples has different behavious. So by this
theory manager able to under employees behavious and develop strategies accordingly.
TASK 4
P4 Present different concept and philosophies in the organisation behaviour.
Organisation behaviour : It is the study of how an individual able to behave or act in
the business enterprise (Suppiah and Singh, 2011). It is basic tool which can be used in every
organisation in order to understand the behaviour and the nature of the employee. This behaviour
analysis plays a crucial role in the A David and company because their employee have to
establish link with the customer to sell their product as they are involve in food and beverage
industry. Organisation behaviour refers to facts which help a company in building their image in
a marketplace. It consist of both negative and positive factor which directly and indirectly affect
performance and productivity of workers in an respective organisation. It also include various
factors such as structure, power, policies, culture, style of leadership and many others.
Concept and philosophies of the organisation behaviour is described with the help of the
path goal theory.
Path goal theory : Initially , the theory was developed by the Martin Evans in 1970 and
further modification is done by house in 1971 (Tsai and Wu, 2010). The theory explain that
leader should adopt the behaviour which which was suited to their employees needs and wants so
that business able to achieve their objectives. By the help of this theory A David and company
able to get the way through which leader able to encourage and motivate their employees for the
fulfilment of desired goal.
Participative leadership : Under this style leader take their staff views and thoughts
before taking any important decision regarding the work. Under this style leader include their
employees in their working so that they can work stress free. It is beneficial in the situation
where the task is well understood by the subordinates in the respective organisation.

Directive leadership : Under this leader informs their employees what must be done and
how it is to be done and at what deadline. A David and company can use this theory in their
working when they have inexperienced staff who need guidance and supervising their activities
on the regular basis. Leader tell their subordinates the correct way of carrying out the task.
Supportive leadership : The leader makes comfortable environment in the organisation
so that employees able be perform their work effectively. Suitable environment means that they
provide friendly surroundings to their employees so that they can share their views and
problems with them freely. A David & Co Limited can use this management style in their
organization when the employee get demotivated temporarily due to some reason.
Achievement leadership : In this style leader set high goals and target for the employees
who think have the ability to perform effectively (Walsham, 2012). They forces they followers to
show excellent achievement and improvement in their work. A David & Co Limited can adopt
this style in their working when the employees have the problem solving skills in their
characteristics.
After analysing all theroies of leadership David and company use Path goal theory which
ahve both positive and negative effect at workpace. Positive effect are their leader able to
understand their employees in effective manner, their is increase in job satisfication and
productivity, leader can adopt respective theory in every situation and so on. Alongside this there
are some negative effets such as their is more dependency on leader, it is complex to execute, it
also lack in identifying realtioonship between leader behaviour and employees motivation etc.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above discussions that, positive environment in the
organisation affect the productivity and performance of the employee. By this above analysis it is
known that politics should be avoided in the business as it affect the overall organisation culture
and the working. Power should be used in the business to guide the individual not to dominate
them. The concerned business can adopt any motivational theories for their staff which support
them in attaining personal and professional goal. Business can achieve its desired target only by
the help of the effective team so the business persons try to develop it. Moreover, path goal
theory support leader to adopt the style which suits their employees.

REFERENCES