Organizational Behaviour Report: Arcadia Group Analysis and Theories

This report provides a detailed analysis of organizational behaviour within the context of the Arcadia Group, a multinational retail company. The report explores the influence of organizational culture, politics, and power dynamics on team behaviour and performance, referencing Handy's cultural framework and French and Raven's power categorizations. It delves into motivation theories, including content theories (Maslow's hierarchy, Herzberg's two-factor theory) and process theories (Vroom's expectancy theory, Adams' equity theory), examining their application in achieving organizational goals. The report differentiates between effective and ineffective teams, outlining strategies for improving team performance and fostering a positive work environment. It highlights the importance of task culture, positive politics, and equitable treatment of employees in driving productivity and employee satisfaction. The report serves as a guide for structural development of teams within organizations, emphasizing the significance of motivation, fairness, and effective leadership in achieving organizational objectives.

Organizational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................3
P1. Influence of culture, politics and power on team behaviour and its performance...............3
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2. Application of content and process theory of motivation in order to achieve goal..............5
Adams equity theory : ................................................................................................................7
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................7
P3. Effective and ineffective team .............................................................................................7
P4 Concept of philosophies of organizational behaviour...........................................................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is a study of human behaviour in the organization. The report
will cover that how managers can manage the workplace in an efficient manner. The study will
discuss the organizational behaviour of Arcadia group. Arcadia is a multinational retail company
which is headquartered in London, UK(Arcadia group, 2019). The study will also discuss that
how the organisational culture, power and politics influence the individual as well as team
behaviour. The study will also highlight the motivation theories such as content and process
theories in order to achieve organisational goal. The difference between effective and ineffective
team has also been explained. And what steps can be taken in order to convert ineffective team
within the organisation into effective team has also been discussed in the report. The paper will
act as a guide for the structural development of team within the organisation.
LO 1
P1. Influence of culture, politics and power on team behaviour and its performance
Culture
Handy culture for organizational behaviour : According to Charles Handy there are four
different types of culture within the organisation.
Power culture : This type of culture is mainly found in entrepreneurial organisation. Generally
this organisation has flat culture. Employees of the organisation are loyal with their company as
all work as a team and collaborate with each other(Yahyagil, 2015).
Role culture :This type of culture is mainly found in bureaucratic organisation. Under this type
of culture employees of an organisation need much security. This type of culture follows a rules
and regulations. The organisation has a clear hierarchy in it.
Task culture : This type of organisation are mainly result oriented. The employees of the
organisation work according to their own experience as well as according to their colleague.
Person culture : In this type of organization employees enjoy complete independence. Person
culture is people oriented. The organization has few rules and regulations. But there is no final
authority or a senior person who takes the responsibility. '
Arcadia group has a task culture within the organization. The company provide
supportive environment to its employees. Arcadia is predominantly female organization.
Company should follow the task culture in which formed team to address particular problems or

progress projects. This can aid to improve the individual performance ultimately this can impact
on team performance and behaviour within the Arcadia Group. In this culture, company needs to
assign the task as per experience of the employees.
Politics
This factor creates an huge impact on the organisation. Politics in the organisation plays a
huge role as it refers to an activities which are performed in order to improve the organisational
as well as personal interest.
Negative politics within the Arcadia group can create a negative impact on the working
of an organization. It will affect the profitability and productivity of a company. But according to
the survey which was conducted by the Arcadia group. The head of all the department was asked
to fill the questionnaire in order to find out how the fashion footprint programme can be shaped
shows that the company has a positive politics in the company. All the employees in the
organization respect each other values and their role in the organization. The company ensures
that all the people in the organization is well updated with the recent information and
developments and each employee of the company get an equal opportunity to share their views,
ideas and thoughts.
Power
According to French and Raven, the power can be categorized in two broad headings
Positional power and person power.
Positional power : There are three power sources in the positional power which are reward power
,coercive power, legitimate power.
Person power : There are two sources in the person power expert power and referent power.
In Arcadia group expertise power as there are many employees who are working in the
company for the last 10 years. Thus providing their experience and knowledge to the company
and employees within the organisation.
Positional power : The higher authority ensure to plan and provide the schemes which benefits
the employees of the organisation. Arcadia group provides it employees a flexible working
hours. The company also run mental health awareness week in May in order to mitigate the
stress level of employee by conducting various events and activities it includes talks from experts
such as nutrition experts.

As the Arcadia group has a task culture means the employees and the higher authorities
are more result oriented thus it helps an individual to be more passionate about the work as a
result the whole team strive to achieve organizational goal. Thus, this type of work culture
improves the productivity of a company. The higher authorities and employees of an
organization creates a positive environment in the company. The employees of the organization
is more oriented toward increasing the productivity of an employee and avoid to have any type of
negative politics in an organisation which will hamper the working of a team as well as
individual. As negative politics in an organisation can create a negative impact on an individual
performance which in result will affect the overall performance of a team. Therefore higher
authorities and employees ensures to create a positive politics which will help the company, team
and individual to grow(Guillaume and et.al., 2017). The kind of positional power can be seen in
the company which can be positive as well as negative for a company. As a company has a
hierarchy in it therefore the procedure to resolve issues related to various factors or introduction
and implementation of any new idea becomes lengthy.
M1
The company follow the task culture in which manager formed team to address particular
problems or progress projects. The task is the essential thing, so that power within team can
frequently shift depending on the mix of team members and status of challenge or project. This
kind of culture impact on individual performance and behaviour in the Arcadia Group. As per the
favouritism is element of negative politics which impact on performance for example
demotivation. This can directly impact on team performance and behaviour in the organization.
LO 2
P2. Application of content and process theory of motivation in order to achieve goal
The goal of Arcadia group is to give the consumer satisfaction and increasing the brand
awareness towards the goods and services of company. For accomplishing objective, comp[any
needs to follow the motivation theories at the workplace.
Content theory : It is also known as need theories. Content theories focuses on the question
what motivates an individual. It focuses on that what are the needs and how it can be fulfilled to
motivate an individual.
Maslow hierarchy of needs :

Physiological needs : Physiological needs means the basic needs of a human such as food,
shelter, water and clothes. Arcadia group provide attractive salaries to its employees and other
essential facilities such as tea/coffee. The company also ensure to provide comfortable working
environment to its employees(Lee and Hanna, 2015).
Safety and security needs : The company provides various benefits such as pension scheme and
sick leave etc. The company also ensure to follow all the laws related to health and safety in
order to keep its employees safe.
Social needs : The company provide a comfortable work environment to its employee which
promotes friendliness and allow the employees at different level to interact with each other. The
company indulge its employees in various events and social activities in order to promote team
building(Johnson and et.al., 2018).
Esteem needs : The company also help an employee to fulfil its esteem needs. The company
celebrates the success of the employees. The company annually conduct a function in which
rewards are given to the best performing employee of the company.
Self Actualization needs : The company conduct various training programme to help individual
learn various skills and enhance their knowledge.
Herzberg's two factor theory
The company give rewards to its employees for their performance. They make sure that
people in the organisation are satisfied with their job by taking feedback from them. Arcadia
group celebrates the success of each employees thus giving them a sense of importance in the
organisation. Rewards and recognition given to employees help them to feel more valued as a
result it helps in maintaining the motivation level of employees.
The company also provide sick pay and run an attractive pension plan which help to gain
the employees attraction. The company also assure security of jobs to its employees, also provide
insurance to employees as well as to their families such as health insurance. Arcadia group
provide various allowances and attractive incentives to its employees. Such type of benefits and
schemes which are provided to the employees of an organization act as a hygiene factor.
Process theory :
Vroom Expectancy theory:
Expectancy

Arcadia group tries to find out various factors which can help in motivating its
employees. The factors include various facilities, training, and support by the supervisor. The
reason behind focusing on such factor is that these factors result in improving productivity of its
employees (Barba-Sánchez and Atienza-Sahuquillo, 2017).
Instrumentality
Arcadia group should provide various benefits and additional rewards to its employees
such as attractive bonuses and promotions. It helps an individual to think that if they will
perform well then they will get bonus or promotion in the future. Arcadia group assures to
maintain transparency in its reward process.
Valence
The organisation contribution is important for the motivation for its employee but
individual factor also plays a major role in achieving the goals. The individual skill, knowledge
and abilities is also one of the important factor which contributes to motivation of an
individual(Collins, Hislop and Cartwright, 2016).
Adams equity theory :
Arcadia tries to maintain equality in its system. The company follows rules and
regulations which does not promote discrimination within the work culture. As the individual
performance hampers if any type of discrimination is faced within the organization. Arcadia
group ensures that each employee get adequate resources in order to complete their work
successfully. Arcadia group treat its employee fairly, provide them satisfactory salary depending
upon their position in the company(Lăzăroiu, 2015).
M2
The motivation techniques and models can influence on behaviour of employees while
working in the organization. Through motivation, employees easily their performing their job
role and helping in each and every business activity. With the motivation theory, employees can
increase the self-confidence, job security within the organization. This can aid to increase the
productivity and efficiency of the employees at the workplace.

LO 3
P3. Effective and ineffective team
Team is a group of people at workplace who work together to achieve common goal. It is
important for the organisation to have effective team in order to manage smooth coordination in
business activities. When working in team employees of Arcadia Group aim at setting targets
and dividing work according to own skills and capabilities which aid in meeting deadlines.
According to Guillaume and et.al., 2017, effective and ineffective team at workplace creates a
huge difference in management of work which is discussed below:
Effective Team Ineffective team
Team in Arcadia group are people orientated
which denotes effectiveness of individual in
work. In accordance Belbin team roles
effective team working is denotes by
individual employee who is a team worker
with characteristics like, diplomatic,
perceptive and cooperative (The Nine Belbin
Team Roles, 2019).
Ineffective team at workplace consist of
employee are focused on individual
performance and therefore lacks group working.
These are the teams where individual work
according to own interest and won selfish
benefit which impact organisation performance
and productivity.
Effectiveness in Team of Arcadia Group is
presented in ability of group members to
make collaborative decision. When working
together employees of organisation aim at
taking action by consensus where focus is to
make optimum utilisation of resources.
The major factor which depicts ineffectiveness
of team is in decision making ability. Ineffective
decision making is denoted in emphasis on
power, majority forced voting and confusion
when working together.
There are different types of team in Arcadia group where employee work according to
job role and divided work. Division of team at workplace is on the basis of type of work and
functions which are discussed below:
 Virtual Team: In this type of team’s employees work from different geographical
locations where communication of individual relies on information communication
technology. The team work for common goal and therefore coordination via technology
like video conferencing, FAX, etc. These team in Arcadia Group work effectively as

employees working in these teams are specialist and plant as per Belbin team role. This
denotes creativity, free thinking, problem solving, and dedicated attitude of employees.
 Functional Team: These teams at work place consist of expert employee who are
grouped together for specific business goal. This type of group in re tail organisation
comprise employee from different functional departments that is marketing, sales,
research, finance and Human resource department (Collins, Hislop and Cartwright,
2016). Effectiveness of functional team as per Belbin team role can be discussed by three
roles that is shaper, implementer, complete finisher. In accordance with this strength of
team members is reflected in ability to deal with challenges, reliability, efficiency,
organization of work and perfection.
 Project Team: These team are formed with employees from different groups and
functional department. These team in Arcadia group are formed for specific purpose and
the work among individuals is divided according to capability of each employees.
Effectiveness of these team in Arcadia group reflected by resource investigator role
where employee owns strength of grabbing opportunities, exploring change and working
with enthusiasm.
Tuckman Team development theory:
The stages group of development give perception into the growth of team over time. A
team can not perform well unless, it has occurrent conflicts and has set behavioural standards
(Effelsberg and Solga, 2015). There are mainly for stages of Tuckman stages of team
development in which first two stages are about social-emotional and leas two stages relating to
task oriented activities.
 Forming: It is the first stage which is lot like placement day at university or new job.
The group has been presented and everyone is profile and pleasant. In forming stage,
Arcadia group can be involved such as skills, background and interests of new
employees, objectives of project, time lines, ground regulation, individual functions etc.
it is essential for team members to evolve relation and identify role of each individual
play.
 Storming: It is the second stage in which reality and weight of accomplishing the
activity at the hand now effort everyone. The initial impression of excitement and

requirement to be polite have liable battered off (Meyer, 2018). The group is becoming
more close-knit and group members are gaining each other's trust in the Arcadia Group.
 Norming: People begin to notice and appreciate strengths of group members during the
norming stage. Each and every member is contributed and worked as united team. Teams
start to settle into depression. In Arcadia Group, Criticism is not taken personally any
more, but is advised to be constructive and task orientated.
 Performing: Team members are confident, motivated and familiar enough with the task
and their group that they can operate without supervision in the performing stage. Each
and every one is on the similar page and running fast ahead towards the final objectives
(Valsania, Moriano and Molero, 2016).
M3
The team development is very essential aspect within team dynamic in the organization.
Team development concept aid to increase self-confidence of individual that can help to
accomplish the team objectives and goals. Group development model can aid the increase
motivation and job security within the Arcadia Group.
P4 Concept of philosophies of organizational behaviour
Organizational behaviour is depended on some key conception that rotate around the
nature of organization and people. There are different situations of business such as employee
turnover, changes in management structure etc. In this context, managers needs to follow the
concept and philosophy of organizational behaviour for solving situation which is changed in
management structure within the Arcadia Group. For example: change in management structure
is the large situation by which manager faced many issues such as individual differences, value
of person and perception. These can be influenced on team work because each and every person
have different ways of working. Therefore, changes in management structure highly influenced
on nature and behaviour of people and company. Also, manager can be followed the supportive
philosophy for managing all kinds of situations at the workplace. This can aid to improve the
performance and behaviour of Arcadia Group. Also, this can help to increase productivity and
efficiency of organization.
Nature of People:

The nature of people is the basic features of an individual by which embodies person they
can be similar or unique. There are some factors affecting nature of people at the company level
which are as follows:
 Individual Difference: It is the managerial concept towards every worker individually
which is one-on-one concept. It is the not statistical conception which is rejection of
single rule (Fundamental Concepts of Organizational Behaviour, 2017). For example:
manager can not be one-sided towards any special worker instead of threat them equality
and seek not to judge anyone on every another elements apart from their task in the
Arcadia Group.
 Perception: It is the specific capability to find, listen and conclude something. It is the
trusting in their sense. The mode of break up things and have their perspectives is
perception of individual. Workers also look work differently for dissent in their
personalities, requirements, previous experience and social environment.
 Value of person: The worker needs to be treated individually from other factors of
productions like land, capital and labour. Employees are treated as economic tools, so
that they resort to accept the early thoughts (Effelsberg and Solga, 2015). For this reason,
they need to be activated with carrying respect, dignity and another things from their
supervisors and society.
Nature of Organization:
The nature of organization refers the motive of company. It is the chances which gives
international marketplace. Also, it determines standards of workers. Also, it determines the
quality of the form through performing as mirror reflection of the Arcadia Group. In this
context, through social system, mutual interest and ethics, understands the nature of any
organization.
 Social system: All companies like Arcadia Group interact with another organizations, its
consumers, social regulations and status. Their attitude is primarily effected through their
team and individual drives. There are mainly two social systems like formal and
informal. The formal team by individual working together in company or people which
belong to same society is advised as formal social system (Meyer, 2018). On other side,
informal social system in which group of friends in which people interact with other
freely or chilling.

 Mutual Interest: All firms like Arcadia Group requires people and individual requires
companies to grow and thrive. It is mutual perceptive among company and workers
which aids both reach their various objectives. Therefore, company will make efforts to
increase mutual understanding with their employees. If the firm effectively fulfil their
needs of employees, so that staff members also give the best performance to the firm.
 Ethics: There are many morals, ethics of single person, team and company like Arcadia
Group. In this context, company tries to attract and keep valued workers, so that it is
needed to treatment with setting up some moral norms (Valsania, Moriano and Molero,
2016). Even, organizations like Arcadia Group are now setting up code of ethics relating
to training rewards for famed ethical attitudes.
Philosophies of Organization Behaviour:
The philosophy of organizational behaviour held through management consists and
incorporated set of hypothesis and values about the modes of things. There are some
philosophies such as:
 Autocratic Philosophy: This philosophy provides operators and administrator's power
to prescript and forms judgements while creating workers adjust their orders. This
philosophy maintains which workers require to be informed and motivated to perform
while administrator do all the thinking in Arcadia Group.
 Supportive Philosophy: This model importances on motivated and aspiring leader.
There is not space for any control or influential power in supportive philosophy
(Effelsberg and Solga, 2015). It is the simply depends on motivating employees through
set up relationship among employees and managers as well as treatment which is
provided to workers on day to day basis in the Arcadia Group.
M4
The concept of organizational behaviour is based on two aspects which nature of people
and company. Therefore, company make efforts for improving the behaviour and performance of
individual which impact on team work within the company. This can help to increase the
productiveness and efficiency within the organization.

CONCLUSION
This report has summarized that company follow task culture for improving performance
of individual, team and firm. It can be concluded that teams are divided on the basis of work
such as virtual, functional and project team in relation to accomplish the goals of the
organization. It can be discussed that company utilize the Tuckman team development theory for
effective team work and accomplish objective of team within the organisation.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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employment: evidence from expectancy theory. International Entrepreneurship and
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Collins, A.M., Hislop, D. and Cartwright, S., 2016. Social support in the workplace between
teleworkers, office‐based colleagues and supervisors. New Technology, Work and
Employment. 31(2). pp.161-175.
Effelsberg, D. and Solga, M., 2015. Transformational leaders’ in-group versus out-group
orientation: Testing the link between leaders’ organizational identification, their
willingness to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior, and follower-perceived
transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. 126(4). pp.581-590.
Guillaume, Y.R. and et.al., 2017. Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What
moderates the effects of workplace diversity? Journal of Organizational Behavior. 38(2).
pp.276-303.
Johnson, J. and et.al., 2018. Part 1: Foundational Theories of Human Motivation.
Lăzăroiu, G., 2015. Employee motivation and job performance. Linguistic and Philosophical
Investigations, (14). pp.97-102.
Lee, J.M. and Hanna, S.D., 2015. Savings goals and saving behavior from a perspective of
Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 26(2).
Meyer, M., 2018. The evolution and challenges of the concept of organizational virtuousness in
positive organizational scholarship. Journal of Business Ethics. 153(1). pp.245-264.
Valsania, S.E., Moriano, J.A. and Molero, F., 2016. Authentic leadership and intrapreneurial
behavior: cross-level analysis of the mediator effect of organizational identification and
empowerment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 12(1). pp.131-
152.
Yahyagil, M.Y., 2015. Constructing a typology of culture in organizational
behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23(4). pp.506-527.
Online

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The Nine Belbin Team Roles. 2019. [Online]. Available through <
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