Organizational Behaviour Report: Motivation, Culture and Politics

This report delves into the realm of organizational behaviour, focusing on its application within Primark, a prominent UK-based company. The report explores the influence of culture, politics, and power dynamics on individual and team behaviour and performance, utilizing models like Handy's Culture Model and French & Raven's Theory of Power to analyze these aspects. It also examines motivation theories, including Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory and Reinforcement Theory, to understand how to effectively motivate employees. The report further investigates effective and ineffective team dynamics, providing insights into how to foster a positive and productive work environment. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive analysis of organizational behaviour principles and their practical implications within the context of Primark's operations.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance.......1
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................4
P2 Motivate individuals...............................................................................................................4
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................6
P3 Effective Team and Ineffective Team....................................................................................6
LO 4.................................................................................................................................................9
P4 Philosophies and Concepts of Organizational Behaviour......................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour is the study of individuals and group activities and
performances within a business. This helps organization to improve and make decisions for the
future and the better functioning for themselves. Organizational behaviour study is focused on
human behaviour in the working environment and understand their impact on job, performance,
communication, motivation, etc, within an organization. Primark is a United Kingdom base
company and they are selling quality products to customers which are at an affordable price.
Products which the company is dealing with are hosiery, underwear and nightwear, healthy and
beauty, women wear, men's wear, children wear and many more products.
The report discusses roles of individuals and team in organization, motivation of
employees to achieve goals and objectives and understand co-operate effectively with others
within the organization. The report will also have philosophies of organizational behaviour so
that there is better functioning of organization.
LO 1
P1 Culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance
Culture, politics and power play a very important role in the functioning of the
organization. Team and individuals have a great importance in businesses which will be
discussed in the further report.
Culture
Handy's Culture Model
 Task
It is very essential for distributing the work between all the employees equally so that the
task can be completed on time and the employees feel comfortable working since their will be
fairness in the environment of Primark (Soetarso and Budiastusti, 2019). All individuals have a
major role in making a team function therefore motivation is very important to make the task get
completed.
 Power
Decisions which are being taken in Primark are being done by few people and that is one
of the reasons why the employees in the organization feel demotivated because they do not have
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any say. It is very important to include everyone in the decision-making so that they feel
accepted and the best decisions can be taken.
 Role
There will be proper delegation of authorities within organization which is a very
important factor for organizations to run longer in market. There is a sense of clarity in
organization and the functioning and productivity of the organization gets better. Team will be
able to function better when there are roles which are distributed to everyone in Primark. This
can help in clear delegation of different duties that are required to be performed and accordingly
impacts the performance of employees as well.
 Person
Individuals feel like they are superior and unique in organization which is not going to
make the organization have a good team work for making a business reach their objectives and
goals (Wong and Wong, 2017). All individuals have a very important role in organization and
thinking superiors is not going to let the organization have an effective functioning for
themselves.
Power
Leaders have to have followers, or they must have followers who give them power over them.
This can help the organization to get a competitive advantage or spoil the image of the
organization if not used in the right ways. French & Raven Theory is the best model that can be
used in following manner in order to analyse different types of powers that can be exercised in
Primark organisation.
 Reward
Rewards are given to those who are helping Primark to achieve their objectives and goals
so that they can have a better functioning in organization and motivate the employees as well. It
is very important to have an effective workforce in business so that the mission and vision can be
achieved (Tam and Gray, 2016). Rewards will get competition in teams which will result to a
better working of all the teams and individuals in Primark. For example, both monetary and non-
monetary benefits or incentives are given to employees who are working hard thus motivating
them to work harder.
 Legitimate
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This power is in the hands of executives, CEO and owners of the company. The decisions
which are taken from time to time is being taken by them so that there is a better functioning for
them. There will be monitoring and controlling of employees so that the targets can be met
which will be a success for the company. For example, the CEO of the Primark automatically
gains power from the position that he holds rather than his interaction or performance. Such
power is legitimate power.
 Coercive
There have to be measures which needs to be taken if the employees are not matching up
to the standards of the company. Primark is very strict with this factor and they have the right to
fire the employees who are not giving their best in the organization. Fear will make all the
individuals and teams to work and put in their personal best in Primark. For example, forcing a
female worker to work till late just because the other employees are also working till late is a
coercive power and this cannot be exercised because ultimately it leads to employee
demotivation. However, implementing certain strict regulations is necessary as it helps in
controlling them.
 Expert
Skilled and experienced employees must be respected and share their personal experience
with everyone so that there is better functioning in organization (Giessner, 2016). This motivates
and makes employees have more knowledge to complete the task from time to time. For
instance, when a specialist of a particular field becomes a leader or manager of a team in
Primark, of individuals working in that particular field than the power that they exert is referred
to as expert power.
 Referent
People who are attitude, charming and looks have this power in organization and this can
affect the motivation of the other employees negatively. Conflicts and jealously factor can rise in
Primark and that will make productivity get affected on a large scale. The referent power cannot
be exerted but it can be generated within the employees where they automatically follow the
leader of their own will or accord.
Politics
To understand the roles and characteristics, Chantels's characteristics of politics is very
helpful. Due to politics in organizations there is a lot of demotivation and inefficiency in
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organizations. The political aspects help in developing a work culture or environment that is
motivating and encouraging for a company rather than engaging in negative political
environment.
Chantels's
 Individual Factors
Individuals in Primark organization get demotivated because of the politics which takes
place in business. There are a lot of objectives and goals which do not get completed from time
to time and that is a very important factor for the company to achieve (Safi, Azouri and Saliba,
2018). This gets a negative vibe in the organization and productivity in organization can get
slower. Individuals do not find motivation to continue working and that will make the
organization not be able to meet the demands of the customers. This can make the efficiency of
the organization reduce and this will make the organization have a bad image for themselves in
the market for a long run.
 Organizational Factors
Rewards and incentives for getting the work completed on time will be given to those
who do not deserve which will demotivate the employees who actually worked to complete the
task. Politics can actually spoil the entire company and that is not good for the company to have
a long vision in market. Employees who are interested in politics will not be interested in
working efficiently and they will have other ways to achieve their goals and those people are not
going to make the organization achieve their goals and objectives (Smith and et.al., 2017).
Primark is one of those companies in market which wants an efficient and hard-working team so
that they can achieve their mission and vision so that they can have a huge customer base.
LO 2
P2 Motivate individuals
Motivation means desires, needs, wants and drives which is present in individuals. To
achieve those needs and desires there has to be a stimulation in individuals so that the actions can
be accomplished. There will be easier functioning of organization if there is motivation which is
present in organization. There will be smoother functioning and the goals and objectives of
Primark will be achieved (Vihari and Rao, 2017). Motivation can lead to having efficiency in
employees so that there is development of business. In the further report with the help of theories
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of content and process theories there is better understanding how motivation can lead to the
company's functioning more efficient.
Content Theory
This theory explores the factors which are motivating the employees within an
organization to achieve satisfaction and desired needs. Understanding the peoples needs which
change from time to time is very important for Primark so that they can have a better workforce.
This theory can help the company not just understand the needs but also have measures taken for
motivating the employees (Saracho, 2019). To understand content theory better with Primark,
using Herzberg's two factor theory will be more beneficial for the company.
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
Two factor theory says that there are factors which are responsible for job satisfaction
and there are other factors which are responsible for dissatisfaction, all these factors acts
independently of one another (Ruck, 2017). The two factors theory helps the management and
the leaders to understand the employees better and give them what they need so that the
organization can have an effective functioning for them. The two factors are motivators and
hygiene factors which are discussed in the further report.
 Motivators
There has to be fairness in organization so that the deserving employee can get motivated
which is very important for the organization to increase their productivity level. The right skilled
and knowledgable employee must get the right kind of work so that they are interested and the
work can be done with perfection. There are promotions which the employees are receiving if the
work is done on time and there is an improvement in the organization. It is very important to
have a well maintained workforce and treatment of the employees in the organization because
they are backbone in business (Koenka, 2020). There has to be job satisfaction in employees
only then the work will be completed on time and will be able to fulfil the needs of the customers
from time to time.
 Hygiene Factors
The environment has to be maintained so that the functioning of the employees is good.
The internal factors of the organization can really influence the employees in the to give their
best within organization (Alqahtani, 2018). Employees will be able to give their personal best
when they have a clean surrounding to work in and if they are not given that then they will get
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demotivated and the employees will not be able to give their best. Wages and incentives have to
be fair to the employees and the kind of efforts they are putting in the organization.
Process Theory
Process theory is a systematic idea that explain how there are changes and development
so that there is an achievement in getting the objectives and goals. Process theories evaluate the
entire procedure that is implemented in order to enhance motivational levels and that leads to
exploration of the dependent and independent factors in the motivational factors that is used by
employees.
Reinforcement Theory
Reinforcement theory has been given by B. F. Skinner which states that there are
consequences of functioning of the people are doing. This theory is based on “Law of Effect”
which is that people tend to repeat their positive behaviour than their negative one (Scheffer and
Heckhausen, 2018). This is very useful for Primark because they can motivate the individuals
and team in organization easily by using this theory.
 Positive Reinforcement
There is a positive reaction which is being given by Primark to the employees who are
doing their work on time so that they tend to make that their habit which is going to be very
beneficial for the organization (Chinomona, 2016). When employees give their best then they are
either rewards or shown some kind of appreciation so that they tend to do it again. Other
employees can also get motivated by seeing this appreciation and they tend to try getting that
reward as well. This will make the organization get a better market capture for themselves and
have a larger customer base.
 Negative Reinforcement
There are a lot of factors which are being provided by Primark like training and giving
skills to employees so that they can match the standards of the company but if the employees are
still not matching then the company can fire the employees (Salas-Vallina, Alegre and
Fernandez, 2017). In order to not get fired there are a lot of employees who give their best in
organization so that they can match that standard and not have to face any negative
consequences. Both negative and positive reinforcement can be used for the benefit of the
employees and the company will be able to make a lot of profit.
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LO 3
P3 Effective Team and Ineffective Team
There are many factors exiting in the organizational behaviour which makes an effective
team and also an ineffective team. These all factors behind teams are explained below;
Effective Team
An effective team is always a great asset to the Primark, because with the help of an
effective it easily able to achieve their targets in decided time period. Top-level management of
the company takes many actions towards makes an effective team (Schatz, 2019). This type of
teams always give productive input within Primark’s daily operations. A good team leader puts
large efforts within its teamwork for make their team more and more effective. There are some
major factors which makes an effective team are mentioned below;
 Good Communication Skills: Good communication skills are highly needed within a
teamwork, because with the support of these skills all team members are easily able to
understand each other. Communication skills are very necessary to makes an effective
team (Maziriri, Mapuranga and Madinga, 2018). There are many errors raises within a
teamwork in daily operations. So with the help of these skills a team leader enable to
remove such errors from teamwork.
 Effective Leadership: A effective leadership is also a major factor which makes an
effective team (Saracho, 2019). An effective team leader always take many steps to
create a good work culture within teamwork. So, all member are able to effectively work
in that good work culture (Aderibigbe, Nwokolo and Oluwole, 2019). An effective leader
uses various leadership styles to systematically manage all things within team work.
That's why this type of leaderships is helpful in makes an effective team.
 Proper Knowledge: Proper knowledge is also very necessary within a teamwork,
because all team members are able to remove many conflicts with the help of this.
Specially a leader always need to take proper knowledge of all organizational aspects,
because it is the only person who lead a group of employees (Salleh and et.al., 2016).
With the support of knowledge all members enable to improve their performance in the
workplace.
Ineffective Team
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An ineffective is not able to achieve any target on decided time period, because leader
and all members mostly unfocused in this type of teams (Griep, Wingate and Brys, 2017).
Suppose members within a teamwork not trust each other and follow only own direction without
listening others. This type of situations promotes an ineffective teamwork. So, here is ineffective
team is not good for the all over growth of Primark (Johnson and et.al., 2018). There are many
factors main reason behind an ineffective team which mentioned below;
 Bad Relationship: In case, when relationship between team members is not good, then
this team not ever become an effective team. Bad relationship between leader and
members is also promotes an ineffective teamwork (Zhang, Jiang and Jin, 2020). In this
case, a team leader within Primark is responsible to build good relationship in the
teamwork.
 Lack of Cohesion: Without effective cohesion a team leader can't able to make their
team effective. Lack of cohesion is basically a situation where all team members not
come together for achieve common goals (Profili, Sammarra and Innocenti, 2017). So,
this factor is also makes an ineffective team (Peter and Chima, 2018). In this case, a team
leader within Primark need to build unity in the workplace to makes their team effective.
 Poor Time Management: In case, when a team not manage their time systematically,
then this situation build an ineffective teamwork (Cook and Artino, 2016). Proper time
management is highly needed in any teamwork to complete each task on time. Otherwise,
that team directly convert into ineffective team (Omole, Oladundoye and Oyetunji-
Alemede, 2019). Team leader of the company always need to prepare a specific work
schedule for proper time management.
These all are some major factors which makes an effective team and an ineffective team.
The top-level management of Primark is responsible to use various group and team development
theories within their business environment to makes each team effective. There is one of the
most popular team development theories called “Tuckman's Group Development Theory”
mentioned below;
Tuckman's Group Development Theory
Bruce Tuckman first introduced his group development theory in 1965. This theory
mainly includes four stages to team development 1. Forming, 2. Storming, 3. Norming, 4.
Performing (Tiwari, 2019). Currently many of the successful companies in world using this these
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stages within their operations for develop effective teamwork. The Primark is also able to take
huge advantages from these stages (Alqahtani, 2018). This all stages of group development are
described below;
1. Forming: This is the first stage of team development, in which team leader is responsible
to clarify all aspects of teamwork with their employees, like; Final target, goals,
objectives, rules & regulations, timeline, individual roles etc.
2. Storming: Many times a team leader can't able to take effective decisions on self-basis
(Gopalan and et.al., 2017). So, this stage says, the leader in primark is need to involve
their members in decision-making process to take effective decisions within teamwork.
3. Norming: During norming stage, each person is need to appreciate others within the
teamwork, because all members get motivate with the help of this action.
4. Performing: In this stage, all members become motivated, familiar and confident enough
with their teamwork (Shepard, Penuel and Pellegrino, 2018). So, now the team leader is
responsible to take effective work from their employees for improving performance of
the teamwork.
Implementation of this team development theory is too necessary daily operations of
Primark, because it is not a small firm (Isfahani and Rezaei, 2017). Currently many teams are
existing the company's work environment, in which it highly needs to make all teams too much
effective. So, Tuckman's group development theory is helpful to the company to makes an
effective teamwork.
LO 4
P4 Philosophies and Concepts of Organizational Behaviour
Organisational behaviour (OB) is mainly based on some fundamental philosophies and
concepts which helpful in analysis of people nature within an organization. There are different
type of employees work in the Primark which come from various background. In this case, all
employees has different mindset and mentality as well (Srivastava, 2017). So, with the support of
these concepts and philosophies the top-level management of Primark easily enable to
understand people behaviour within their workplace. Some major concepts and philosophies of
OB are mentioned below which highly influence people behaviour within workplace in both
terms positively and negatively.
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Individual differences: There are different type of employees work together in the company to
achieve common goals. All employees always has their own mindset, mentality and experience.
In this case, they see each situation within workplace on the basis of their experience (Joubert,
van Tonder and Grobler, 2018). So, this difference automatically influence their performance in
the company. Suppose an employee who have good skills is able to put high efforts in the
comparison of an employee who haven't good skills.
Perception: Perception level of people within the company is also not same all time. Each
person sees situations in the Primark on the basis of personal experience. Employees work
efficiency is totally depends on of their life objectives. Suppose an employee want high growth
in their personal life (de Vasconcelos, Gouveia and Kimble, 2016). In this case, it'll put lots of
efforts in their workplace to get promotion or high growth. So, perception also influence people
in the company.
Motivated Behaviour: Motivation factor is too necessary for all over growth of the company.
There are employees always choose different sources to get motivated at Primark. For example;
in Primark employees are motivated to choose idol, read motivational books, follow some
personalities (Koenka, 2020). There are motivation is divided into two parts good motivation and
bad motivation, in which is any employee have good motivation then it is favourable for the
company. In other side, if any employee have bad motivation, then it is not favourable for the
company. This concept of OB influence people in increasing or decreasing performance in the
workplace.
Human Dignity: Every person in the company want dignity at their workplace. So, it always try
to work hard to gain high dignity. There is the management responsible to appreciate their
employees at workplace, because if it does this then all employees feel valued by management.
They feel dignity in their daily life (Mansouri, Singh and Khan, 2018). Then they try to put large
efforts at workplace which is too good to the Primark. There is human dignity positively
influence people behaviour within the organization.
Social System: The Primark is social system also where different people come together to
achieve common goals. The management is always responsible to create a good work culture for
all employees where they able to socially connect with each other (Martins, 2016). A good social
system within the company always influence employees to improve present skills. In other side,
an ineffective social culture influence employee to not improve skills.
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