MGT 616: Organizational Change & Development - Lewin's Theory Analysis

This MGT 616 assignment provides a detailed analysis of three journal articles (Buonocore, Sutherland, and Burnes) that offer different perspectives on Lewin's Change Management Theory. The assignment includes a worksheet designed to catalogue understanding of the research, focusing on comparing and differentiating the components shaping each author's view on the utility of Lewin's theory. It breaks down each article, identifying the purpose, subject, thesis statement, supporting points, and the social, historical, and personal contexts within the articles. The aim is to enhance analytical skills and promote a deeper understanding of organizational change and development in management systems. Desklib provides this solved assignment as a resource for students.

DIRECTIONS ON USING THE WORKSHEET
The Worksheet is designed for learners to use as a running journal cataloguing their
understanding of the research. A separate workbook is used to catalogue understanding of the
textbook to be used as an additional resource for the final project. Each Section contains
reflection questions related to the assigned reading, which the learner must complete.
The course annotated bibliography assignments may be found after Units 2, 4, and 6 (in this
Worksheet). Further, the completed Worksheet is due during the final week of the course.
Revising Your Work
Please revise your writing as you complete the Worksheet. You should:
● Ensure your writing remains concise.
● Make sure that what you said is worth saying, what you wanted to say, and whether a
reader will understand what you are saying.
● Ask yourself whether your writing is relevant to the prompt or question.
Make sure you create the best Worksheet possible, ensure its readability, and transform it into a
tool for future classes and examinations.
Note: In some instances the articles may no longer be available. In that case, locate an article in
the LIRN that appears to address a similar topic and substitute that article. Make a note in your
paper to your instructor to let them know which article you changed.
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Final Project Worksheet:
Organizational Change and
Development
in Management Systems
MGT
616

Important Due Dates and the Purpose of the Assignment
This assignment requires two separate submissions:
End of Week 6. Submit the Final Project Worksheet.
End of Week 6. Submit the completed essay with annotated references.
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze three journal articles every two weeks so as to
address the writing prompt. Further, you will gain experience in breaking apart journal articles
into their components, uncovering the nature of discourse oft encountered in articles, and
figuring how both shape the development of the topic covered by the articles. It is critical to
remain mindful that you will analyze three articles participating in a much larger academic
conversation!
The Analysis Guide
Your goal as an analytical essay writer is to break down the selected journal articles into
components useful for addressing the writing prompt. The guiding principle for this assignment
is to adhere to the prompt. You will be assessed on how well you communicate an analysis of
the articles to a receptive audience wanting to understand how the components connect and
address the writing prompt.
Remember that only essays adhering to the prompt may obtain high marks.
Prepare Yourself as a Writer
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As an aspiring analyst, you should engage a process allowing you to complete the Analysis
Worksheet while preparing to draft the analytical essay. Thus, before dashing into the
assignment, you should:
● Break down the writing prompt into a checklist of goals necessary for successfully
completing the assignment.
● Find your weak spot. (A little more on this later!)
● Review, process, and submit the Analysis Worksheet on time as to obtain feedback.
● Brainstorm and outline the analytical essay using the feedback from the graded
Analysis Worksheet and your reading notes.
● Draft and revise the analytical essay before submitting it.
Remember, planning is a key to success. Make sure to have a schedule and do your best to stick
with it!
Find Your Weak Spots
Jung once commented, “Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life, and
you will call it fate.” His words ring true aspiring writer unaware of and guided by their
weaknesses. Thus, it is important to uncover your weak spots and transform them into strengths
benefiting your writing.
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Transforming weakness into strength is an introspective effort requiring honesty while reading
an article. For example, if you find yourself:
● ...encountering terms and phrases you do not know, then it would be smart to look
them up.
● ...unable able to articulate the purpose of an article after reading it, then it would be a
good idea to Tackle the Analysis. (More on this in a moment.)
● ...struggling to recall noteworthy ideas appearing within the article, then it would be
handy to make margin notes, reading notes, and highlights of key concepts and terms.
● ...unable to formulate inferences after reading, then ask whether you read carefully
enough!
The most significant action leading to the transformation of weakness to strength is being honest
with yourself when facing a challenge. Being honest with yourself may result in a feeling of
being overwhelmed. However, that is a good sign because you are acknowledging weaknesses
and working on transforming them into knowledge supporting your role as a successful analyst.
Take a few moments and scan one of the articles as to find your weak spots. Then, immediately
afterward, work on resolving them into useful knowledge!
Tackle the Analysis
The analysis is simply not a set of steps to follow—it is an experience in which you will develop
a strategy suited for writing analytical essays. If you are new to analysis, then you should start
by Working the Prompt:
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● Invest 5-10 minutes into carefully reading the prompt. Make sure you can articulate
the goals required to address the prompt. If you have questions, be sure to ask for
help!
● Highlight essential terms and elements appearing within the prompt. It is important
to identify and understand the essence of the prompt and what it offers your analysis
efforts. Essential elements often include things such as: (a) titles; (b) publication
dates; (c) disciplines; and (d) the intentions of prompt.
The above activities should help you grasp the goals of your analytical essay. Now it is time to
sit down and work through the following activities for each article:
● Read the abstract and highlight the: (a) purpose; (b) method; and (c) findings of the
study.
● Scan the article as to get a gist of the study and skip what you do not immediately
understand.
● Reread the article and use margin notes and highlights to help you mark important
information. Make sure you understand the elements you ignored while scanning the
article.
● Confirm that the highlights and margin notes help you see the content, utility, and
value of the article.
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● Cluster highlighted segments and margins into groups sharing a common theme or
idea. For example, if you have a subset of margin notes all sharing a theme such as
the struggles faced by entrepreneurs in deregulated markets, then you may wish to
lump them into a single theme.
● Draw a picture relating themes, highlighted elements, and margin notes as to show
potential relationships.
Highlights and margin notes are important because they serve as reminders and help organize
your reading notes into themes. In turn, the themes may help organize your analytical essay and
crystallize your understanding of the articles.
UNITS ONE AND TWO ASSIGNMENT
The assignment is to respond to the questions regarding three selected peer-reviewed journal
articles.
The Writing Prompt
Buonocore (2004), Sutherland (2013), and Burnes (2004) offered diverging insights into the
nature and utilization of Lewin’s Change Management Theory. Although Buonocore,
Sutherland, and Burnes subscribe to the utility of Lewin’s theory for promoting organizational
change, each express support and concerns regarding Lewin’s theory. Your goal is to analyze,
differentiate, and compare the components (or themes) shaping Buonocore’s, Sutherland’s, and
Burnes’ perspectives regarding the utility of Lewin’s theory.
The articles are:
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● Buonocore, D. (2004). Leadership in action: Creating a Change in Practice. AACN
Clinical Issues, 15(2), 170-181. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/qdX97I
● Sutherland, K. (2013). Applying Lewin’s Change Management Theory to the
Implementation of Bar-Coded Medication Administration. Retrieved from
https://goo.gl/rlpNSp
● Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal.
Retrieved from https://goo.gl/LEqULt
Important Due Dates and the Purpose of the Assignment
DUE DATE: This entire Worksheet is due in Unit 6. You will use the research you conduct
to complete the Final Project that is also due in Unit 6.
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze three journal articles. You will gain experience in
breaking apart journal articles into their components, uncovering the nature of discourse oft
encountered in articles, and figuring how both shape the development of the topic covered by the
articles. It is critical to remain mindful that you will analyze three articles participating in a
much larger academic conversation!
First Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Buonocore, D. (2004). Leadership in action: Creating a Change in Practice. AACN Clinical
Issues, 15(2), 170-181.
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Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the article is to discuss about the changes in clinic. As the research about health
and care expanding more and more new therapies and clinical caring are coming up. Advanced
Practice Nurse with advanced technology and knowledge plays an important rule for the
development of clinical procedures. In this article the barriers that are coming up with the
changes are also discussed. The author also discussed about diagnosis of those barriers.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
As science and technology advances it also giving new shapes to the health care system in
every day. The Advance Practice Nurse taking the advantages of changes that is being brought
by deep research and experiment. Here the author demonstrates about the changes that
constantly going on in health care system and also mentioned the barriers that come into scene
like new changes in medical systems allows the families of a patient to enter into the ICU but
many hospital aren't ready to embrace the change. The also describes how to tackle such
barriers.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
GETTING UPDATED WITH THE CHANGES AND GETTING OVER THE BARRIERS IN
CLINICAL SYSTEM
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Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
● The change in clinical system : Since researchers are finding the more relevant ways to
tackle the health problems it is almost trend that every health care unit keep them
updated with recent discoveries. This advanced research also give good outcome to the
patient and its also more reliable. Advance Practice Nurse with advanced knowledge
makes things easier for medical care system, there can be a leader in APNs who leads
others to keep up the latest change for better health of a patient.
● Barriers that come on the way of change : Adopting the changes in clinic may change
the scenario with its updated researches and findings. But there are lots of barrier which
must be tackled in order to get complete benefits of changes in Practice. such as nurses
aren't ready to accept the changes such as they don't understand or don't believe the
researches and sometimes they aren't even allowed to go through the research and even
cultural differences among doctors, nurses.
● Diagnosis of the problems: In order to diagnose the problem all the data of each patient
should be surveyed and studied throughly. The extent of the prblems should be
measured and necessary step should be taken. if any changes makes the clinical system
better then nurse and doctors should adopt that system.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
whatever the changes in Practice are mentioned by the author its for social good. Advanced
research and development of clinical system are for the any patient's good health. Updated
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medical system and Advanced Practice Nurse can easily adopt the change and health care
facilities will be improved automatically. Also there are some barriers while adopting the
changes like some hospitals don't embrace the allowance of families of patients into ICU and
also nurses don't digest the changes since they don't know anything about changes in research,
they don't trust the research and sometimes they aren't allowed to know about the researches.
there are also cultural differences among workers in clinics which led them not to stick to one
point. The author suggest some process to diagnose such problems like surveying and
collecting data and making everyone the benefits of change in Practice.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The researcher is talking in general for the adoption of changes in Practice in clinics. The
author wants the clinics to take the best changes for the betterment of patients health. Since
there are some barriers while adopting this changes in practice. The author suggests unbiased
steps to tackle these problems.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The researcher developed the article based on the recent changes in clinical change. The author
wrote the articles for the development of human health. The author wrote about Advanced
Practice Nurse (APN)’s devotion to the development of clinical system. The problems that
comes along with this changes, there are some diagnosis procedure discovered by the author.
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Writing Activity. An annotated reference is the composition of a reference followed by
approximately 100-250 words describing the reference. The purpose of the annotation is to serve
as a reminder of the content, nature, and utility of an article.
Here is an example annotated reference
Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, F. K. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family
orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from
the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their
hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and
expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their
hypothesis strongly supported in young females while the effects were fewer in studies of
young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an
earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role
attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the article:
Second Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
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Sutherland, K. (2013). Applying Lewin’s Change Management Theory to the Implementation
of Bar-Coded Medication Administration. Canadian Journal Of Nursing Informatics, 8(1&2).
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose for the article is to transform the practices inside the environment which produces
fear or anxiety of let down or disappointment in nurses. This creates hindrance change practice.
Medication errors lead to disturbing consequences for patients as well as nurses. The purpose
of the article is to implement bar code medication technology with the help of Lewin’s change
Management theory.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the article will discuss the problems faced by nurses with the rapid change in
medication technology, computer aided devices, and healthcare atmosphere. In this article,
medication error is focused and use of bar code medication technology to reduce medication
error. Kurt Lewin change management theory helps to reduce barrier developed because of
technological changes.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
Implementation of Bar code medication technology with the help of Lewin’s Change
Management Theory
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Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 With the prompt change in medication technology, healthcare environment, and
computer aided medication services create hindrance among nurses as well as patients
to adopt changes which lead to medication errors. The changes result in fear or anxiety
of failure among nurses leads to disturbing and negative consequences.
 The article theme helps to understand and identify the barriers occurred due to change
in medication technology as well as assist to remove or reduce those barriers with the
help of Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Theory. The change in medication
technology can save time for nurses and improves the patient care.
 The notion of the article is to implement Bar code medication technology which helps
to identify patient medication records. It verifies the latest prescribed medication of
patient which helps to reduce medication error. Safe Medication and Patient safety are
the utmost aspect of the article.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The article main purpose is to reduce medication error in large psychiatric facility. There is a
social cause reflects from the article to help patients as well as nurses how to adopt changes.
The medication error history and background help to identify the need and importance of
medication technology changes. The researcher uses the Kurt Lewin’s Change Management
theory to understand barriers occurred because of change at large psychiatric facility basically
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for the frontline nurses who spent more time with patients to give prompt medication facilities
without any error. The author gives emphasis on the change management with the help of three
stages unfreezing stage, moving stage and refreezing stage.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The researcher is communicating of significant problem about nurses’ resistance in adopting
medication technological changes because of fear of failure. The author discuss about the
barriers and how these barriers can be removed with the help of Lewin Change Management
theory. The author has given emphasis on bar code technology to reduce medication error at
psychiatric facility.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The researcher wrote about the severity about the medication errors and how these medications
errors leads to death or serious medical problem which sometimes even get unreported. The
author converse about the ranges of medication errors. Further, Researcher wrote about the
importance of bar coding in medication and application of Lewin change management theory.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
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Sutherland, K. (2013). Applying Lewin’s Change Management Theory to the Implementation
of Bar-Coded Medication Administration. Canadian Journal Of Nursing Informatics, 8(1&2).
The researcher used the medication safety term given by the Institute for Safe Medication
Practices Canada and basically secondary data from relevant sources of medication has been
taken to signify the need of bar code medication technology at large psychiatric facility.
Medication error has been defined with the help of The National Coordinating Council for
Medication Error Reporting and Prevention and economic impact of medication error has also
been identified. Further, based on the secondary data sources, researcher give emphasis on the
change management at large psychiatric facility for front line nurses and patients. The author
try to apply Lewin’s change management theory in removing barriers occurred due to
implementation of bar code medication technology.
Third Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal. Journal
Of Management Studies, 41(6), 977-1002.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of this article to reappraise the Kurt Lewin change management theory. Basically
researcher critically validate the 3 step based model and reevaluate the Lewin works. The
author provide the planned approach of change management in relevance to group dynamics,
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field theory, 3 based model and action research.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of this article is to reevaluate a Kurt Lewin’s change management theory. The
article topic is based on Lewin 3 step based model. The author try to validate the 3 step based
model and provide planned approach of change. The author try to prove that Lewin change
management theory is still appropriate to modern organization and world.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
Re- evaluation of Lewin’s Change Management Theory in modern day context.
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 Kurt Lewin’s change management theory cannot be neglected according to modern day.
The structure and level are rapidly changes in organization which could result in social
conflicts among employees. Lewin change management theory can be used to resolve
such conflicts.
 The author try to provide that Lewin background reflects in his work for action
research, field theory, 3 steps based model and group dynamics. Changes in Lewin
time, facilitate his work but it is still revelant for small organizations.
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 The author tries to summarize the Lewin contribution for change management and to
resolve conflicts. The author has critically validates planned approach for change and
provide newer perspective of changes with criticism and responses.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author uses the historical context to reappraise the Kurt Lewin’s change management
theory. In the article author used the social context to justify the Lewin’s contribution and
apply criticism with other eminent researcher. The author tries to describe the different
perspective of organization changes such as group dynamics, social conflict, and action
research etc. The author uses the Lewin’s background to provide criticism and responses.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The author uses the personal tone to reappraise the Kurt Lewin’s change management theory.
The author critically reevaluate the 3 step based model for change provided by Kurt. The
author described the Lewin’s work, background and 3 steps based model as well as summarize
the Lewin’s work according to modern day context.
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Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
In first part of the article, author discussed about the Kurt Lewin’s change management theory.
The author tries to explain the background of the Kurt’s theory in resolving social conflict.
Further author discussed about the subsections of the planned approach and changes in the
ground of the organization changes. Later summarizes the article with the relevancy of Lewin’s
change management theory.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal. Journal
Of Management Studies, 41(6), 977-1002.
From the article, it is observed that the researcher used the secondary data from the relevant
journals and articles. In the research journal, researcher try to provide the evidences that
lewin’s work for change management was developed from Lewin’s background. The
researcher effort to establish link between Lewin contribution and development of organization
changes. The author examine the 3 step based model for change unfreezing, moving stage and
refreezing stage. With the help of summary Lewin and Change based on secondary data, author
gave new perspectives of changes that organization is changing and how Lewin theory is still
helpful to understand the changes and help to resolve conflicts.
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UNITS THREE AND FOUR ASSIGNMENT
The assignment is to analyze three selected peer-reviewed journal articles.
The Analysis Prompt
Dobbs (1996), Taylor and Pierce (1999) and Bommer et al. (2005) provided broad perspectives
regarding mechanisms influencing attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs within an organization.
Further, when taken in unison, the three articles also offer insight into the operationalization
and analysis of attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs operating within an organization. Your goal is
to analyze, differentiate, and compare the components (or themes) shaping the three articles as
to gain an appreciation of a few dimensions of behavioral changes within an organization.
The articles are:
● Dobbs, M. (1996). Managing diversity: lessons from the private sector. Retrieved from
https://goo.gl/rypNQt
● Taylor, P., & Pierce, J. (1999) Effects of Introducing A Performance Management
System on Employees' Subsequent Attitudes and Effort. Retrieved from
https://goo.gl/DDXiQE
● Feng, C., Huang, X., & Zhang, L. (2016). A multilevel study of transformational
leadership, dual organizational change and innovative behavior in groups. Journal of
Organizational Change Management, 29(6), 855-877. Retrieved from Proquest. OR you
may choose
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● Hechanova, R. M., & Cementina-olpoc, R. (2013). Transformational leadership, change
management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business
organizations. The Asia - Pacific Education Researcher, 22(1), 11-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40299-012-0019-z
First Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Dobbs, M. (1996). Managing Diversity: Lessons from the Private Sector. Personnel
Administration, 25(3), 351-367.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the article is to assess the diversity managed by private sector employees. The
article also compares the diversity managed by the public sector employees. The author
provides inferences for public personnel managers.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the article is focused on US workforce. From the article gender, age and
ethnicity of the US workforce is considered for managing diversity in the private organizations.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
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Diversity is essential to manage workforce.
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The organization cannot neglect the importance of diverse workforce. The diverse
workforce brings new ideas, concepts and thoughts which is helpful for organization to
stand in fierce competition.
 The strategies employed by various organizations to manage workforce diversity can be
different but it is essential to use the full potential of employees. The US workforce data
helpful to understand the diversity in organization.
 There are numerous challenges present both in private and public organizations. Three
elements are given importance to manage diversity such as education, exposure, and
enforcement.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author used the historical data to reflect the problem faced by organizations to manage
diversity. The researcher provides the research article for personal development of organization
in making strategies of recruitment, selection, and development to management diversity. The
article helps organizations to know the causes of personal prejudices among managers while
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interacting with individuals. To gain competitive advantage, organization need new and
dynamic workforce, thus article uses the first hand data for implementation of diversity in
private sector.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The author is examining the diversity in some private sector organizations and comparing it
with public sector enterprises to find the effective ways for private sector to manage new
workforce and avail the benefits of diverse work force.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The researcher discuss about the problems faced by the private organizations in managing
diversity. Then author present the US workforce data to support research work. Later compare
the workforce diversity with public sector and provide solution to manage diversity.
Writing Activity. An annotated reference is the composition of a reference followed by
approximately 100-250 words describing the reference. The purpose of the annotation is to serve
as a reminder of the content, nature, and utility of an article.
Here is an example annotated reference
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Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, F. K. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family
orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from
the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their
hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and
expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their
hypothesis strongly supported in young females while the effects were fewer in studies of
young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an
earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role
attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the article:
Dobbs, M. (1996). Managing Diversity: Lessons from the Private Sector. Personnel
Administration, 25(3), 351-367.
From the research article it was observed that the author used the first hand data to carry out the
research work. The researcher takes the samples from private organization which is managers
of the Gannett Company, Corning Glass Works and the Xerox Corporation and compared the
samples with public organization of San Diego. The viewpoints, perceptions, programs, and
strategies are evaluated and recommendations are provided to manage workforce diversity.
Further the author also uses the secondary data sources of US workforce to support research
work. The author had investigated the diversity to find the effective ways for private sector to
manage new workforce and avail the benefits of diverse work force.
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Second Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Taylor, P., & Pierce, J. (1999). Effects of Introducing a Performance Management System on
Employees' Subsequent Attitudes and Effort. Public Personnel Management, 28(3), 423-452.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the article is to deliver the outcomes of the introduction of performance
management system in the organizations. The article had discussed the performance
management system with the help of merit based bonus pay in improving employees’
performance.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The article is based on longitudinal study over a period of time to know the effects of the
performance management system based on merit based bonus pay. The changes in employee
assurance in their work performance were evaluated and performance rating discrepancies were
reported.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
A Critical Evaluation of Performance Management System.
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Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The performance management system cannot be solely system to evaluate the employee
performance and commitment. The employees give preference to pay which help to
enhance its work performance.
 The performance planning cannot be goal to enhance employee performance. Other
attributes like attitude, conflict, pay, manager perception, work style also matters.
 The employees may even get highest performance rating, but they are not satisfied with
their work and do not rely on performance rating. They found discrepancies on
performance rating were based by immediate supervisor or manager.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author uses the personal context of organization to reflect the effect of performance
management system. The longitudinal study of the introduction of performance management
system is not well perceived by the employees. The employees in the research study believe to
get high performance rating and found external attributes are responsible for less performance
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rating. The research help to compare and analyses performance planning and goal setting stage
of performance rating.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The author tries to explore the reasons of employees blaming of receiving less performance
rating by the supervisors. The longitudinal study was conducted by the researcher to know the
effects of performance management system and try to link merit based bonus pay with
employee performance.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The researcher effort to discuss about the problems faced to rate the performance of employees.
Then Author conducts a longitudinal study among employees of some organizations to know
the effect of performance management system. Further provide analyses the effects of
performance rating with self-report effort and low performance rating.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
Taylor, P., & Pierce, J. (1999). Effects of Introducing a Performance Management System on
Employees' Subsequent Attitudes and Effort. Public Personnel Management, 28(3), 423-452.
26

From the article, the researcher had discussed the performance management system with the
help of merit based bonus pay in improving employees’ performance. The performance
management system cannot be solely responsible to encourage employees to upgrade their
work performance. The researcher provides evidences about employee attitude and perception
about performance management system. The research work was supported by first hand data
from employees and secondary data from relevant sources to explore the reasons of employees
blaming of receiving less performance rating by the supervisors. The longitudinal study was
conducted by the researcher to know the effects of performance management system and try to
gain employees’ perception about performance management system.
Third Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Hechanova, R., & Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2012). Transformational Leadership, Change
Management, and Commitment to Change: A Comparison of Academic and Business
Organizations. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(1), 11-19.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the study is to assess the variances in commitment and transformational
leadership in the past five years of the business organizations and academic institutions who
undergone the organization transformation. The research article helps to evaluate the
differences between academic and business organization leadership influence and employee
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commitment.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the research journal is to examine the differences between business
organizations and academics that have undergone transformation in organization in the past
five years. The researcher tries to gather relevant responses of the employees from academics
as well as business organizations of influence of leader in organization transformation.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
Organization Transformation A Big Commitment For Change In Academics And Business
Organizations.
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The influence of the leader cannot be neglected in academics as well as business
organizations. The Employee commitment is also essential to consider transformation
in organization. The transformation is necessary to gain success and increase employee
performance.
 The difference in transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to
change was based on both employees and managers of academics and business
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organizations.
 The leaders in academics and business have their different perspectives according to the
need of the organization where shared vision, commitment and encouragement were
given importance.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author conducted a survey of 305 employees from 8 higher education institutions and 267
employees from 8 business organizations. Data gathered from employees were used to compare
transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change. The researcher
efforts to support the research work with changes occurred in the past 5 years. The greater
leadership influence is found in academics where employees are also pledging to change.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The researcher uses a firsthand data to support the research work with the help of secondary
sources. The author gives emphasis on different perspectives according to the need of the
organization where shared vision, commitment and encouragement were given importance.
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Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The author focused on the importance of the transformational leadership, change management,
and commitment to change both on employees and managers of academics and business
organizations. Then gather data and analyses with comparison to provide differences and
recommendations.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
Hechanova, R., & Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2012). Transformational Leadership, Change
Management, and Commitment to Change: A Comparison of Academic and Business
Organizations. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(1), 11-19.
For the research, the author conducted a survey of 305 employees from 8 higher education
institutions and 267 employees from 8 business organizations. Data gathered from employees
were used to compare transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to
change. The researcher efforts to support the research work with changes occurred in the past 5
years. The influence of the leader cannot be neglected in academics as well as business
organizations. The Employee commitment is also essential to consider transformation in
organization. The transformation is necessary to gain success and increase employee
performance. The leaders in academics and business have their different perspectives according
to the need of the organization where shared vision, commitment and encouragement were
30

given importance.
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UNITS FIVE AND SIX ASSIGNMENT
As with weeks prior, scroll below the instructions for the three articles and the analysis prompt.
FINAL PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
The Final Project is to create a 12-14 page analysis as follows:
The final research paper should be 12 – 14 pages long; (a) cover page; (b) 8 pages of evidence,
discussion, and argument; (c) 1 – 2 pages of references; and (d) 2-3 pages containing three
annotated bibliographies..
• Use 1 web source (news article, white paper, or company publication) that gives evidence
to the focus of your paper.
• Incorporate the 3 peer-reviewed articles used for the annotated bibliographies into the
paper.
• Include a summary of key points.
The assignment is to create a 12-14 page analysis utilizing the three selected peer-reviewed
journal articles in the writing prompt. You should strive to produce an analytical essay
addressing the writing prompt.
For example: What is the research question for analysis?
Three perspectives on practices to achieve organizational sustainability.
The Writing Prompt
Bauer et al. (2012), Closs et al. (2011), and Linnenluecke and Griffiths (2009) presented
different aspects of organizational sustainability. No matter the presented aspect, we must
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accept the fact that sustainability is an innately complex goal leading to competitiveness. Your
goal is to analyze, differentiate, and compare the components (or themes) shaping the three
articles as to gain an appreciation of sustainability.
The articles are:
● Langwell, C. (2013). Using human resource activities to implement sustainability in
small and medium-sized organizations (Order No. 3563427). Available from
ABI/INFORM Collection. (1399596528). Retrieved from Proquest.
● Closs, D., Speier, C., & Meacham, N. (2011). Sustainability to support end-to-end value
chains: the role of supply chain management. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/aUzhsY
● Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R., & Yuthas, K. (2010). Implementing sustainability: THE
ROLE OF LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. Strategic Finance,
91(10), 41-47. Retrieved from Proquest.
First Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Langwell, C. (2013). Using human resource activities to implement sustainability in
SMEs. Journal Of Small Business And Enterprise Development, 23(3), 652-670.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
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The purpose of the study is to assess how human resource activities are implementing in small-
and medium-sized organizations. The article will examine the sustainability of small- and
medium-sized organizations in Iowa, USA with effective human resources activities.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the research is based on sustainability of small- and medium-sized organizations
in Iowa, USA with effective human resources activities with human resources activities such as
recruitment, employees engagement, communication and retention.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
Sustainability Of Small- And Medium-Sized Organizations With Effective Human Resources
Activities
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The sustainability of small and medium sized organizations can be achieved with the
help of human resource activities where every aspect of human resource activities is
given importance.
 Employee Recruitment, Employee Engagement, Employee Retention, Training and
Development as well as Interpersonal Relations and communication are some of
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activities which organizations considered and practiced to build effective workforce
which help to construct sustainable small and medium sized organizations.
 The managers’ viewpoint and employee commitment to work for the organization in a
basis for strong sustainable enterprise. The normal everyday activities by strong
workforce help to enhance viability of organization.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author uses the small and medium sized organizations data in Lowa, USA to examine the
sustainable programs practiced by organizations. The author considers the every aspect of the
human resource activities for sustainable small and medium sized organizations.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The author supports the research work by gathering firsthand data from the small and medium
sized organizations data in Lowa, USA. The author gathered data from semi structured
question to obtain data. The researcher try to give evidence that some organization had
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implemented the sustainable programs and some are still reluctant to implement it.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The researcher identify the problem and then gather qualitative data from the small and
medium sized organizations data in Lowa, USA to examine the practices carry out sustainable
programs. The researcher analyses the data that how organizations are implementing
sustainable programs with normal human resource activities.
Writing Activity. An annotated reference is the composition of a reference followed by
approximately 100-250 words describing the reference. The purpose of the annotation is to serve
as a reminder of the content, nature, and utility of an article.
Here is an example annotated reference
Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, F. K. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family
orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from
the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their
hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and
expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their
hypothesis strongly supported in young females while the effects were fewer in studies of
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young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an
earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role
attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the article:
Langwell, C. (2013). Using human resource activities to implement sustainability in
SMEs. Journal Of Small Business And Enterprise Development, 23(3), 652-670.
From the article for assess how human resource activities are implementing in small- and
medium-sized organizations, the researcher gathered the data from the small and medium sized
organizations data in Lowa, USA. The semi structured questionnaire is used to gather
information. The managers’ viewpoint and employee commitment to work for the organization
in a basis for strong sustainable enterprise. The normal everyday activities by strong workforce
help to enhance viability of organization. The author considers the every aspect of the human
resource activities for sustainable small and medium sized organizations. The obtained data
from the organizations help to evaluate the sustainable programs with normal human resource
activities.
Second Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
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Closs, D., Speier, C., & Meacham, N. (2010). Sustainability to support end-to-end value chains: the role
of supply chain management. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 39(1), 101-116.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the study is to use the end to end values chains in creating effective supply
chain. The sustainability of the organizations can be achieved by end to end value chains.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the study is focused on sustainability issues which is very necessary for any
organizations. The end to end value chains from procurement to final product to delivery to
customers need effective supply chain.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
end to end value chains for sustainability
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The perspectives of the value chain help to build effective sustainable business. The
customer point of view cannot be ignored.
 Business, supply chain, operations and environmental concerns are important for
sustainability issues for any organization.
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 Use the end to end values chains in creating effective supply chain. The sustainability
of the organizations can be achieved by end to end value chains.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author uses the personal context of various organizations to reflect and support the
sustainable issues of any organizations to gain sustainability. End to end value chains are given
importance. Further author uses the social context to develop the solutions to gain
sustainability. The author focused on environmental concerns in developing supply chain
network.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The tone of author is supportive for the End to end value chains are given importance. Further
author uses the social context to develop the solutions to gain sustainability. The author
focused on environmental concerns in developing supply chain network.
Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The research Business, supply chain, operations and environmental concerns are important for
sustainability issues for any organization. Use the end to end values chains in creating effective
supply chain. The sustainability of the organizations can be achieved by end to end value
39

chains.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
Closs, D., Speier, C., & Meacham, N. (2010). Sustainability to support end-to-end value chains: the role
of supply chain management. Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 39(1), 101-116.
From the article, the researcher identifies Business, supply chain, operations and environmental
concerns are important for sustainability issues for any organization. Use the end to end values
chains in creating effective supply chain. The sustainability of the organizations can be
achieved by end to end value chains. The author uses the personal context of various
organizations to reflect and support the sustainable issues of any organizations to gain
sustainability. End to end value chains are given importance. Further author uses the social
context to develop the solutions to gain sustainability. The author focused on environmental
concerns in developing supply chain network.
Third Article
Question 1. What is the APA formatted reference for the article?
Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R., & Yuthas, K. (2010). Implementing sustainability: THE ROLE
OF LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. Strategic Finance, 91(10), 41-47.
Question 2. What is the purpose of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The purpose of the study is to identify the role of organizational culture and leadership for the
implementation of sustainability in the organization. The research helps to assist in analyzing
40

the importance of environmental and social responsibility in implementing corporate
responsibility.
Question 3. What is the subject, or topic, of the article? Use less than 50 words for your answer.
The subject of the article is focused on the challenges to really assimilate viability with capital
investment decision making and operational activities in various organizations whether small, large,
and nonprofit organizations. The management role in essential in implementing sustainable growth.
Question 4. Using one sentence, create a thesis statement for the article.
Leadership And Organization Culture Commitment For The Implementation Of Sustainability.
Question 5. Find three points made within the article supporting the thesis statement. Use less
than 50 words per point.
 The leadership style of an organization affects the sustainable growth where leaders’
viewpoints and employees’ responses are given importance. The decisions made by
executives’ influence the organization growth.
 Social accountability, environmental responsibility, and individual point of views are
considered to adopt sustainable growth. The culture of an organization reflects the true
working style and employees’ attitude.
 The external, internal context, business context, and human as well as financial
resources in accordance with leadership develop the sustainable strategies which help
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any organization to get the desired long term growth.
Question 6. What are the social, historical, and personal contexts appearing in the article? Use
less than 100 words for your answer.
The author uses the social context to reflect the sustainable performance from the
organizations. The personal viewpoints of managers, employees, and stakeholders are
important to integrate sustainability in organizations. The researcher try to use actual data of
the top most companies to define the performance measurement systems in evaluating social,
environmental, and financial resources in implementing sustainability in organizations.
Question 7. What is the tone taken by the researcher while discussion the topic? Use less than
50 words for your answer.
The researcher try to use genuine statistics of the top most companies to describe the
performance measurement systems in evaluating social, environmental, and financial resources
in implementing sustainability in organizations. Further provide role of leadership and
organization culture in the implementation of soft and hard sustainability practices by the
different organizations.
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Question 8. How did the researcher develop the article’s flow? Use less than 50 words for your
answer.
The author first discuss about the corporate sustainability model while provide solutions for
managing social, environmental and financial resources. Then discuss about the role of
leadership and organizational culture for implementing sustainability. Further article gives
solution for soft and hard sustainability practices with win-win approach.
Writing Activity. Using the responses for Questions 1-8, provide an annotated reference for the
article:
Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R., & Yuthas, K. (2010). Implementing sustainability: THE ROLE
OF LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. Strategic Finance, 91(10), 41-47.
From the article it is observed that the researcher effort to identify the role of organizational
culture and leadership for the implementation of sustainability in the organization. The research
helps to assist in analyzing the importance of environmental and social responsibility in
implementing corporate responsibility. The author used the secondary data of top most
organizations from all around the world to analyses the leadership and organizational culture
role in implementing sustainability. The author uses the social context to reflect the sustainable
performance from the organizations. The personal viewpoints of managers, employees, and
stakeholders are important to integrate sustainability in organizations. The researcher try to use
actual data of the top most companies to define the performance measurement systems in
evaluating social, environmental, and financial resources in implementing sustainability in
organizations.
43

Let’s Write!
Analytical essays contain an introduction, multiple body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You
should prewrite and outline as to prepare for writing. The following is an outline structure of an
analytical essay which you may develop into a suitable essay:
● An opening introductory paragraph: (a) identifying the relevant authors using in-text
citations; (b) stating the intended effect of the analytical essay; (c) providing a
concise summary of elements relating to the thesis statement; and (d) the thesis
statement.
● Body paragraphs containing at least: (a) a topic sentence; (b) and introduction to the
element supporting the topic sentence; (c) the element supporting the topic sentence;
(d) interpretation of element fitting your argument; (e) connections and/or inferences
involving the element as to make a point; and (f) an inference/conclusion linking the
connections and/or inferences to the thesis statement.
● One or two conclusion paragraphs aiming to illustrate the utility of your analytical
essay and support the thesis statement. You may want to try: (a) connecting your
analysis to a larger context or perspective; (b) stating implications of your analysis for
the topic; (c) offer few questions or ideas for future analyses; or (d) return to the
prompt and provide an opposing insight to show your analysis as incomplete yet
insightful.
Great! I Have a Draft. What Should I Do?
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The emergence of a draft is an important milestone on the path to completion; however, it is not
the end of your efforts. Now that you know what you want to say, it is time to revise for clarity.
The following self-editing strategies and tips may help you learn how to recognize and correct
errors affecting the clarity and quality of your analytical essay:
● Read your work out loud at a moderate pace. You will be amazed how awkward
pauses and strange-sounding phrases will help you identify mistakes.
● Read through your paper while pretending you are someone else. Often approaching
your writing from the perspective of another will reveal confusing phrases and ideas
requiring clarification.
● Ask yourself whether your analysis supported the thesis statement and prompt. If not,
then you must revise until you support both.
● Ensure all topic sentences provide appropriate support for your thesis statement.
Also, ensure each paragraph develops a complete unit of thought containing examples
and commentary.
● Did you explain a short quote using one or two sentences? If not, then how will your
reader know the relevance of the quote? Fix it!
● Consider word choice and missing words. While reading out loud, ask yourself
whether you used an incorrect word or are missing a word.
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● Are you noticing vagueness sneaking into your writing? If so, highlight the sentences
you think are vague and revise them for clarity. Do not be afraid to use cited and
relevant examples to help clarify your meaning.
● Do you use difficult to read long sentences? If so, consider breaking long sentences
in half and revising into two concise and meaningful sentences. Also, hunt down
wordy phrases like as a result of and replace them with a simpler phrase like because.
● Ask yourself whether everything is APA formatted!
● Most importantly, identify your most common mistakes and seek them out during
revision!
Remember that you may always visit the writing center for help.
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