Biology Assignment: Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Orthostatic Stress

This assignment explores the physiological responses to orthostatic stress and the mechanisms of blood pressure homeostasis. It examines the cardiovascular system's adjustments when transitioning from a lying to a standing position, focusing on the autonomic nervous system's role in maintaining blood flow to the brain. The assignment includes a group discussion component to understand normal responses to orthostatic stress. The solution references scientific literature to support the understanding of blood pressure regulation and the body's attempts to maintain homeostasis. The assignment covers the challenges to blood pressure homeostasis and the adjustments that the body makes to maintain blood pressure. It involves understanding the normal response of the cardiovascular system when moving from lying to standing, with a focus on the published scientific literature to understand how the body maintains blood pressure homeostasis. The solution provided here can be used as a reference to understand the concepts.

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Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Due to the reduction in the amount
of stroke volume, the ejection
fraction from both the ventricles
drops rapidly (2).
During the time of weight lifting, this
neuro-cardiogenic response occurs as
stimulated vagus nerve decreases heart
rate and blood pressure suddenly (5).
This in turn causes reduced blood flow
to the brain thereby developing brain
ischemia (6).
A sudden drop in heart rate occurs
as the stroke volume of the heart
decreases rapidly.
Reduction in blood pressure level
occurs due to the decrease in
cardiac output and heart rate (1).
Vasovagal reflex can be considered as
one of the main causes of fainting
during extreme emotional stresses
(4).
This, in turn results in the decreased
blood supply to the central nervous
system.
As a consequence the heart
becomes unable to pump blood
uniformly to the all organs of our
body. Reduction of blood flow to
the brain occurs (3).
During weight lifting huge
amount of blood oxygen flow
occurs to the agonistic and
anagonistic muscles of the
large leg muscles(7).
This, in turn, causes a reduction
of blood flow to all the other
parts of our body particularly
brain.
As a consequence oxygen
supply to the brain and
central nervous system
decreases rapidly (8).
Blackout

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References
1. Gottschall, J.S., Bopp, C.M. and Hastings, B., 2014. The addition of high intensity
interval training reduces cardiovascular disease risk factors and enhances strength in
active, healthy adults. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(05), p.275.
2. Kenny, R.A., Bhangu, J. and King-Kallimanis, B.L., 2013. Epidemiology of
syncope/collapse in younger and older Western patient populations. Progress in
cardiovascular diseases, 55(4), pp.357-363.
3. Lambiris, I., Mendoza, I., Helguera, M., Escudero, J.B. and Bonilla, C., 2013. Thirty
years of blackouts: a case report of swallow syncope. Journal of community hospital
internal medicine perspectives, 3(1), p.20323.
4. Manimmanakorn, A., Hamlin, M.J., Ross, J.J., Taylor, R. and Manimmanakorn, N.,
2013. Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or
hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netball athletes. Journal of Science
and Medicine in Sport, 16(4), pp.337-342.
5. Panahpour, H., Nekooeian, A.A. and Dehghani, G.A., 2014. Candesartan attenuates
ischemic brain edema and protects the blood–brain barrier integrity from
ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Iranian biomedical journal, 18(4), p.232.
6. Ponto, K., Chen, K., Tredinnick, R. and Radwin, R.G., 2014, March. Assessing
Exertions: How an increased level of immersion unwittingly leads to more natural
behavior. In 2014 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) (pp. 107-108). IEEE.
7. Poudel, R., McMillen, I.C., Dunn, S.L., Zhang, S. and Morrison, J.L., 2014. Impact of
chronic hypoxemia on blood flow to the brain, heart, and adrenal gland in the late-
gestation IUGR sheep fetus. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative
and Comparative Physiology, 308(3), pp.R151-R162.

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8. Pstras, L., Thomaseth, K., Waniewski, J., Balzani, I. and Bellavere, F., 2016. The
Valsalva manoeuvre: physiology and clinical examples. Acta physiologica, 217(2),
pp.103-119.