Networking and Communication Technologies: A Report

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IT Networking and
Communication

Q1.
The OSI and another is TCP/IP model are the types of models which are used in networking
and to communicate using the network. Both of these models are used to send the message
from the sender to receiver or say to communicate between the sender and receiver. Both the
models are similar to each other but the another 1 (TCP) model is advanced as it comes after
the OSI model. TCP/IP has fewer numbers of layers than the OSI model. The layers of both
models are described below:
OSI Model:
Figure 1: OSI model
As described above the OSI model has 7 layers to send the data from a specific place to
destination. Discussing all these layers in brief:
1. Physical layer: This is used for the transmission of data between different devices to
the physical medium.
2. Data link layer: This is 2nd layer in OSI model. It used to transfer the data by
providing the functional and procedural means of data transfer.

3. Network layer: The 3rd layer of OSI model and it produces the path to data from
which route the data is travelled.
4. Transport layer: It is used to complete the communication from 1 end to next end in
the network and also provides logical communication between the devices.
5. Session layer: The 5th layer of the model and it manages the operation of the
mechanism.
6. Presentation layer: The 6th layer of the model and is only used for represent data to
the application layer.
7. Application layer: Generally known as last layer of model which contains some of
the protocols which takes care of communication from one place to another.
TCP/IP Model:
Figure 2: TCP/IP model
Above given diagram states the layers of the TCP/IP. TCP/IP consist of 4 major layers and
one optional layer that is the hardware layer. Discussing about the layers of the TCP/IP
model:
1. Network access layer: The 1st layer of the model and also known as the layer which
represent between physical and second one is data link layer present in another model.
2. Internet layer: The 2nd layer in the model and is used to transfer the data from one
specific place to destination.

3. Transport layer: This is used to transmit the data from 1 to another layer as the
internet layer complete its work then the work of this layer is to transmit the data to
the last layer.
4. Application layer: The last layer of the model and it consists of work of the last 3
layers present in OSI model that are session second is presentation and third one is
application layer. (Raza, 2018)
Q2.
Figure 3: OSI and TCP/IP
Above given is the relation between both the models. As shown, OSI have 7 layers to
communicate with the device whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers to communicate. But TCP/IP
is advanced and more compact than OSI because it is the latest and uses the latest technology.
The TCP/IP which consists of 4 general layers have done all the work done by the OSI model
by reducing the number of layers. The application layer introduced in TCP/IP performs all
the operations done by the application, second is session and third one is presentation layer of
another model. The network access layer performs the operations done by the physical and
data link layer.

Q3.
Generally, network support layers are the layers which only track the data flowing in the
network and does all the operations over the network only whereas user support layers are the
types of layers which only tracks the data which is present on the above layers and displays to
the user. The network support layer in the model are Network Access, transport and Internet
layer are the user support layer in the current model is only the application layer but as seen
that this layer present in TCP/IP performs all the operations which were done by the
presentation, session and application layer in OSI model so the difference between the
network support layer and user support layer are given as per the questions.
Q4.
While talking about the general definition of data encapsulation, Data encapsulation is the
process of binding the different data into a single packet to transfer it from one place to
another place. While talking with respect to the network configuration, data encapsulation is
the procedure to bind the different form of data into a single form so that the data will be
transmitted easily from one layer to another layer. It is very easy to send the data while
managing the data into packets and move it from one layer to another layer without getting
lost in data. When the data is not wrapped up and move from one layer to another layer
normally then it will not be transferred properly and the data may be lost so to overcome this
situation, data encapsulation is used to encapsulate the data into a single form and then
transmit it (Vaidya, 2019).
Q5.
This consist many of sublayer. The major layer and the 2nd layer of model is used for error
detection and used to link the data with the most appropriate packet. When any service
requests from the network layer present above the data link layer then this will respond to it
and issue the service to the physical layer in a subsequent manner. The sublayers of this are
Media Access Control (MAC) and another is Logical Link Control (LLC). MAC is developed
by IEEE and used as the major sublayer whereas, LLC is IEEE 802.2 and is used to detect the
error in the logical operations. The functions of the layer are:
 Error control
 Framing is done
 Manage Physical addressing
 Access control

 Controls the flow (friendly, 2014)
Q6.
Table 1: Network and Transport
Network Layer Transport layer
The 3rd layer in the described model. The 4th layer in given model.
It produces the path to data for transmission. It is used in the communication from
one end to another end of the device
between the process.
It is also used to generate the route from which
the data is moved.
It is used to transmit the data from 1 to
another layer.
It provides logical communication between
processes.
It provides logical communication
between hosts.
This will deliver the data packet from sender to
receiver side within multiple paths.
This will deliver the entire data from
source to destination.
Q7.
As talking about the data link and another one is transport layer, the difference between them
is already discussed that the 2nd layer will transmit the whole packet to the above layer and
the data packet which is come for the error detection is scanned via data link layer but the
error detection is only done in the packets. So, if after integrating whole data packets into a
single data packet then the probability of error is increased and for this purpose the transport
layer is used. The 2nd layer is not able to send the entire data to the next layer but the transport
is capable to send the entire data to the next layer. So, for this purpose transport layer is used
so that the entire data will be sent at a single time and the probability of the error is reduced.
Q8.
The 3rd layer in the model. The main purpose of the network layer is to define a path from
which the data is transmitted or travelled. It will also give the route to the data to process in
the network and perform some other operations like providing logical communication
between the processes. The network layer is also capable of sending the data packets from
sender to receiver within the multiple paths. The functions of this layer are:

 Translates logical address into a physical address.
 Routes are made in this layer to send data from a particular place to receiver.
 It controls the flow services provided by it.
 It is capable to break big data packets in smaller packets.
Q9.
The 4th layer in model. The purpose of this layer is, to provide the communication from one
end to another end with the device to the processor. It will manage the data packets and make
it in a single data packet so that the probability of error is reduced. It is capable to send the
entire data from 1 layer to next layer. It is used to transmit or transfer the data from 1 layer to
another layer. The responsibility of transport layer is, it provides the communication
(Logical) between hosts. The functions of this layer are:
 Provides Error control
 Helps in Flow control
 Helps in the Connection control
 Provides Service point addressing
 Provides Segmentation and reassembling (Kaur, 2015)
Q10.
Table 2: Logical Physical and port address
Logical address Physical address Port address
In this, the system is capable
to identify the network on
which the operation is going
on.
It is capable to find the hosts
present on the particular
network.
It is capable to find the
application which runs on
the system at the present
time.
This is called the Internet
Protocol address of device.
This is also known as NIC
(Network Interface Card).
Each application will run on
some of the port numbers
which is associated with the
application running.
It is used by network layer
to identify the network.
This is used by the 2nd layer. The port number of the
application is decided by the
kernel of the Operation
System.

(ammar.luckycem, 2010)
Q11.
This is used in both of the models as it is last layer of both models and is the very crucial
layer of both the model. This layer includes the protocols, which takes care of communication
done on process to process. In the TCP model, it includes the work of the last 3 layers present
in model that are presentation, session and application layer. The services offered by this
layer are:
 Provides basic mailing service like storage and forwarding.
 It provides a network virtual terminal.
 It provides global information about various services.
 It provides file transfer, management and access to the data. (Solomon, 2016)
Q12.
The main advantage of combining the presentation, session and application layer into a single
layer is to manage the time of the user support layer and to reduce the probability of error. It
will also allow the user to use the service of the network and is also used to develop the
network-based application. It is also used to handle the error and recover the previous
message. There are many protocols which are used in this layer are FTP, DNS, HTTP and
SMTP. (tutorialspoint.com, 2018)

Reference list:
tutorialspoint.com (2018). The Application Layer in TCP/IP Model. [online]
Tutorialspoint.com. Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/The-Application-Layer-in-
TCP-IP-Model [Accessed 4 May 2019].
solomon, Sharon (2016). Application Layer Security Within the OSI Model. [online]
Checkmarx. Available at: https://www.checkmarx.com/2016/02/04/application-layer-
security-within-osi-model/ [Accessed 4 May 2019].
ammar.luckycem (2010). Port address, logical and physical address. [online] HubPages.
Available at: https://hubpages.com/technology/Port-address [Accessed 4 May 2019].
Kaur, S. (2015). THE TRANSPORT LAYER(PART 1). [online] Vskills Blog. Available at:
https://www.vskills.in/certification/blog/the-transport-layerpart-1/ [Accessed 4 May 2019].
raza, Muhammad (2018). What is the OSI Model? Explore the 7 Layers of the Open Systems
Interconnection Model. [online] BMC Blogs. Available at: https://www.bmc.com/blogs/osi-
model-7-layers/ [Accessed 4 May 2019].
Vaidya, N. (2019). Encapsulation – How to master OOPs with Encapsulation? [online]
Edureka. Available at: https://www.edureka.co/blog/encapsulation-in-java/ [Accessed 4 May
2019].
friendly, computer (2014). Layer 2 networking Part 1 : The Data-Link Layer - Computer
Outlines Blog. [online] Computer Outlines Blog. Available at: http://computer-outlines.over-
blog.com/2014/07/layer-2-networking-part-1-the-data-link-layer.html [Accessed 4 May
2019].