Semester 4 Discussion: OSI Model, TCP/IP, IPv4 and IPv6 Comparison

This discussion board post provides a comprehensive comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP models, highlighting their key differences and functionalities. The OSI model, a conceptual framework, is contrasted with the TCP/IP model, which underpins the internet's architecture. The post delves into the advantages and disadvantages of IPv4 and IPv6, discussing IPv4's limitations due to address exhaustion and IPv6's expanded address space. It examines the security concerns associated with IPv6, such as potential privacy issues and the ability to track users, while also acknowledging its technological advantages, including improved speed and efficiency. The discussion also references the impact of IPv6 on network management and security protocols, offering insights into the ongoing transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the implications of these technologies on network performance and user privacy, making it a valuable resource for understanding modern network protocols.

Running head: SEMESTER ASSIGNMENT 4
Semester Assignment 4
Discussion Board
Name of the Student
Name of the University

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Table of Contents
Topic 1: Comparison of OSI model with TCP/IP model....................................................2
Topic 2: Pros and Cons of IPv4 and IPv6............................................................................4
References............................................................................................................................7

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Topic 1: Comparison of OSI model with TCP/IP model
OSI or Open System Interconnection model is developed as a conceptual model for the
computing system. It came out as a conceptual model that does not characterises or standardises
all the internal structure of a networking system (Wu et al., 2013). While, TCP/IP is the protocol
that works as the blood in the body of a computer network and also the architecture of the
internet is TCP/IP based. The TCP/IP model is divided in four layers. On the other hand, the OSI
layer is made of seven layers.
Fugure 1: OSI model layers(on the left) and TCP/IP model layers (on the right)
(Source: Created by Author)

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The discussion is about comparison of this two communication models to find out the
layer protocols that corresponds to each other, reliability of the model and the roles of the host
systems in the network (Wang et al., 2014).
OSI (Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
Its network layer provides both connectionless
as well as connection oriented services
Its network layer provides only connectionless
services
It is used as a reference or guidance around
which the network model is developed
It is an implementation of the OSI model
It is an independent standard of the protocols
that allows communication between the user
and the network
It is a standard protocol around which the
internet is developed it allows the
communication between the nodes in a
network
It has two different layers as Presentation and
Session layer.
It does not have two different layers for
Presentation and Session layer.
It comprises with seven layers It comprises with four layers
It defines its protocols and interfaces very
clearly that makes it protocol independent
Its protocols are not clearly distinguishable that
makes it protocol dependent
Along with the technological changes OSI
layer protocols are easy to replace.
In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
Its transport layer guarantees the delivery of the
packet
Its transport layer does not guarantees the
delivery of the packet however it is more
reliable
It follow a vertical manner It follow a horizontal manner

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Topic 2: Pros and Cons of IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 stays for Internet Protocol variation 4. It is the major development that makes it
doable for us to interface our devices to the web. At whatever point a device get to the Internet, it
is named a remarkable, numerical IP address, for instance, 99.48.227.227. To send data
beginning with one PC then onto the following through the web, a report package must be traded
over the framework containing the IP areas of the two contraptions (Richter et al., 2015).
Without IP addresses, PCs would not have the ability to affect and send data to each other. It's
fundamental to the structure of the web. IPv6 is the 6th adjustment to the Internet Protocol, and it
is the successor to the IPv4. It follows the new numerical IP and keeps an eye out for basic for
Internet-empowered contraptions to offer. Regardless, it sports one extraordinary complexity: it
utilises 128-piece addresses (Kumar, Dalal & Dixit, 2014). I'll clear up why this is fundamental
for a moment.
IPv4 uses 32 bits of data for its Internet addresses. That suggests it can reinforce 2^32 IP
tends to through and through — around 4.29 billion. That may seem like an incredible
arrangement. In any case, each of the 4.29 billion IP addresses has now been consigned to
various establishments, provoking the crisis we stand up to today (Goralski, 2017). We should
come to the heart of the matter, be that as it may: we haven't missed the mark on addresses yet. A
remarkable number of them are unused and in the hands of foundations like MIT and
associations like Ford and IBM. More IPv4 conveys available to be doled out, and more will be
traded or sold, yet they will wind up being a scarcer product all through the accompanying two
years until the point that the moment that it makes the issue for the web. As effectively
communicated, IPv6 utilises 128-piece Internet addresses. Subsequently, it can reinforce 2^128

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IP addresses — 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them to be right. That
is a significant measure of addresses, such an expansive number of, to the point that it requires a
hexadecimal structure to demonstrate the addresses. Today we have to go over the distinctive
upsides and drawbacks of providers changing over to IPv6. It has some stamped central focuses
and some also troublesome obstacles.
IPv4 had one large issue. Deficient IP conveys to track everyone in a framework. Or, on
the other hand in an all the all the more interesting sense, lacking delivers to follow everyone in
all frameworks. This in like manner incited coordinating bothers and software engineer issues.
IPv6 attempts to select everyone postage data to help for the better after, speedier controlling and
overall better execution (Czyz et al., 2014). It does what it says it does. Speedier speed is
guaranteed on account of better controlling and direct data stream. The extended number of
addresses makes things harder for accommodating developers. Both security and speed are
staggeringly upgraded by this structure. It moreover contains no IP-level checksum decreasing
information exchange limit utilise. It is in like manner incredibly easy to setup sorts out on this
set as well. Finally, it gives distinctive Internet Control Message Protocols making it incredibly
secure. On a mechanical level, it works better in about every way (Alani, 2014). IPv6,
nonetheless, raises security concerns. The IP provider can supply IP for each of the systems. This
is useful for an arrangement of reasons including:
• Using someone else's relationship with get them sued or caught
• Tracking an individual actually
• Throttling information exchange limit and confining customers
• Providing information to the police for criminal exercises

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• Providing information to the organisation
• Giving information to gigantic business for claims
Various customers have voiced their stresses over this. We are thinking about how the
assembly will charge cases in which someone has been encompassed. Different people are in like
manner stressed over how this will be dealt with. Used as a piece of the most detectably terrible
way IPv6 could transform into an Orwellian awful dream. Mechanically the system offers a
universe of substantial purposes of intrigue (Bora et al., 2014). If used actually, it could incite an
artificial lift in the speed of the web. In any case, if it is misused individual information,
reputations or even lives could be being referred to. General society should keep an eye out for
how extensive business and the organisation handle this structure. The same could be said of our
present structure, which see on a broad scale is starting at now possible in.

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References
Alani, M. M. (2014). TCP/IP model. In Guide to OSI and TCP/IP models (pp. 19-50). Springer
International Publishing.
Bora, G., Bora, S., Singh, S., & Arsalan, S. M. (2014). OSI reference model: An
overview. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT), 7(4), 214-
218.
Czyz, J., Allman, M., Zhang, J., Iekel-Johnson, S., Osterweil, E., & Bailey, M. (2014, August).
Measuring ipv6 adoption. In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (Vol.
44, No. 4, pp. 87-98). ACM.
Goralski, W. (2017). The Illustrated network: How TCP/IP works in a modern network. Morgan
Kaufmann.
Kumar, S., Dalal, S., & Dixit, V. (2014). The OSI model: Overview on the seven layers of
computer networks. International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Technology Research, 2(3), 461-466.
Richter, P., Allman, M., Bush, R., & Paxson, V. (2015). A primer on ipv4 scarcity. ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 45(2), 21-31.
Wang, L., Guan, J., You, I., Zhou, H., Gao, D., Yim, K., & Kim, P. (2014, January). Survey on
distributed mobility management schemes for proxy mobile ipv6. In Consumer
Communications and Networking Conference, 2014 IEEE 11th (pp. 132-138). IEEE.

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Wu, P., Cui, Y., Wu, J., Liu, J., & Metz, C. (2013). Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A state-of-the-
art survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(3), 1407-1424.