Comprehensive Report on OSI and TCP/IP Models: Protocols and Use

This report provides a comprehensive comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP models, highlighting their differences in development, structure, and functionality. The OSI model, developed by the International Standard Organization (ISO), is a theoretical seven-layer model, while the TCP/IP model, developed by the Department of Defence (DoD), is a practical four-layer model used for data transmission on the Internet. The report details the layers and protocols associated with each model, including TCP, UDP, ARP, HTTP, and ICMP. Additionally, the report explains the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), its function in mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses, and the purpose of ARP cache in facilitating efficient data routing within local networks, addressing potential issues and solutions related to dynamic ARP cache setups. Desklib offers a range of resources, including past papers and solved assignments, to aid students in their studies.

Running head: OSI AND TCP/IP MODELS
OSI and TCP/IP Models
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

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OSI AND TCP/IP MODELS
Table of Contents
Question 1..................................................................................................................................2
Question 2..................................................................................................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................4

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OSI AND TCP/IP MODELS
Question 1
Comparison and Contrast of OSI Model with TCP/IP Model.
The comparison and contrast of the OSI model with the TCP/IP model are as follows:
Factors for Comparison TCP/IP Model OSI Model
1. Developed This model was developed by
the agency of Department of
Defence or DoD (Goralski,
2017).
OSI model was introduced by
the International Standard
Organization or ISO that is
completely based on layering
concept.
2. Full Form Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol.
Open System Interconnect.
3. Definition TCP/IP model is the typical
client server model that is
utilized for the purpose of data
transmission on the Internet.
OSI model is the theoretical
model that is utilized for the
computer system (Russell,
2013).
4. Number of Layers Four Layers are present, which
are Network Interface, Internet,
Transport and Application.
Seven Layers are present, which
are Physical, Data Link,
Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation and Application.
5. Tangible Yes this model is tangible. No this model is not tangible.
6. Usability TCP/IP model is mostly utilized
(Alani, 2014).
OSI model is never utilized.
7. Set of Protocols TCP, UDP, ARP, ICMP, HTTP,
DNS and many more.
AEP, AH, DCCP, BGP, ESP,
FCP and many more.
8. Approach Top to Bottom Approach. Bottom-up Approach.
Which is more useful for Networks?
Both TCP/IP model and the OSI model are extremely important for the networks.
However, Open System Model is just a theoretical model and is not implemented or used in
the practical world. Whereas, the Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol is the
simple implementation of the OSI model (Alani, 2014). TCP/IP model is utilized in the
practical application and is thus more useful for the networks. Moreover, TCP/IP model is a
structured approach and could be easily utilized in all networks.
TCP/IP model was created with the help of the principles, described in the OSI model
and comprises of several versions on where the Internet or the network is based today. There
are various important protocols present in the TCP/IP model that are solely needed in the
communication with the networks (Goralski, 2017). The several protocols of TCP/IP model
are TCP, UDP, IP, ARP, HTTP, ICMP, DNS and many others. All of these protocols are
explicitly required for the purpose of communication. OSI model only states how to relate
these protocols with each other and how they can be structured conceptually.
Thus, TCP/IP model is the most effective model in case of networks and it is
considered as more useful when describing as well as working with networks is done.

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Question 2
Address Resolution Protocol
ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is the typical communication protocol that is
utilized for the successful discovery of link layer address like the MAC address that is solely
associated with any given address of network layer, mostly and address of IPv4 (Kumar,
Verma & Tomar, 2013). The mapping is the most significant functionality within the suite of
Internet protocol.
ARP is eventually implemented with various combinations of technologies of network
layer as well as data link layer like Chaosnet, IPv4, Xerox PARC Universal Packet or PUP
and DECnet with the help of IEEE 802 standards, Frame Relay, FDDI, ATM or
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and X.25 (Narten, Karir & Foo, 2013). In the networks of
IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6, all the functions of an ARP are given by the NDP or
Neighbour Discovery Protocol.
Address Resolution Protocol helps to map the IP address to any address of physical
machine, which is identified within the local network. For example, the most common level
of Internet Protocol address that is being used in the IPv4 is 32 bits long (Venkatramulu &
Rao, 2013). However, in the LAN of Ethernet it is of 48 bits length. The various rules of
protocol to make the correlation between MAC and any other IP address is provided by this
ARP.
Purpose of ARP Cache
There are eventually two basic types of ARP entries. They are the static entry and the
dynamic entry. The dynamic ARP entry is mostly utilized. The ARP cache or the Address
Resolution Protocol is the data repository, which is utilized for the successful connection of
Media Access Control address to an IP address for any physical device within a LAN
(Narten, Karir & Foo, 2013). This ARP cache is responsible for holding the data in both the
Ethernet routing and wireless routing, thus helping the packets in routing to the correct
endpoint.
The main purpose of ARP cache is the accommodation of ARP requests where any
gateway is dealing with the fact that where the data packets are to be sent (Venkatramulu &
Rao, 2013). This gateway is the part of the infrastructure of Internet Service Provider and it is
responsible for generating any ARP request, where the system would utilize information
within the ARP cache for finding the accurate connected device for any given address.
The most significant problem with the ARP cache is that many times issues occur
while connecting MAC address to an IP address. For this problem, the setups for dynamic
ARP cache are made, where the registered address is kept reference for the typical time
length (Kumar, Verma & Tomar, 2013). This helps in the reduction of ARP address
resolution problems.

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OSI AND TCP/IP MODELS
References
Alani, M. M. (2014). Tcp/ip model. In Guide to OSI and TCP/IP models (pp. 19-50).
Springer, Cham.
Goralski, W. (2017). The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network.
Morgan Kaufmann.
Kumar, R., Verma, S., & Tomar, G. S. (2013). Thwarting address resolution protocol
poisoning using man in the middle attack in WLAN. International Journal of Reliable
Information and Assurance, 1(1), 8-19.
Narten, T., Karir, M., & Foo, I. (2013). Address resolution problems in large data center
networks.
Russell, A. L. (2013). OSI: The internet that wasn’t. IEEE Spectrum, 30.
Venkatramulu, S., & Rao, C. G. (2013). Various solutions for address resolution protocol
spoofing attacks. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(7),
1.