A Literature Review on Osmotic Processes: FO, RO, and PRO Technologies

This literature review delves into the intricacies of osmotic processes, providing a comprehensive overview of Forward Osmosis (FO), Reverse Osmosis (RO), and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO). It elucidates the fundamental principles of osmosis, emphasizing the movement of water across semipermeable membranes driven by osmotic pressure gradients. The review explores the applications of these processes in diverse fields, including water treatment, food processing, and power generation. It examines the operational mechanisms of each osmotic process, highlighting key factors such as hydrostatic pressure, membrane modules, concentration polarization, and reverse salt flux. The review also discusses the significance of power density in the context of osmotic power generation, along with factors affecting membrane performance and the various membrane modules used in PRO systems. The document, contributed by a student, is available on Desklib, a platform offering AI-powered study tools.