Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Aetiology, and Prevention

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of a 78-year-old male patient, Gary, who underwent a left-sided hip replacement due to osteoarthritis. The report defines the condition, identifies risk factors like age and obesity, and explains the aetiology and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, including the impact on articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It details the clinical manifestations, such as joint pain, stiffness, and redness, in relation to the disease's pathophysiology. The main complications, including bone death and bleeding inside the joint, are discussed, alongside primary and secondary prevention strategies like exercise and a healthy diet. The report analyzes the results of tests and investigations, highlighting the patient's swollen and painful calf post-surgery, and considers the impact of the disease on the patient's lifespan, encompassing social and emotional aspects. It emphasizes the importance of early prevention and management to improve the patient's quality of life. The report uses various sources like recent peer-reviewed scientific articles and textbooks to support its findings.

Obesity

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Discussion of condition of the patient along with risk factors...............................................1
Aetiology and path psychology of the condition....................................................................1
Clinical manifestation of the condition in relation to path physiology..................................2
Main complication and primary secondary prevention..........................................................2
Results of tests and investigation...........................................................................................3
Lifespan stage and its impact on disease process...................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
Coagulation refers a process of a liquid in which blood changes into solid form (Levi and
van der Poll, 2017). This present study is going to show causes, interventions, path psychology
of osteoarthritis in order to identify main reasons of side effects of it. After surgery of
osteoarthritis, patient face problems like swelling and redness in surrounded part can be the
reason of death.
MAIN BODY
Discussion of condition of the patient along with risk factors
Gary who is a 78 year old male who had osteoarthritis on his left hip which is the most
common form of Arthritis. It damages any joint of the people and it affected left hip and joint of
left hip of Gary. One of the main causes of this is ageing and Gary is 78 years old so, it can be
said that it is one of the main reasons. There are several other risk factors which associated with
this include: obesity, age, genetics, stress on the joint. From the history of Gary it is identified
that one of the main reasons is ageing and it is also identified that patient is initial stage of high
blood pressure as it is 145/92. After surgery of osteoarthritis he is facing problems like swollen
and painful left calf. In addition it is also identified that pulse rate if the patient is also not
normal. His pulse rate identified 82 beats/minute which is not normal.
Aetiology and path psychology of the condition
In the context of path psychology it can be said that OA affect articular cartilage and
others part of the body. There are several changes occur in this condition which include: changes
in subchondral bone of constellation. Margins in joints in different parts of body like hip and
others become bigger as well as para-articular tissues. It leads pain, stiffness, redness and other
symptoms. In addition, it can also be said that this cartilage damage occur from a combination of
some bio chemical factors as well as clinical disease (Osteoarthritis of the Hip, 2015). For more
understanding the whole process it is important to focus on structure and functions as well.
On the other hand in the context of Aetiology or some causes it can be said that the actual
reason and cause is not identified yet but with the survey and all patients with osteoarthritis it is
identified that obesity, severe hip trauma and ageing are causes. There is around 18.5% OA in
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men which is overall preventable in only 10% people. There are high chances of this problem in
people of the age of 85.
Clinical manifestation of the condition in relation to path physiology
In clinical manifestation, some primary symptoms are identified include: Join pain, stiffness, and
redness as well as locomotion restriction. Rather, these other manifestation in patients with this
disease include: muscle weakness and poor balance (Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of
Osteoarthritis, 2020). Some common symptoms and signs in patients with OA in the age of 65
and above which are identified in the most of cases include:
Pain: Pain in this problem becomes worsened with joint use which can only be relieved
when patient take proper rest and do not move hip and others. It is the most common symptom or
clinical manifestation which increases with stages.
Gary also stated that he is feeling stiffness, redness, warmth and increased girth of affected limb.
Main complication and primary secondary prevention
Patients with osteoarthritis face several problems rather redness, stiffness which can cause many
other problems. Some common complications include: complete breakdown of cartilage which
results in loose tissue material in joint. For preventing Garry from painful and swollen calf after
surgery it is important to identify all complications.
 Bone death is other main complication of osteoarthritis.
 Bleeding inside the joint which is affected in osteoarthritis.
 Sometimes it may lead infection in joint.
 Stress fractures.
 Pinched nerve.
 Loss of flexibility and finding problem in moving affected area or joint.
Some primary and secondary prevention for Garry in order to make him relieve in painful and
swollen calf after surgery of osteoarthritis includes:
Exercise: Exercise is one of the main preventions which help patients to make their muscle run
and working smoothly. By taking exercise by consulting with healthcare providers, and using hot
and cold on painful joint it can prevent patients.
Healthy diet: Healthy diet which consists of nutrition’s and enriched in protein, omega fatty
acids, Vitamin D and others, patient cannot only improve their health and make faster recovery
but also can improve their immune and be fit and healthy.
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Getting appropriate informations: Consultancy and gathering informations related to this
problem can help Garry in preventing at initial stage and from making it severe (Osteoarthritis
Prevention, 2019).
Results of tests and investigation
In the context of hip osteoarthritis, it can be said that physical therapy and appropriate
medication can help out to Garry. But it is not identified that after surgery of osteoarthritis he is
feeling swollen and painful calf which shows some side effects of it.
There is no single test for hip osteoarthritis but with surgery and medications it can be
prevented. Results of tests and investigations it is identified that Gary’s or patient’s left calf
become swollen and painful. After that some investigations be done by which it is identified that
blood pressure and heart rate is not normal of patient (Mathiessen and Conaghan, 2017). Some
redness, warmth and swelling on leg so, from this it can be said that due to anaesthesia at the
time of surgery affected in a wrong manner. It was side effects because of age of the patient.
Lifespan stage and its impact on disease process
In the context of osteoarthritis, it can be said that it can shorten quality and quantity of life in
patients. There are some comprised activities related to this disease which include: climbing
stairs, self care, walking and others. It affects patients socially and emotionally as well. So, it can
be said that it is important to prevent this at early stage (Mayburd and Baranova, 2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that ageing is one of the main causes of hip
osteoarthritis. It has also shown that after surgery of hip osteoarthritis, when patient feel other
problems around affected areas then it be the reason of lack of nutritional and wrong anaesthesia
which cause blood clot.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journal
Levi, M. and van der Poll, T., 2017. Coagulation and sepsis. Thrombosis research, 149, pp.38-
44.
Mathiessen, A. and Conaghan, P.G., 2017. Synovitis in osteoarthritis: current understanding with
therapeutic implications. Arthritis research & therapy. 19(1). p.18.
Mayburd, A.L. and Baranova, A., 2019. Increased lifespan, decreased mortality, and delayed
cognitive decline in osteoarthritis. Scientific Reports. 9(1). pp.1-15.
Online
Osteoarthritis of the Hip. 2015. [Online]. Available through
<http://aoj.amegroups.com/article/view/5539/html>
Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis. 2020. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-
osteoarthritis>
Osteoarthritis Prevention 2019. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-prevention-1>
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