Overweight & Obesity in the UK: Public Health Interventions Report

This report addresses the public health concern of overweight and obesity, particularly among children and young adults in the United Kingdom. It explores the prevalence and impact of these conditions, discussing the role of the Basal Metabolic Index and the increased risk of various health issues. The report examines sociodemographic trends, highlighting that obesity is more prevalent in developed countries and among children with higher socio-economic status in developing countries. It covers the rationale for studying this issue, emphasizing personal and professional development through understanding the pathophysiology and complications of obesity-related illnesses. The report also discusses planning models like the logic model and the proceed-proceed model, outlining intervention designs (pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and behavioral) aimed at reducing body weight and providing social support. Finally, it touches on evaluation strategies and ethical considerations in addressing this significant public health challenge. Desklib provides this and many other solved assignments for students.

Faculty of Health and Social Care.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY............................................................................................................................3
RATIONALE........................................................................................................................4
PLANNING MODELS.........................................................................................................5
INTERVENTION DESIGNS..............................................................................................6
EVALUATION STRATEGY..............................................................................................7
ETHICS.................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The concept of overweight generally refers to an excessive or an abnormal
accumulation of fat among young adults and children. In this, it can ultimately create some of
the risks of health. It is the only one that leads to an impact on people's weight. The Basal
Metabolic Index can effectively play an essential role in determining or identifying people's
health and associated concerns. Obesity is exceptionally effective among children and young
adults that causes due to taking up extra calories other than needed. It is the one that
specifically can significantly impact young adults and children. It is the only one that
particularly can lead to an influence due to the intake of the supplementary number of
calories that can generally accumulate in fat between an individual. Different problems
specifically are being created due to a leading cause of obesity that care is reasonably
associated with the progress of various dissimilar illnesses. There is a need to safeguard the
improved healthiness that can negatively impact children and young people. This report will
cover the various public well-being concern in the United Kingdom, where the overweight is
one of the main concerns within the country. Different health-associated policies can
significantly influence the severe investigation and associated health policies. It can also
include discussing the effectiveness of the interventions and their impact on the children's
well-being challenges (Mahil et. al., 2019). It can also involve the application of the public
well-being concern and its influence over an economy. The report will include the various
initiatives and interventions that can address or manage general well-being concerns, with the
critical discussion providing the health promotion theory. The interventions can involve the
pharmacological, no-pharmacological and other promotional activities that can help to avoid
the prevalence of obesity among young and old age group people.
MAIN BODY
Prevalence of both obesity and overweight are effectively enhanced in both the
children's and the young adult population worldwide. Among the countries, the socio-
demographic slopes in the overweight have been analyzed. Obesity and overweight generally
tend to be more prevalent among children in developed countries. And also, the children with
excellent socio-economic status in the evolving countries. In the very economic transition
countries, overweight is more prevalent between the more significant income groups and the
urban than rural communities. Still, it can indicate that this particular drain may shift towards
the low. Obesity, as well as overweight among children, are specifically known to have a

specific influence on both our psychosocial and physical well-being as well. For example,
hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance can specifically
occur with the enhanced frequency in overweight adolescents and children. Childhood
overweight or overweight is generally linked with various medical conditions. It contains the
reduced functions of the pulmonary, an advanced growth and an early maturity, the reduced
grades of the systemic inflammation, the polycystic ovary illness, the orthopedic
complications, and many others (Rasmussen and et. al., 2018).
Obese children are more known to become the targets of early discrimination. In
addition, overweight or obesity in childhood is generally an independent risk factor for
overweight among adults. The prevention of childhood obesity or overweight is essential,
given the significant well-being and social consequences in the long term and short term.
Ultimately, the prevention can share the same fundamental principles as a prevention in
young people that reduces the intake of calories and can effectively enhance energy
expenditure. It can effectively recommend that the modes of interventions are specifically a
variable and depend on the age group of the children and its initial levels of overweight. The
prevention’s primary aim is to reduce or deaccelerate the weight gain. To encourage the care
professionals to determine the most appropriate form of care, the guidelines regarding
paediatric weight management can specifically exist in various countries to promote the best
practices. Still, nowadays, many of these particular recommendations are generally based on
the reduced grade scientific shreds of evidence (KoenigHarold, 2018).
RATIONALE
The study's rationale is to acknowledge the terms and the knowledge, which is helpful
for personal and professional development. The study is well conducted to make
modifications mainly based on professional and personal stories. Moreover, personal
development includes self-improvement and exploring the topic linked with the leading cause
of obesity or overweight among people, children, or older adults. The main motive of the
study is to aid others with the help of knowledge attained during the conducting of the study.
It can aid in developing various sets of activities that specifically assist in maintaining a piece
of knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and the complication of multiple illnesses
linked with the overweight.
Overall, the personal and professional development enables me to pursue an opportunity
for prospects to deal with such type of situation that may arise with others. Moreover,

professional development can give a quality of knowledge that is helpful for those dealing
with such a difficulty. So, professional and personal development is sought due to the study
of determination. In this, the proper knowledge can aid in developing a core value with
another and specify some of the interventions that can help them deal with illness.
Appropriate expertise regarding this topic plays a crucial role in saving other people's lives. It
acts as personal and professional development (Aaron and Stanford, 2021).
PLANNING MODELS
The planning is generally the process of thinking concerning the particular activities
that are need to attain a desired goal. In this, the planning is generally the fundamental
property of an intelligent behaviours. It can include the use of logic as well as the
imaginations in order to visualize not only a desired end results, but there are the steps
essential to attain those outcomes. In this, the logic model is generally a planning tool which
is specifically used to see the inputs as well as the activities for a program and its expected
outcomes of the particular programs. It usually depicts how the program can run or works.
The model generally involves the very six basic components such as input, activities, output,
the short-term results, intermediate results and the long-term results. The logic models
generally assist an individual in the programs evaluation by giving a picture of how the
programs is intended towards work. It specifically determines the main component of the
programs and also how they must associate to the one other. In this, the logic models can
involve the both process and its resultant components. In addition, there are the strategies that
are effectively used to decrease the prevalence of overweight such as selecting the food that
is quite healthy for body like adequate number of fruits, vegetables, healthy fats and protein
sources and beverages. Restricting the intake of unhealthy foods such as sweets, potatoes,
processed meat, refined grains and beverages rich in sugary drinks and increasing the
adequate amount of physical activity.
While talking about proceed-proceed models, it can give a template for the process of
comprehending, preparing, executing as well as assessing a public intervention. In this, the
proceed-proceed model is generally organized as a participatory model in order to integrate
the thoughts as well as aid of the public. The model can give a structure which can encourage
the preparation and execution of well-being promotions or the illness prevention programs.
The following structure has worked well for various well-being promotion topics and can
efficiently encourage the one-time interventions or the long-running plans. The proceed-
proceed model is generally an ecological approach towards the well-being promotions. In

this, the very nine phases of the proceed-proceed model can give structure for planning as
well as implementing the successful multilevel public well-being promotions. This model is
basically used in context with educational of the well-being promotion programs generally
pitched to the alterations in the behaviours. The following discussion can encourage the
success of the health promotions models in enhancing the knowledge associated with
nutrition in order to reduce the prevalence of overweight or obese category among people
(Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model in the evaluation of a community-based
youth fitness and nutrition summer camp program, 2016). In addition to this, the phase one of
the proceed-proceed model can involve the information and interventions which can help to
enhance the quality of life such as daily doing physical activity, healthy lifestyle, healthy
eating and many more. The phase two model of proceed-proceed model can involve an
outline of epidemiological informations that can epict the children who are at higher risk of
developing obesity as its prevalence among the children who are living in the low income
families was generally double than that of those childre who are living in high income
families. Furthermore, the phase three of the model can involve the initiatives taken by
educational institutions such as providing school meals, school food environment, can
serving healthy choices in the linch room and many more can effectively help the children to
reduce rates of obesity among children. In this, the steps that are taken to enhance the quality
of life such as the educators must promote as well as implement the well-being education for
the children, educators should encourage healthy snacks, promote rally for the positive well-
being programs and the effective policies at school (Significant increase in obesity rates
among primary-aged children, latest statistics show, 2021).
The population well-being need assessment is specifically an element of the broader
cycle to plan as well as deliver the care services within community and a population level.
The health need assessment can significantly involve goal to encourage the care providers in
thier specific role assessing and prioritising the local population well-being needs (Childhood
obesity: applying All Our Health, 2020). The goal of the health need assessment is to
effectvely enhance the health and well-being of children and across population (Population
health needs assessment: a guide for 0 to 19 health visiting and school nursing services,
2021).
INTERVENTION DESIGNS
AIM: The main aim of developing interventions is to reduce the body weight, to provide
social support and motivation to children and to enjoy the activities for children.

In this, the interventions that generally engage the society's well-being to prevent
obesity or overweight disorders specifically include a goal to reduce the risk factors among
children and young adults. These people are at greater risk, and providing culturally
appropriate education can specifically offer social encouragement and informal counselling.
The intervention design to reduce the leading cause of overweight can include some
pharmacological, non-pharmacological, behavioural interventions that particularly can aid the
children's or the young adults or older adults overcome the leading cause of obesity disorders.
It can also prevent or overcome the leading cause of overweight illness among children,
young people, or older adults (Brunt and et. al., 2018). There are other ways by which the
ultimate cause can be overcome or reduced, such as governmental campaigns, the public talks
about health.
Pharmacological Interventions: Various pharmacological interventions specifically
take part in overcoming the leading cause of obesity. The medications which are mainly used
to reduce the cause of overweight are Bupropion-naltrexone (Contrave), Liraglutide
(Saxenda), Orlistat (Alli, Xenical), Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia). In this, the
combination of Bupropion-naltrexone pill was recently approved by the country for treating
the leading cause of overweight. It generally seems to an effective for maintaining weight
loss. This medication is mainly used among children who are usually overweight or obese
and particularly have weight-related medical issues. The alpha-MSH can activate the
melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), reducing food intake, an enhanced expenditure of energy,
and weight loss. The beta-endorphin can notably decrease the activity of POMC cells by
binding to the inhibitory mu-opioid receptor (MOP-R). In context with Liraglutide
medication, it can cause a glucose-dependent stimulation of the insulin secretion, the decrease
in the concentration of plasma glucagon, the delay in gastric emptying, and appetite
suppression via the neuronal pathways, reduced production of hepatic glucose. In context
with Orlistat, it can effectively work by inhibiting the gastric and pancreatic lipases, the
enzymes which can break down the triglycerides in the intestine. In this, when activities of
the lipases are blocked, the triglycerides from the diet are particularly not hydrolyzed into
absorbable free fatty acids. Instead of this, they are defaecated unaffected. In context with
Phentermine-topiramate, it is generally the most effective or commonly prescribed
medication for weight loss medication. It is mainly an adrenergic agonist that enhances
norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus. The release of norepinephrine can specifically
encourage appetite suppression and enhance resting energy expenditure. In addition to this,

all these particular drugs can involve side effects, as well as the side effect profiles can vary
per drug. Sibutramine drug is generally linked with the modest enhancement in heart rates,
blood pressures, and gastrointestinal symptoms. It can effectively predominate in the use of
the Orlistat. Phentermine can encourage heart-related illness and the side effects of
gastrointestinal bupropion with paraesthesia, insomnia, and the central nervous system (Wade
and Halligan, 2017).
Non-pharmacological Interventions: In the non-pharmacological interventions, it can
include the diet plan, exercises that can effectively decrease the leading cause of overweight
among children, young people as well as older adults. In general, weight loss can specifically
occur when the energy intake is remarkably decreased than the energy expenditure. This, in
particular, can effectively aid in managing weight, promoting health, and effectively reducing
the risk of having a severe chronic illness. Exercise is also an essential part and plays a
significant role in maintaining health. It is generally an integral component of any lifestyle
modifications and weight management. In this, combining the diet with some physical
exercise can effectively result in reduced outcomes of obesity. The negative aspect of this is
that exercise was specifically not being evaluated alone from the diet and that the product
may suffer from reporting the bias.
Behavioural Interventions: In this, the behavioural interventions generally involve
multiple components like keeping the food and activity records, specifically self-monitoring.
It can also affect the controlling of cues that are mainly linked with eating: stimulus control,
the education or knowledge of nutritional amount, the physical activities, restructuring of
cognitive skills, and so on (Kassama and et. al., 2020).
Title and Author What did the
intervention involve
Results: did it
improve the health
focus
How can your
intervention learn
lessons and improve
upon this one.
Interventions for
treating obesity in
children.
(Pilar De Miguel-
Etayo, Gloria
Bueno, Jesús M
Garagorri, Luis A
Moreno)
Pharmacological
interventions.
Non-pharmacological
Interventions.
Behavioural
Interventions.
It can help to reduce
the rates of obesity
among children and
adults as well. With
help of certain
interventions, the
rates of obesity is
now reducing
efficiently and
The interventions can
be effectively adhered
by the children and
adults to improve the
health and well-being.
There is provided
medications, regular
physical activities
andmany more to

promoting healthy
lifestyle among
population.
improve a healthy
living among people
and children as well.
EVALUATION STRATEGY
The analysis mainly involved in this review is significantly in the intervention design,
the measurement of outcomes, and the quality of methodologies. The above study powerfully
demonstrates the beneficial impacts of the interventions on child adiposity in the research. It
can be from the prime line to the end of the interventions or the follow-ups. The evaluation
strategy is generally determined about which interventions are most effective for reducing the
leading cause of overweight among children and young adults. Various mechanisms could
mediate the adverse impact of the leading cause of obesity on female fertility. Firstly, the
overweight can potentially contribute to excessive estrogen due to the extra glandular
aromatization of the androgen precursors. The sex hormones are explicitly binding with the
globulin levels are remarkably diminished. It results in more bioavailable estrogen and the
androgen for aromatization. Secondly, obesity generally enhances the levels of leptin. In this,
the actions of leptin over the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐ovary (HPO) axis are typically believed
to have various differential impacts over the central and peripheral pieces of machinery of the
reproductive system within the central nervous system. Leptin has particularly been exposed
to modulate the GnRH pulse frequency in vitro. Leptin has been generally found in the
ovarian follicular fluid on the gonadal level. The leptin receptor has specifically been
localized towards the human granulosa and the theca cells. In humans, leptin may interrupt
the normal maturation of the oocytes. In this, Weight loss can specifically enhance the
metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive profile of obese females.
There is evidence that approximately 5% weight loss has been improved among both
the natural and induced conceptions and the likelihood of a healthy live natal. The etiology of
overweight leads to cause multifactorial with both genetic and surrounding environmental
contributions. A key element of obesity is mainly the balance between ingested calories and
the body's basal energy expenditure. Therefore, being overweight involves an outcome when
small positive energy balances gather over a long period. Weight loss can be achieved by an
effective lifestyle intervention program that mainly incorporates a healthy diet, enhancement
of physical activity, behavioral modifications, and the use of complementary and traditional
healthcare approaches and medications. Lifestyle modification, which generally contains a

grouping of nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral modification, is mainly an oft‐used
strategy to aid children, young people, and older adults, who can effectively attain weight
loss and its maintenance. It has been generally recommended that complementary and
alternative medicine consisting of acupuncture enhance weight loss by regulating the
overweight-related neuropeptides by controlling the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal cortex
and the sympathetic adrenal cortex. In addition to this, it can also involve lipid‐lowering
effects. The particular drugs can act on the mechanisms that regulate appetite and satiety. It
can usually help combat pathophysiological adaptations, driving weight to regain (Parisi and
et. al., 2019).
Process evaluation: In this, it is generally a process that can effectively examines a program.
It can involve gathering as well as analysing the effective information about the program
activities, their characteristics and results as well. In this, the children’s enjoyment of
interventions can be effectively measured by simply examining that the children are actively
participating within weight reducing activities or not.
Impact evaluation: An impact evaluation generally relies on rigorous methods that are used
to identify the alterations within the results that can be attributed to an effective intervention
that are based on causes as well as effects analysis. In order to evaluate the alterations in
social behaviours among the children, the rating scales as well as the questionnaires are
simply the most economical methods of measuring the social behaviours.
Outcome evaluation: The outcomes regarding the body weight can be effectively
determined by finding the effective BMI of an individual’s height and weight in the chart of
BMI. If a person’s BMI is less than 18.5 then they can fall under the underweight category.
And, if the BMI is 18.5 to 24.9, then it may fall within the normal or a healthy weight
category.
ETHICS
In this, the potential ethical drawback that generally arises concerning the prevention of
overweight regard the significances for physical well-being, psychosocial health, informed
choices, equality, cultural and social values, and the attribution of liberty and responsibilities.
The Public well-being programs are generally put forward to identify that health is a genuine
good that the higher authority has an obligation towards promoting and protecting. In this,
such investments can mirror the productivity in which the specific well-being issues "can be
averted or minimized through collective actions generally aimed at the community. The

existence generally underscores the government's responsibility towards the public's well-
being in all 50 states, not only over the state. Health departments but also of "police
powers"—authority delegated by the various states to these departments to confine the
individuals, which mainly needed immunization, can effectively set the standards, and
otherwise can implement the laws and policies to protect the public's well-being. In this, such
authority and responsibility can invoke well-established discussions regarding the extent of
governmental reach to promote health. Public health must balance its power to respond to an
existing threat regarding well-being or narrow the health inequalities against the other
engrossing interests to enable individuals to make the possible choices they value. In this, the
chief can specifically be concerned of public well-being ethics have been outlined with the
frameworks usually declaring the ethical importance of advancing. It involves a summary of
four well-connected considerations of general well-being ethics. It can affect the same two
additional considerations, which mainly concentrates more specifically on ethical duties of
governments which the people generally believe figure notably in an ethics determination of
overweight prevention policy proposals and which areas detailed below:
 Attain public health benefit: In this, the general well-being policies, programs, as well
as recommendations must be organized to promote the essential public well-being
benefits, or it can decrease the various necessary public well-being harms; Also, they
must be executed only when the sound information recommends that their specific
approach can be practical. The health interventions should effectively decrease the
possible threats or foster well-being-promoting the surrounding environments through
data-driven strategies, which can mainly positively influence morbidity and mortality
(Jerkovic et. al., 2017).
 Minimize significant burdens and problems: In this, the public well-being programs
must constrain the meaningful liberties as minute as possible and reduce the risk of
other essential issues or limitations. It can include the social stigma, the various
physical side effects, financial obligations, and opportunity costs. In this, the risks and
the burdens may be decreased through multiple approaches like a public revelation,
opt-outs, specific protections of confidentiality, and financial set-asides. Moreover,
the similarity generally needs the programs whose load will remain elevated to
provide the more extraordinary aids which are particularly associated with the quality.
The magnitude of shreds of evidence specifically encourages a program's supposed
advantage that should enhance when the risks or burdens are higher.

 Decrease morally relevant disparities and Encourage justice: In this, the well-being
interventions cannot handle the excessive load or advantage the targeted groups,
except this can decrease the pre-existing inequalities. Furthermore, the targeting of
programs must avoid an unintentional negative impact like the stigma or the threats
towards dignity. In this, the public health promises towards social justice go further,
however, necessitating the interventions to address the various conditions. that can
hinder well-being (containing the health). Along with this, it also intervenes with
extraordinary ethical earnestness to address needs that particularly obstruct the life
prospects of certain groups, which are particularly relative to others (Bieber and et.
al., 2018).
 Ensure fair procedures and accountability: In this, especially when the stakes are
generally high or disagreements necessary, procedural justice can demand, especially
for more disputed programs, policies, or advice, the chances for public response. This
additional accountability is attained through the assigned program evaluations, which
are made publicly available, and through the periodic revisions, as required, of
broadly the issued guidance documents. The public health agencies generally are
responsible for supporting the programs that can further the public's well-being. But
when a program's approach challenges other essential values, or where a shred of
evidence can supports explicitly a new program that is more restricted, claims that the
government is acting to promote the public good may be on shakier ground. In
particular cases, public involvement will be essential, as will transparent the
evaluations with policy modifications which mainly result, as required, from
emerging evidence.
 Range government programs and policies along with evidence-based agency
Instructions: In this, Considerations one through four generally can assert which the
higher authority agencies must establish the plan, the policies, and the procedures to
provide the public support. These such programs or the guidelines should meet the
tests of being evidence-based, examined, as well as socially just. The fifth
consideration on the above goes further, signifying that a government agency issues
evidence-based endorsements for the public. In addition to this, that agency's practices
and the programs they fund and all other policies, programs, and procedures
throughout that government must be consistent with the authorized guidelines unless
there are compelling reasons not to do so. Instead of simply insisting upon the

government's consistency for its own sake, this thorough deliberation can significantly
need the various public entities to model the execution of government agency
endorsements, strengthen their impact through the multiple and rippling venues and
potentially avert the cynicism. It could result from the various government programs
being flagrant at odds with governmentally authorized commendations and the
guidelines. In this, having the public agenda and activities consistent with the
procedures would also complete, casually, extensive "piloting" of approvals across
varied contexts. In addition to this, as well as the jurisdictions, they checked the
effectiveness and suitability of government guidance and enabled the modifications,
mainly based on experience (Fitchett and Grossoehme, 2021).
CONCLUSION
The more effective weight loss options are generally required to encourage healthy
and sustainable eating behaviors. Randomized control weight loss trials have mainly been
designed to assess the best diet. Instead of asking about a sensible diet, people should ask
how adherence can be improved. Concentrating over the efforts on developing reliable
methods for facilitating the long-term commitment towards both sides of the energy balance
equation would be worthwhile and constructive.

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Online:
Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model in the evaluation of a community-based
youth fitness and nutrition summer camp program, 2016 [Online] Available through:
https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1646&context=graddis
Significant increase in obesity rates among primary-aged children, latest statistics show,
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obesity-rates-among-primary-aged-children-latest-statistics-show>
Population health needs assessment: a guide for 0 to 19 health visiting and school nursing
services, 2021 [Online] Available through:
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