A Literature Review on Overweight, Weight Loss, and Ageing Trends

This literature review explores the complex interplay between overweight, weight loss, and ageing, focusing on the health implications for the elderly population. The review synthesizes findings from multiple studies, including those examining dynapenic obesity, the impact of weight loss interventions, and the challenges of measuring adiposity in older adults. Key themes include the increased risk of functional impairments, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality associated with obesity. The review highlights the importance of preserving muscle mass in weight-loss programs, the role of exercise and diet in improving physical capacity, and the need for tailored interventions that consider the unique needs of the ageing population. The review also discusses the prevalence of obesity, its impact on morbidity and mortality, and the importance of early intervention and chronic disease management strategies.

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW - OVERWEIGHT, WEIGHT LOSS AND AGEING
Literature Review - Overweight, Weight loss and Ageing
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Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 1
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Main Body.......................................................................................................................................2
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
References........................................................................................................................................7

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 2
Introduction
Obesity is considered as an important concern among adults and ageing population
following morbidity and mortality having a positive impact on the quality of people’s life by
identifying the institutionalised risks. Institutions are required to work on weight loss
intervention leading towards physical functions detrimentally impact affecting muscle and bone
physiology influenced with different elements leading adverse outcomes.
The considered literature review is followed with the discussion of social and nutritional
issues faced by adults and ageing population associated with pharmacotherapy discussing
chronological factors influencing clinical practices on a national level to support chronic
management and positively impact the disease management. The risks with obesity are aligned
with risk at functional impairments leading to the inability to transfer, walking capacity,
affecting their normal routine, loss of independence, impairment in life quality exposing the
individuals to face the risks developing comorbid developing incident disabilities.
Clinical Appraisal Tool
Bibliographical
Details
Resources
Searched
Methods Reliability Outcomes
Batsis, J. A.,
Zbehlik, A. J.,
Pidgeon, D., &
Bartels, S. J.
(2015).
Dynapenic
obesity and the
effect on long-
term physical
function and
quality of life:
data from the
osteoarthritis
initiative. BMC
Geriatricsvolume,
Google
Scholar.
NCBI,
PubMed
The study has
identified adults
aged ≥ 60 years
from the
Osteoarthritis
Initiative. Obesity
was defined as a
body mass index ≥
30 kg/m(2).
Participants were
grouped according
to obesity and knee
strength: dynapenic
obesity; dynapenia
without obesity;
Outcomes of
gait speed,
400 m walk
distance, Late-
life Disability
and Function
Index (LLFDI),
and Short-Form
(SF)-12 were
analyzed using
mixed effects
and logistic
regression
models.
Of 2025
subjects
(56.3 %
female), mean
age was
68.2 years and
182 (24.1 %)
had dynapenic
obesity.
Dynapenic
obesity was
associated
with reduced
gait speed,
LLFDI-

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 3
118. obesity without
dynapenia; and no
dynapenia nor
obesity.
limitations,
and SF-12
physical score
in both sexes
and in the
400 m walk in
men only (all
p < 0.001).
John A. Batsis, &
Zagaria, A. B.
(2018 ).
Addressing
Obesity in Aging
Patients. Med
Clin North Am,
65–85.
Google
Scholar,
PubMed,
NCBI
Study has been
taken into
consideration using
extended literature
review to form
perspective using
secondary data
collection to form
perspective
The data is
reliable because
The use of
physiologic
rather than
chronologic
age for
identifying
suitable
candidates for
bariatric
surgery.
Lydia E. Gill, J,
S., Bartels, M.,
A, J., & Batsis,
M. (2015 ).
Weight
Management in
Older Adults.
Curr Obes Rep,
379–388.
Google
Scholar,
PubMed,
NCBI
The study has
considered
secondary data
collection form
different medical
database to collect
data about obesity
forming
perspective.
The validity of
data is not
defined,
however, the
article is
published in a
reputable
journal
therefore,
support its
validity.
The study has
outlined the
challenges and
implications of
measuring
adiposity in
older adults
and the
dangers and
benefits of
weight loss in
this population
and provides
an overview of
the new
Medicare
Obesity
Benefit.
Sajoux, I.,
Bellon, A., &
Vidal, J. (2017).
Challenges in
Treatment of
MedCrave,
Google
Scholar,
PubMed,
Scielo and
An extensive
bibliographical
search was carried
out using scientific
publications in
For obese
patients over 65
years of age,
preserving
muscle mass is
For this
reason,
reducing
calorie intake
while

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 4
Obesity in the
Elderly.
Endocrinology &
Metabolism
International
Journal.
Elsevier various specialised
electronic
databases
a priority in any
weight-loss
programme, as
this is
associated with
decreased
cardiometabolic
risk and
increased
resistance
which in turn
inversely
correlates with
mortality
maintaining a
high protein
intake is
recommended
Main Body
According to the information collected by Lydia E. Gill, J, Bartels, A, & Batsis (2015 ),
the life expectancy problem in the United States has increased in the last century. The life
expectancy of people was determined as 47 years in comparison to 78.8 years in recent time.
According to the phenomena, the population growth has led to an increased number of elderly
people aged 65 years are expected to be doubled from 43.1 million in 2012 to 83.7 million in
2050. The research was carried out using quantitative research approach and data analysis
method identifying the data from elderly people (going through obesity problem) leading to hip
fracture risk due to weight loss and its associated with mortality and increased BMI. The study
has highlighted the challenges and implications to measure adiposity among elderly population
going through the risk of weight loss implications following the overview of Medicare Obesity
Benefits underpinning the outcomes of weightloss intervention to discuss the implications for
advance clinical practice (Forno & Celedón, 2017).
The statistics included in the study of John A. Batsis & Zagaria (2018 )clearly determines
that obesity among older people is directly associated with morbidity and mortality following the

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 5
impact of life quality and risk influencing the individuals. It has found that excessive weight gain
is followed by weight loss intervention leading to help older people. Strategic interventions such
as diet-alone intervention are followed with detrimentally impact on muscular and bone
physiology directly influencing the elements leading towards adverse outcomes. The study is
followed with the importance of primary care provider helping individuals supporting the
increasing intervention in the USA by the year 2030. Statistics show that the population of the
USA will be over 65 years in age, it is the fastest-growing demographics in the region following
the need for improvement in medical care, chronic disease management and others (Geiker,
Astrup, Hjorth, Sjödin, Pijls, & Markus, 2018).
It has been found that elderly population with obesity are more likely to be at risk of
functional impairment such as inability to walk, dress, and eat leading to affect their quality of
life and lead to significant amount of dependence of people exposing them to social support for a
longer period of time. Furthermore, Sajoux, Bellon, & Vidal (2017)determined that obesity
seems to be a common problem in Spain within the age group of 65 years. The risks among these
people include deriving the appearance of comorbid in organ and system where the senior
citizens are more likely to experience negative impact of this disease such as loss of muscle
mass, distribution of morbimortality, and others. The study has collected data based on the
epidemiology and psychopathologicalmechanism leading to discuss obesity among elderly
people following therapeutic approach to preserve lean mass among these patients (Kapadia,
Park, Beyene, Giglia, Maxwell, & McDonald, 2015). For this study, the research has followed
with a wide bibliographical search using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Elsevier,
and Google Scholar.

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 6
Findings indicate that patients found obese (with age over 65 years) preserve muscle
mass using weight-loss programs to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases increasing
resistance correlating with mortality factors. Research clearly indicates that obese individuals are
required to work on reducing their intake of calories and support energy while maintaining their
diet with protein. They are also require to adopt exercising in their daily routine improving
patient functionality capacity (Lowe, 2015). The study has clearly outlined therapeutic approach
to obesity among elderly people following the statistics of Spain to support weight loss of people
improving their functional capacity with life quality to minimising muscle and bone loss capacity
leading to the risk of fractures. In the research of Batsis, Zbehlik, Pidgeon, & Bartels (2015), it is
found that obesity leads to functional impairment lead to increased mortality risk among elderly
population, the study is followed with a condition known as dynapenia which reduce the strength
of elderly population leading to increasing dependability of elderly population of social support.
The study has taken data from adults aged over 60 years with Osteoarthritisleading to
classified as lowest sex-specific tertial of knee extensor strength affecting their normal routine.
The population was classified under dynapenic obesity, dynapenic without obesity, and obesity
without dynapenic. Approximately data from the last four years has been collected to assess the
self-reported activities of daily living (ADL) to follow up with the outcomes of gait speed while
going on a 400-meter walk distance. It has also taken Late-life Disability and Function Index,
Short Form – 12 while using mixed-effect and logistic regression model. Research findings
determine dynapenic obesity is at risk factors leading to reduce their routine
movementsencouraging the need to target subjects. The cross-sectional study by Seidell &
Visscher (2000)has outlined the prevalence of high body weight/mass (BMI) within the age
group of 60 or more following to several dependability factors to support individual lives.

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 7
The study has considered the role of weight gain among people having a small influence
of advancing age towards adopting abdominal facts. It has considered the association between
high body mass index pronounced among older people than younger people. Though there are
myths determining health viewpoint of individual disability at functional level showing clinical
and public health as strong predictor of subsequent mortality (Bogaerts, Ameye, Martens, &
Devlieger, 2015). The perspective is taken into consideration for this study determine
prospective study having high waist circumferences to be a better predictor determining the
mortality rate to be caused due to high body mass index because of various factors such as high
alcohol consumption, smoking, and others. The findings clearly determinethe distribution
mechanism of fats among individuals aged over 60 years captured under standard anthropometric
data with low lean body mass reflected under low BMI increasing abdominal fatness reflected
with increased waist circumferences (Seidell & Visscher, 2000).
With advancing age, people are exposed to issues that can increase or increase the risk of
weight gain. For example, the appearance of joint pain, related to osteoarthritis or osteoporosis,
can have an impact on mobility. Because they are hurting, people stop certain physical activities
(taking the stairs, go for a walk, make short trips on foot), without reviewing their diet and thus
promoting weight gain. In general, the body has caloric needs that are reduced with age, while
nutritional needs increase (calcium, protein, and other) (Hruby, et al., 2016). Individuals do not
necessarily adapt their menu to this changing need, which can lead to weight gain.In addition,
some drug treatments promote weight gain, like the majority of antipsychotics and
antidepressants. However, one in two people over 70 take psychotropic drugs across the world
(Batsis, Zbehlik, Pidgeon, & Bartels, 2015).

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 8
However, there does not appear to be a clearly identifiable threshold above which the
level of obesity significantly affects physical ability. On the other hand, our results also show
that waist circumference (an indirect measure of fat mass distribution) is negatively associated
with physical capacity. Results from our experimental studies demonstrate that the physical
ability of obese and sedentary older women can be improved by undertaking a weight training
program 3 times per week (MacLean, Higgins, Giles, Sherk, & Jackman, 2015). On the other
hand, a caloric restriction does not seem to improve the physical capacity, even when associated
with a program of bodybuilding exercises. Finally, the last article of the present thesis
demonstrates that self-reported measures and objective measures do not report the same
percentages of changes following an intervention aimed at improving physical capacity (Sajoux,
Bellon, & Vidal, 2017).
Conclusion
To conclude, it can be said that the increasing prevalence of obesity is supported by
various factors such as high body mass especially among elderly people across the world. The
literature review is followed with statistics from across the world determining the strategies
required to be taken into consideration by public sector to improve care standards for people. It is
important public health settings across the world to look for the underlying factors increasing the
prevalence of obesity with health awareness, this can be achieved by simple strategies such as
decrease of abnormal weight gain using the strategy for further loss of muscle mass to be
prevented by caloric restriction to avoid similar cases efficiently.

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 9
References
Batsis, J. A., Zbehlik, A. J., Pidgeon, D., & Bartels, S. J. (2015). Dynapenic obesity and the
effect on long-term physical function and quality of life: data from the osteoarthritis
initiative. BMC Geriatricsvolume , 118.
Bogaerts, A., Ameye, L., Martens, E., & Devlieger, R. (2015). Weight loss in obese pregnant
women and risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology , 566-575.
Forno, E., & Celedón, J. (2017). The effect of obesity, weight gain, and weight loss on asthma
inception and control. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology , 123.
Geiker, N., Astrup, A., Hjorth, M., Sjödin, A., Pijls, L., & Markus, C. (2018). Does stress
influence sleep patterns, food intake, weight gain, abdominal obesity and weight loss
interventions and vice versa? Obesity reviews , 81-97.
Hruby, A., Manson, J., Qi, L., Malik, V., Rimm, E., Sun, Q., et al. (2016). Determinants and
consequences of obesity. American journal of public health , 1656-1662.
John A. Batsis, & Zagaria, A. B. (2018 ). Addressing Obesity in Aging Patients. Med Clin North
Am , 65–85.
Kapadia, M., Park, C., Beyene, J., Giglia, L., Maxwell, C., & McDonald, S. .. (2015). Weight
loss instead of weight gain within the guidelines in obese women during pregnancy: a
systematic review and meta-analyses of maternal and infant outcomes. . PloS .
Lowe, M. (2015). Dieting: proxy or cause of future weight gain? Obesity reviews, , 19-24.
Lydia E. Gill, J, S., Bartels, M., A, J., & Batsis, M. (2015 ). Weight Management in Older
Adults. Curr Obes Rep , 379–388. .

Literature Review - Overweight, weight loss and ageing 10
MacLean, P., Higgins, J., Giles, E., Sherk, V., & Jackman, M. (2015). The role for adipose tissue
in weight regain after weight loss. Obesity reviews , 45-54.
Sajoux, I., Bellon, A., & Vidal, J. (2017). Challenges in Treatment of Obesity in the Elderly.
Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal .
Seidell, J. C., & Visscher, T. L. (2000). Body weight and weight change and their health
implications forthe elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition .