Dissertation: Paid and Unpaid Care's Contribution to Development

This dissertation delves into the critical analysis of both paid and unpaid care services and their significant contributions to social and economic development. The study begins with an introduction that establishes the background, aims, objectives, and research questions, along with the rationale behind the research. The literature review examines the concept of paid and unpaid care, their influence on social and economic progress, and the major challenges faced by care providers. The research employs a detailed methodology, outlining the research type, approach, design, philosophy, data collection, and analysis methods, along with ethical considerations. The findings are presented in the data analysis and discussion sections, followed by conclusions and recommendations. The study investigates the concept of paid care, provided for payment, and unpaid care, provided by family and volunteers. It analyzes their impacts on economic growth, employment, and societal well-being. Challenges include the combination of work and care, which affects carers' health and employment. The research also highlights the gendered nature of care work and its impact on women's time allocation, education, and leisure. The study suggests recommendations on how to improve the quality of care and support for both care providers and recipients.

DISSERTATION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC..............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Background of the study..............................................................................................................3
Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................4
Research Questions......................................................................................................................4
Rationale of the study..................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
Theme 1: The concept of paid and non paid care services (380)................................................5
Theme 2: The influence of paid and non paid care services over social and economic
developments (380)......................................................................................................................6
Theme 3: Major challenges that has been faced by the paid and non paid care providers (380)7
ECONOMIC THEORY RELEVANCE TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS..............................8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................11
Research type:............................................................................................................................11
Research approach:....................................................................................................................11
Research design:........................................................................................................................11
Research philosophy:.................................................................................................................11
Data collection:..........................................................................................................................12
Data analysis:.............................................................................................................................12
Reliability and validity:.............................................................................................................12
Ethical consideration..................................................................................................................12
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................13
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

TOPIC
To access and evaluate the contribution of both paid and non paid care in social and
economic development.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Care work in social as well as economic perspective is significant as it helps in order to
sustain life. It is important in recent era because it is one of the rapid expanding economic sectors
along with a major driver of employment growth and development all across the world. Paid care
is a concept which refers to the care that has been provided to an individual for payments or
profit margins by health care workers (Pandey and Pal, 2020). This helps to develop in
economical manner while on the other hand, non-paid care is a care which provided by an
individual or person of any age group who provides unpaid services and support to their family
members, relative, friend, neighbour or anybody who are unable to manage the things without
the carers help (Ferronato and et.al., 2019). Moreover, sometimes they are the volunteers in order
to provide their appropriate services to the persons who have to face certain difficulties in
context of frailty, serious health conditions mental illness, substance misuse or even disability.
Such care providers do not see themselves as carers as they feel that it is normal part of their life.
Aim and objectives
Aim
The aim behind conducting current study is to analyse the contribution of both paid as
well as non paid care in social and economic development.
Objectives
After consideration the above presented aim, following objectives has been prepared:
 To analyse the concept of paid and non paid care services.
 To Evaluate influence of paid and non paid care services over social and economic
development.
 To identify various challenges faced by paid and non paid care providers.
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 To suggest recommendations regarding the ways in which the paid and non paid both
care services provide appropriate effects over economic and social development.
Research Questions
1. What are paid and non paid care services?
2. What are the influence of paid and non paid care services on social as well as economic
development?
3. What are the major challenges that has been faced by the paid and non paid care
providers?
4. What are certain recommendations related to the ways through which paid and non paid
both care service providers effects the economic and social developments?
Rationale of the study
The topic that is being selected such as the analysis of the contribution towards the paid
and non paid care in context of social and economic developments are important to study as it
will help interested candidates or individuals such as care providers as well as other people in
order to understand the ways in which they can highly able to provide impacts over the
development of the society in social as well as economical manner (Eckhardt and et.al., 2019).
The topic is relevant to study as it enables the scholar to get detailed and in depth information
about the level of contribution of care providers in order to make any patient's life easy, better
and healthy. This study provides appropriate direction to the other care providers along with care
required persons in order to make their life easy (Schneider and Harknett, 2019).
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is about the literature review within which the available literature has been
searched and analysed over the specific topic or subject area. In other words it has been
evaluated that it is basically a survey of scholarly articles that are based upon this specific or
related topic which provides high level of assistance in order to get overview about the current
information, identify relevant theories, methods along with existing gap within the research.
Apart from this, this also involves the findings of relevant publication related to recent years that
is books, journals, articles, etc. which also critically analyse and identify them.

Theme 1: The concept of paid and non paid care services (380)
As per the views of Schneider and Harknett, (2019) it has been identified that a health
care provider is an individual health care professionals who serve or provide their effectual
services through paid or non paid payments in order to provide their services to the requires
patients. Paid workers are the ones who are a kind of health care provider who furnishes, bills or
is paid for health care in normal course of business. Paid workers are the ones who get fees for
the service system which rewards the quantity but not the efficiency and quality of medical care.
Abbott and Meerabeau, (2020) states that people allocate their time to activities that can be
classified as paid and unpaid workers. Paid work refers to time contracted out that receives
wages. The extent to which the paid workers is performed under decent conditions shows
extreme variations along with notable consequences of workers. Informality and lack of decent
work conditions have received considerable attention all across the world by government and
non-governmental companies, trade unions and international labour organizations.
Moreover, the unpaid work involves non remunerated work actions it has been analysed
that it lacks social recognition. The total division of time among paid and non paid workers are
highly depended upon varied factors which includes gender, age, type of household structure,
location, social class as well as the family members. They both are the ones who contribute their
significant role towards the economic and social developments as it affects not only the duration
but also the distribution of time between the paid and non paid work along with allocation of
unpaid time among the variety of activities. According to Kjaer and et.al., (2019) in developed
countries, it has been identified that majority number of care providers are paid workers, and
they spend less amount of time to provide free of cost services to users or patients.
The conditions under which both paid and non paid workers are performed requires to
influence each other and also have supporting over paid work outside the care economy. From
studies, it has been identified that large amount of unpaid works have been generally carried out
by women and girls from socially disadvantaged groups restraint to both take availability to
undertake paid employment and the type and quality of jobs they can access.
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Theme 2: The influence of paid and non paid care services over social and economic
developments (380)
Watt and et.al., (2019) reflects that care work both paid and unpaid contributes to well-
being of social as well as economic development and growth. But the costs that are incurred
within the time of providing care are unequally borne across the gender and class. Families into
their all diverse forms remain the key institute in order to meet care requirements. The challenge
within this is regard to the forge policies that highly support them and are grounded in certain
key principles through which they can recognize and guarantee the rights of care providers as
well as for care receivers both. Unpaid care work includes basically the house work which
includes care for people carried out into homes as well as into communities. Such type of work
extremely contributes their part and feed into the economic growth through the production of
labour force that is productive, fit and capable of learning and creative as well. Despite of
economic value, the unpaid workers are not involved into the labour force surveys. Not even
they are included into the GDP and hence invisible into the representations of the economy that
inform policy making.
On the other hand, World Health Organization, (2018) illustrates that paid care services
includes childcare, nursing, elder care and teaching which constitute a growing and expansion
part of the economy and of employment into varied countries. In United Kingdom, the
professional as well as domestic care services has been enhanced from employing various
workforce in dissimilar sectors. Moreover, it has been assumed and elaborated that when care
work is decently paid and protected, it can able to meet the interests of both workers as well as
users of the services. Thus, this facility suggests the usage of appropriate policies in order to
provide and address care through public policy which is now more urgent than ever before.
Women's are nowadays also enters into the paid working or considered as paid workforce has
squeezed the time for care for the family and friends for an unpaid mode or basis. Moreover,
there are various other factors as well which enhances the requirement of paid workers into the
care services especially in the developing countries where public health system are extremely
poor and weakened during decades of market oriented reform. Thus, the care services underpins
the social as well as economic development of the country although it has certain limitations in
developing countries but appropriate enough in developed countries just like in UK.

Theme 3: Major challenges that has been faced by the paid and non paid care providers (380)
As per the viewpoints of Arabi, Murthy and Webb, (2020) it has been evaluated that
Global population ageing as well as medical progress see more people of all age groups those are
living with increasingly more complex care and support requirements. The care situations are
highly diverse and dynamic in nature. Care requirements are extremely fluctuated in nature and
includes everything from assistance with activities of daily living activities required for living
day to day life. The challenges that has been faced by the paid and non paid workers includes the
combination of work and care both which is complex task or issue and having massive impacts
over the carers mental as well as physical health, their employment and over their relationships
as well. It had been found that providing care for non-stop 10 to 12 hours a day or more
significantly impacted the likeliness of the carer to leave work. Giving up work not only
impacted the long-term financial situation of the carer but also negatively impacts the economy
as well as the overall development of the public. Lost revenue among the UK economy and
enhances spendings over benefits to support unemployed carers costs the UK economy in drastic
manner.
As per the viewpoints Watt and et.al., (2019) highlighted that women are the ones who
carry out the bulk of unpaid care work, and not just in the times of crisis but also despite of
important variations in economic, demographic and social indicators along with gender gaps in
the time allocated to unpaid care work and allocate substantially more time into it. For all
countries, it has been stated that the mean time allocated for women for unpaid care work I twice
that for men which shows the gender gap among the developing countries. On the other hand,
women spend less time over paid works than men as they do spend more time over working if all
types of work are combined. This provides less time for education, leisure, political participation,
and self care. Moreover, with kids, the time also increases the time spent in unpaid care mode.
ECONOMIC THEORY RELEVANCE TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Economic theories in the previous times failed to recognize unpaid work as a part of the
main stream economy. Classical economists states that unpaid domestic services are not at all
productive in nature because the production occurs only in the market (Rahimian and et.al.,
2020). An unpaid service among the home is the consumption of the income earned. According
to the neoclassical economists that considered unpaid work is the kind of non market work which
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illustrates the labour of dependents and not the labour of wage earners. Moreover, the economic
work is not an economic good because it is free and unlimited in nature. There are various
researchers who kept unpaid services outside the purview of the national income as it is
housewives production and is therefore not included into the economic perspective (Babich and
Hilary, 2020). The arguments that have been presented for excluding the unpaid work from
mainstream economic theories are not at all acceptable to some of the present generation
economists who approach macroeconomics logically and realistically. It is to be accepted that
domestic unpaid services are not just consumption but also provides detailed information by
household members (Kohrt and et.al., 2018). In addition to this, unpaid work is not at all free and
not unlimited in nature as well as there are also certain limits on women's capacity to work as
well as it is for an economic good.
Households come under one of the three sectors of the macro economy as it is not an
additional sector, it is a fundamental building block which structurally interlinked with the other
two sectors which includes the market and the public sector. The household provides formal
labour, informal labour and unpaid labour to the economy. This labour is provided to the
business sector and the public sector (Nugent and et.al., 2018). Both of the above sectors gets
formal and informal labour from the household sector. They also provide formal paid work and
voluntary work to non-profit institutions. In similar ways, the business sector and the public
sector provide appropriate goods and services to the household sector and the non profit
institutions. Then business sector provides it to public sector and again the public sector provides
it to households, non-profit and business sector.
Unpaid work acts as a subsidy to the macro economy as households provides various
services that the government is expected to provide to the people which includes care and basic
public provisions. The unpaid services are tended to reduce the level of burden over the state. In
the absence of such services, the state would have to spend a lot more over public provisions.
Unpaid works also fulfils the gaps among the infrastructure which includes various activities that
comes under basic work requirements (Lundberg and Stearns, 2019). Moreover, the unpaid work
reduces the cost of paid workers at the macro level. Due to this, the private sector paid less than
what it would have to paid to maintain the similar type of standards of living of workers. These
raises profit margins at the macro level which leading towards the enhancement of amount of
capital that are accumulated and into the economic growth and expansion as well.

In terms of illustrating neo liberal policies and unpaid work it has been stated that this has
an adverse impacts over the economy. The women with burden of unpaid work fits well in this it
will incur microeconomic losses. One major macroeconomic question that requires to be arises
within this research is related to the contribution of paid and non paid care in social and
economic development (Baldassarre and et.al., 2019). Thus, it is highly required to understand
the topic conceptually and empirically the dynamics of the linkage between the paid and non
paid work. In order to understand the influence of paid and non paid care over the social and
economic development, it has been analysed that there are several approaches that have been
recommended by varied scholars which is related to the impacts of macro economic policies over
paid and non paid work. The impacts over the macroeconomic policies over paid work is
excluded from both policy making and analysis. There are numerous studies that shows that
various macro economic policies and sectorial policy have dissimilar impacts over the paid and
non paid work (Corona and et.al., 2019).
Thus, in general there are two public policies with respect to unpaid work or care which
includes specific or direct policies according to which in future terms the persons might be
recognized and making it more visible in order to influence the quantity of unpaid work done
within the society and changing the distribution of unpaid work among different groups in
society. Moreover, in context of indirect and mainstreamed policies, theses are not designed and
implemented with having a view point to affecting unpaid care worker but having implicit effects
over unpaid work. In addition to this preparing gender equality policies will also help into
women empowerment which requires their economic independence and relieve from domestic
labour (Charmaz and Belgrave, 2019). Rearrangement of paid works are also highly considered
in order to provide influence over the social and economic growth and expansion.
Commercialization of unpaid work also acts as a significant part of this overall criteria. The
challenges that have been faced by the unpaid care workers includes gender wage gaps which
indicates that women spend large amount of time over unpaid care and hence there is a large
gender gap in time spent as the gender gap sometimes includes hourly wages. Irrespective of
spending much higher time over the services, they earn less than men who work as a paid care
worker (Mi and Coffman, 2019). Moreover, the socio demographic and economic factors also
acted as a major challenge which includes level of education and wealth. Hence, the wages per
rate of women over the economy should be increased so that the women also considered into the
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paid care working along with take better care of the health as well as education to their children.
Another significant point includes the designing of appropriate policies for women which
includes skill formation policies along with their impacts over the unpaid work which has been
appropriately addressed by suitable provisions to provide equal opportunities for both men and
women into the labour market space. Moreover, the unpaid and paid care workers who are facing
certain challenges are highly required to address those constraints faced by women and provide
them appropriate access to assets, technology, extension and other significant inputs. In similar
ways, it is highly important to put emphasize over the fact that not factoring into the unpaid care
will reduce the effectiveness of any kind of active labour market measures which includes skills
development, employment level of women, etc. (Cigu and et.al., 2018). as women do not majorly
have the time to participate into such kind of activities. As if they do engage into such type of
actions or activities, it could have the possibility to provide well established results over their
children shouldering a larger burden of unpaid work.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research type:
Research is basically conduct by using the research type which are qualitative and
quantitative. In this qualitative study involves the non-numeric data which is collected form open
source communication, interviews, surveys (Bulog, Pepu and Rimac Smiljanić, 2022).
Quantitative research involves the numeric data, it is used for identifying the patterns and to
make the prediction. For completing this research project qualitative study is efficient as it
provides the flexibility to the research analyst as compared to quantitative study.
Research approach:
Research approach is the procedure which encompasses with the broad assumption that
covers the data collection, analysis method. It further classified in two process which are
inductive and deductive research approach. Generally inductive reasoning linked with the
qualitative study, in this generation of new theory is found, where it shifts from data to theory.
Deductive reasoning that usually carries out for the scientific investigation it is based on existing
theory where the hypothesis is also found (Beban and Trueman, 2018). Thus this study is
associate with the qualitative study then inductive reasoning is appropriate because it provides
the variability as well as supports the new theory formation.

Research design:
It is the framework that is selected by the analyst to organise the study that helps in
drawing the final conclusion. There is some research design which are exploratory and
descriptive design. Exploratory is basically conduct for addressing the research problem when
there are no such studies present to rely on for making outcome prediction. Descriptive research
design concern with collecting and arranging the information which help in clearly explaining
the situation, it answers the what, when, where question. This study is based on exploratory
research design it helps in constructing the in depth understanding about topic.
Research philosophy:
It is the belief which entails that data from any phenomenon should be collected and
analysed. In research philosophy is important it helps in enhancing researcher’s ability for
solving problem. This further divides in interpritivism and positivism research philosophy.
Interpritivism research where the researcher plays an act to explore the social world, where the
study mainly concerns with analyst interest. While positivism generally attached with factual
knowledge that is achieved from observation (Seck and et.al 2021). This study generally aims to
concentrate on interpritivism philosophical approach because the responses in this is near to truth
and it also allows researcher to interpret the study elements.
Data collection:
It is the method of collecting the data for the study where the data sources are available for
which the analyst collects the information with aim to complete the study with better result. It
can be done in two ways which are primary and secondary data method. In primary data is
collected from open source communication, questionnaire, interviews. While in secondary
method, data is already present where the data sources are books and journals, internet websites.
This study is based on secondary data analysis as it cost and time efficient, it also enables to
address the specific study question and enable to easily access the data.
Data analysis:
Data analysis is the crucial factor of research in this analyst selects the tools and techniques
to analyse the data for obtaining useful information that can be used in study (Rogers and et.al
2021). It can be done in two ways which are thematic and statistical data analysis, where in
thematic it generally analysed the qualitative data where searching is done across the data sets to
analyse the repeated pattern. In statistical, it quantifies the quantitative data by performing
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statistical operation for analysis. This study supports the thematic data analysis approach reason
is as it concerns with qualitative data also there is no search requirement to train the algorithms
also efficiency in this allows broad range of analytic choices.
Reliability and validity:
Reliability in research is to measure the consistency and validity is to measure the
accuracy. Both plays a significant role in research study as it helps in evaluating the research
quality. Thus for this research to maintain the reliability and validity published articles after the
period of 2017 have been selected.
Ethical consideration
It is important to follow all ethics and research norms in order to prevent from any
miserable situation. For the ethical consideration this research has selected the published articles
where no alternation in original data is made. Also list of references have been provided which
ensures that work is free from plagiarism.
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data analysis chapter where the researcher puts all the research study together, in this results
and data findings are analysed. Above report have illustrated the contribution of both non paid as
well as paid care in social and economic development. As to address the research topic
secondary data has been collected in this published articles have been selected to obtain the
details over the topic (Addati and et.al 2018). Thus it is found that generally the non-paid worker
helps the families by providing the care, they generally don’t charge for their free services and
usually females are linked with this category because they run their family and carry out lots of
household activities and provides better care to their family members. Work of unpaid service
involves the household for all the members that include voluntary community work. It is found
that paid workers are those who received the salary and monthly earning in the end against their
services which they have given to the people. Thus it is analysed that unpaid work is not socially
recognise, as both paid and unpaid concept depends on the various factors which are gender, age,
social class, family structure both have the significant contribution in social as well as in
economic development (Wheatley, Lawton and Hardill, 2018). It is found that most of the care
provider generally concern with the monetary benefit as they do not support the free work

because it mainly consumes the time and efforts thus they always required to be paid off against
their efforts.
It is evaluated that women are the one who spend disproportionately time on the non-paid work
as compared to men, on account of the social and cultural norms it is seen that women across the
distinct region, socio economic class mostly spend their time on fulfilling the requirement of
their family members and they see as more indulge with their domestic work. Thus in addition to
their paid job thus it creates the more pressure on them to keep maintain the balance between
their personal and professional life. As the unequal distribution of the non-paid service among
the women and men mainly presents the violation of women’s right it also presents as the barrier
in their economic empowerment. It is found that unpaid care work has the major contribution
towards the economy as they produce the effective and productive labour force but still they are
not seen in the economy policy (Allan, 2019). It is obvious that if the work is paid off then any
individual can put their maximum efforts to deliver the best result by their efficient work. In this
era where the government is focusing on empowering the women, thus they are also considering
under the paid category which also means that it is increasing the paid work requirement for
managing the household activities (Mader, 2018). Thus it is often seen that women mostly do
unpaid work non-stop as it also shows the gender gap issue as compared to the men women
generally do bulk of work to manage their household work. Gender patterns of data in time that
is dedicated to the unpaid care work cut around the region, household, communities, this data is
been providing the information as how the gender role is shaping the worker division in the
household and also it illustrating the differences among the both male and female.
It is identified that the day to day unpaid work is seen as complete responsibility of the women,
on an average it is analysed that the women are more devoted in the unpaid work they usually
dedicate almost 5-6 hours in the household activities while men only dedicates half to one hour
(Edgell and Granter, 2019). Thus it is analysed that women are more who concern with the
unpaid work while men usually do the paid work, thus it is raising the gender inequality concept.
It is important to have the policies in practice which ensures the work balance between both male
and female. Therefore, unequal distribution of the responsibilities regarding caring among the
women and men also creating the unequal chances in terms of amount of time to dedicate in the
paid activities. Thus gender inequality within the unpaid work is usually diminishing the
connectivity in analysis regarding the gender gap within the labour result in particularly three
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areas which are gender gap within the worker force involvement rate, employment quality and
earnings. Total time which is dedicated in the unpaid work is associated with the female
employee participation, as in the countries where the average women spend their time on unpaid
care activities is 50 percent, women in such age population are active that is they are looking for
the job and for other job opportunity to contribute in the economy. However, it is seen that in the
countries where the female generally devotes the three hours in the unpaid care work, thus 60
percent of the women are active in the workforce (Jung and O’Brien, 2019). Therefore,
decrement in the women’s unpaid work is associated with the 10 percentage increment in women
participation in the labour force. It is also found that the gender gap is linked with the inequality
within the unpaid care work, as it is obvious that if there is higher rate in unequal distribution of
the care duty among the men and women then it ultimately enhances the gender gap within the
worker force participation (Hoynes and Rothstein, 2019). In some countries where the women
have the greater responsibility for the unpaid care work are more seen as the lower level in the
economic activity, however the countries which supports the family friendly approach are more
likely to seen as encouragement within the better work life and family balance for the both
women and men, thus it also helps in promoting the increment rate of women in economic
activities.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
From the above report it is concluded that care and social work helps in encouraging the
people to improve their living standard. Above research study has presented the evaluation of the
contribution of paid and non-paid care in social and economic development. It has discussed the
description of paid care as how service provider helps the people with better care against certain
amount, while it also discussed that some social service provider helps the people without being
paid. Thus above research project has highlighted the research aim, objectives and research
questions with the aim to accomplished for drawing study conclusion. Further it also covered the
study rationale and literature review where it discussed the arguments of various authors
regarding the research topic. Report also illustrated the research methodology to arrange the
strategy by utilising research strategy, approach and design, in this section it also covered the
data collection process which mainly discussed the secondary data. In this study it also discussed

the economic theory which is relevant to the research aim and question, it finally concluded with
the data analysis based on secondary data and some recommendations.
It is important to have the better policies and standards that helps in recognising the
efforts of non-paid care provider worker as well. As to identify the unpaid care work under the
national standards (Farré and et.al 2021). There should be gender equality in every field, thus
organisations required to promote the equal distribution of unpaid care work at the household
level. Flexible work approach and parental or emergency leave are the key points which the
organisation can proceed to approach with, it will help in women to maintain the work life
balance. There should be proper use of media, programmes to engage the men for changing the
attitude of community towards the unpaid care work.
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