Pakistan Movement Chapter 4 Review: Two Nation Theory & Events

This assignment provides a detailed review of Chapter 4 of the Pakistan Movement, focusing on the Two-Nation Theory and its implications. It explores the meaning and evolution of the theory, highlighting cultural, political, religious, economic, and social differences between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. The assignment examines factors that contributed to Muslim separatism, including cultural, economic, and social disparities, as well as the rise of Hindu nationalism. It also covers significant historical events such as the Simon Commission, the Nehru Report, the Fourteen Points of Quaid-i-Azam, the Round Table Conferences, the Lahore Resolution, the Cripps Mission, the Wavell Plan, and the Simla Conference. Each event is analyzed to understand its role in shaping the political landscape and ultimately leading to the creation of Pakistan.

Teacher Name: Najam-U-Saqib.
Student Name: NAJEEB ULLAH
Registration No: 105-FSL/LLB5Y/S20
Section: A
Assignment On: REVIEW CHAP 4.
Department of LAW
Date: 18/06/2020
Chap#4: PAKISTAN MOVEMENT:
1: TWO NATION THEORY:
MEANINGS .
The two-nation philosophy means the cultural, political, religious, economic and
social variations among two main societies, Hindus and Muslims, of the sub-
continent.
INTRODUCTION:
The creation of Pakistan is due to two-nation theory. The theory of Muslim Hindu
difference is defined as : Tradition, religion and custom of Muslims is entirely
different from Hindus and therefore, Muslims should be given rights to
being separated from Hindus. The two-nation theory advocated by the All India
Muslim League is the founding principle of the Pakistan Movement through
the partition of India in 1947.
EVOLUTION .
Two Nation Theory’s phenomenon essentially awake with the beginning of Islam
in the Sub-Continent. The wisdom was very exceptional about Pakistan’s
formation that it was largely based on philosophical promises in the light of Islam.
The basic idea overdue two Nation Theory was Muslims and Hindus was two
distinct nations from every plaintiffs.
HISTORY .

Two nation theory was as old as Muslims in Sub-continent. Although the Muslims
and Hindus had been active organized for times in the sub-continent, but they not
ever strained to development a working affiliation between each other and they
always lived as a two separate nations. Two distinct communal classifications, two
separate civilizations and two different cultures. Sir Syed Ahmed khan is well-
thought-out as a Father of Two Nation Theory. First time Syed Ahmed Khan
understood that Muslim and Hindus can never live collected and considered
Muslims as a discrete nation and wanted a distinct homeland where the Muslims
can follow their way of living conferring to Islam.
2: FACTORS LEADING TO MUSLIMS SEPARTISM:
CULTURE DIFFERENCE:
Hindus follow self-built culture while Muslims follow an Islamic culture. Muslims
bury their dead ones while Hindus burn them. Both Hindus and Muslims have
absolutely contrary ethos.
HINDU NATIONALISM:
A number of Hindus jingoism undertaking which spring up from time to time
devotee fuel to the five by singing up the tautness which already existed between
the two communities. The nationalist bests totally unnoticed the great involvement
made by Muslims by way of encouraging education and other social happenings.
They failed up the criminal dissonance to further well-mannered political
circumstances.
ECONOMIC DIFFERENCE:
Muslims economy was wrinkled and all the trade strategies were shaped in such a
way so as to abolish the Muslims drive after 1857. They were terrified out of
Government services and their land and assets were removed. However the Hindus
were provided sufficient chances to make package.
SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:
There exist an amount of social changes between the Hindus and Muslims. The
food, their clothing, words and greetings, the signals are completely diverse.
FREEDOM:
In the sub-continent the Muslim leaders were expecting the future of Muslims that
when British rule will leave sub-continent, Hindus will attempt their best to get
charge all over subcontinent.

SELF RESPECT .
Hindus always loathed Muslims and they never want Muslims to get achievement
in any arena of life .British government frolicked a energetic role in keeping
Muslims retrograde by eradicating all job posts in sub-continent. Muslim women
were unprotected as Hindus tried to rape them. It was essential for them to request
for a distinct homeland where they have comprehensive free atmosphere to live a
perfect religious life with perfect dignity and self-esteem.
SIMON COMMISION:
The Simon Commission was an assembly of seven MPs from Britain who was
referred to India in 1928 to study legitimate improvements and make
commendations to the rule. The Commission was initially named the Indian
Statutory Commission. after its chairman Sir John Simon it came to be known as
the Simon Commission.
SIMON COMMISION BACKGROUND:
It was Government of India Act 1919 that declared, in 10 years from 1919, a royal
commission will be established to account on the working of the act. Below are the
points:
 By the Government of India Act 1919 Diarchy was presented in India. The
Act also assured that a commission would be appointed after 10 years to
review the working and progress made on the measures taken through the
Act.
 The Indian public and bests wanted an improvement of the diarchy form of
government.
 The Conventional Party-led government in the UK dreaded a defeat at the
hands of the Labour Party in the elections due, and so rushed the selection of
a commission in 1928 even though it was due only in 1929 as per the 1919
Act.
 The Commission was unruffled entirely of British members with not a single
Indian member being included in it. This was seen as an insult to Indians
who were right in saying that their destiny could not be determined by a
handful of British people.
 Clement Atlee was a member of the Commission. He would later become
Britain’s Prime Minister during Indian independence and partition in 1947.

Indian Response:
 The police resorted to lathi charges to suppress the movement. Even senior
leaders like Pandit Nehru were not spared.
 In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, who was leading the demonstration against the
Simon Commission, was brutally lathi-charged. He died later that year due
to injuries sustained then.
 People were chanting the slogan, ‘Simon Go Back.’
NEHRU REPORT 1928:
Background:
 The political leaders acknowledged this task and an All Party Conference
was held and a committee selected with the task of recruiting a structure.
 This committee was controlled by Motilal Nehru with Jawaharlal Nehru as
the Secretary. Other members were Tej Bahadur Sapru, Ali Imam, Mangal
Singh, Subhas Chandra Bose, M S Aney, G R Pradhan and Shuaib Qureshi.
 The draft constitution arranged by the committee was called the Nehru
Committee Report or Nehru Report. The report was submitted at the
Lucknow session of the all-party conference on August 28, 1928.
 This was the first major attempt by Indians to draft a constitution for
themselves.
 It was vehemently opposed by Indians especially the Congress Party for the
lack of a single Indian in the Commission, when the Simon Commission
came to India in 1928.
 So, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Birkenhead challenged the Indian
leaders to draft a constitution for India, implicitly implying that Indians
were not capable of finding a common path and drafting a constitution.
 Responses:
 At the all-party conference held in Calcutta in 1928 to discuss the report,
Jinnah made three amendments to the report:
1. 1/3rd representation of Muslims in the Central Legislature.
2. Representation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to their
populations.

3. Formation of three new provinces with a Muslim majority – Sindh,
Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).
 Since these demands of Jinnah were not encountered, he gave the ‘Fourteen
Points’ in March 1929, which helped as the basis of all future agenda of the
League.
 The issue of communal representation was controversial. In December 1927,
many Muslim leaders met Motilal Nehru at Delhi and suggested a few
proposals. These were accepted by Congress at its Madras session. These
‘Delhi Proposals’ were:
 However, the Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the formation of the new
provinces and the communal representation in Bengal and Punjab. They
pressed for a strictly unitary system.
 The report made concessions to the Hindu group by stating that joint
electorates would be the system followed with reservation of seats for
Muslims only where they were in a minority. Sindh would be created into a
new province (by severing from Bombay) only after dominion status was
granted and weightage would be given to the Hindu minority there.
FOURTEEN POINTS OF QUAID-I-AZAM:
The Quaid-Azam gave his own formula for constitutional reforms and his main 14
points are as that the form of future constitution should be with federal, autonomy
to all provinces, Muslim representation shall not less than 1/3rd. Full religious
liberty, separation of Sindh from Bombay presidency, reforms in K.P.K, and
reform should be given adequate share along with other Indians. No change shall
be made in the constitution by the central legislature without Indian federation.
FIRST TABLE CONFERENCE:-
It was printed in March, 1930 and the working
committee of Congress launched its undertaking under Gandhi’s direction. It began

in London and choice taken was support of the federal system of India and
formerly professed that would range maximum collaboration to form All India
Federation.
SECOND TABLE CONFERNCE:-
It was unbolted on 7th September, 1931 in London during which Allama Iqbal had
increased great rank as thinker, poet and philosopher. Gandhi did his finest to
demonstrate India as one state so that he could claim to denote the Indian people
alone. No payment of minorities issue could be touched because of Gandhi’s firm
actions.
THIRD TABLE CONFERNCE:-
It started on 17th November, 1932 and congress once again recognized from the
conference since Gandhi has started his civil disobedience movement. They could
not solve the long-lasting Hindu Muslim delinquent and proved a reserve.
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT:-
Chahudri Rehmat Ali is known as the planner of the idea of Pakistan. He shaped
a Pakistan movement in England and issued pamphlet “NOW OR
NEVER”. Chahudri Rehmat ali was a great supporter of the Muslims of India. He
declared the Lahore resolution as a Pakistan resolution which was finally accepted
by Quaid e Azam.
LAHORE RESOLUTION:-
The
political condition of the Muslims stifled the Muslims for a detached nation.
In fact, the Indian divider was not a new one but a lot of suggestions were already
given by different people. The chaudri rehmat Ali recommended the name

“PAKISTAN” for a new nation in a Lahore resolution. Muslim league set up
a commission to inspect the partition proposals. The yearly meeting of
the Muslim league was held in Minto Park Lahore in which this resolution took
part. The Quaid e Azam give address to the people and cited that the people are
thinking incorrect that Muslims are smaller. The Muslims are a nation by every
characteristic. On 23rd march 1940 the renowned resolution was stimulated and
passed solidly. Although the resolution did not comprise the
word Pakistan. Although the Hindu journalists give them a name Pakistan.
The Muslim league later stretches a name Pakistan Resolution. This was a
breakthrough in the history of the sub-continent. The congress did not react well to
this resolution.
CRIPPS MISSION:-
The British government agreed a committee under the
guidance of sir Stafford Cripps. The Cripps mission grasped deli on 23 march,
1942. The mission did not talk with Hindu leaders and left but they give their
own proposal which are as follow:
1. A constituent assembly will be formed which will be consisting by
representative members.
2. The constitution made by the assembly shall accepted by the following
grounds
 Any state should free to following that constitution or made new.
 British will give control to the Indian defence.
 An agreement will be made among British and Indian to settle the issues of
power of transfer.
 The government of India act 1935 shall remain in force.

 The commander in chief and finance minister will be a British national.
WAVELL PLAN:-
Lord Wavell came to India as a viceroy in 1943. He was a
reputed military commander in British. Lord Wavell told to the people that
the British government wants India as an self-governing state. He presented a plan
for the political reimbursement of India known as Wavell Plan. He told that they
will make a new policymaking committee and will give equal rights to every caste
and religion. The councils will have 14 ministers in which only 5 will be Muslims.
SIMLA CONFERENCE:-
When the world war-2 ended lord Wavell decided the conference for political
parties which was joined by Quaid e Azam and many others leaders. The viceroy
proposed an temporary government in which all portfolios except war will be
given to India. Muslim and Hindus will be given representation. There was a
stalemate over Muslim league demand. The congress denied the Muslim league
claim of being sole demonstrative of Muslims. The Quaid e Azam took a stand on
these two issues and the conference went unsuccessful. The viceroy on 21st august
1945 announced election.
ELECTION 1945-46:-
The general election to the provincial and central government was held in 1945-
46. Both Muslim league and congress competed this election. The Muslim league
won all Muslim seats in central and 446 out of 495 in provincial assembly. The

election exposed that Muslim league alone signifies the Muslims. The cumulative
ratio congress hostility towards Muslim league.
3RD JUNE PLAN AND RED CLIFF AWARD:-
After protracted talks, Mount batten announced divider. The
working committee of congress met on May 1, 1947 and gives its
partition plan. Muslim league also gave its support. Mountbatten went
to England to seek approval from British government. The plan was issued on
3rd June 1947 and give name 3rd June plan. The points are as follow:
 Referendum shall be in N.W.F.P.
 Military resources of partition shall be divided between two countries.
 States shall be free and sovereign to join one or other country.
 Province of Baluchistan shall decide their future.
Red cliff award will decide the possessions and territories among countries. Punjab
and Bengal will be divided by this commission. Each boundary commission will
have equal numbers. Radcliffe inwarded in India on July 8, 1947.
The Radcliffe was unfair to Pakistan because it awarded many areas
of Muslim majorities to the Hindus. The same case is in Bengal and Calcutta.
In Punjab the award was biased and against Pakistan. The award in Punjab gave
again Muslim dominating areas to the India. Two independent states came to
existence on 14th august and 15th august according to June 3 plan. The
lord Mountbatten wanted to become the governor general of both countries.
Congress agreed on this because they wanted to get maximum assistances from
them. But Quaid e Azam did not agree on this because he knew the desires of lord

mount batten and on the other hand congress wanted to get maximum things
and benefits from viceroy and the congress flourished in this. On 14 august
1947 Pakistan came into being and Quaid e Azam arrived in Karachi and later he
addressed the first constituent assembly of Pakistan.