Programming Paradigms: Procedural, OOP, and Event-Driven Report

This report explores various programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented (OOP), and event-driven programming, detailing their characteristics and relationships. It explains how to implement algorithms using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), covering the debugging process and the debugging facilities available within the IDE. The report also outlines essential coding standards. The assignment includes a practical application: a library management application developed using Visual Studio, demonstrating features like adding books, readers, and managing information. The report emphasizes the importance of debugging in identifying and fixing errors, along with the significance of coding standards for code maintainability and readability. The report also provides a practical example by implementing a library management application using Visual Studio.

ASSIGNMENT 2 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title Unit 1: Programming
Submission date 10/05/2021 Date Received 1st submission 10/05/2021
Re-submission Date 25/05/2021 Date Received 2nd submission 25/05/2021
Student Name Võ Thanh Liêm Student ID BSAF200005
Class PBIT-16101 Assessor name Đào Ngọc Anh
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature
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Introduce
As we all know, all efforts and
“intelligence” of the researcher are
clearly shown in the report. The
report aims to help students
consolidate industry knowledge
through research, outreach and
industry

insights. The report will give
explanation of what procedural,
object-oriented and event-driven
paradigms; their characteristics and
the relationship between them. In
addition, I will write a program
that implements an algorithm
using an IDE. Then, the report
will provide an explanation of the
debugging process and explanation
the debugging facilities available in
the IDE. Last but not least, the

report will outline standards that I use
in my code.
|. Programming Paradigm
1. Procedural Programming.
a. Definition: Procedural
programming is a programming
paradigms, which approaches the
problem by dividing the problem into
modules(function), executes the
function calls in the
main program.

b. Characteristics:
Procedural Programming focuses on
program
modularization, functions that are
repeated, without inheritance, and
reuse. Only suitable for teaching
and simulating algorithms or logical
thinking. Suitable for simple math
problems, not suitable for complex
multi-user systems, not for building
practical applications.
2. Object Oriented Programming

a. Definition: This is a
modern programming model,
approaching the
problem by dividing the problem into
classes (objects) and then solving
the relationships between classes
(objects). Each class (object) will have
a set of combination of methods
(behavior, functions) and attributes.
For
example, student management
finds objects related to the

problem:
students, classes, subjects, test
scores.
b. Characteristics:
1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation that Hides
Implementation Details
3. Inheritance as a Type
and as Code Sharing
4. Polymorphism

OOP programming is
used to analyze and design large,
highly practical
system, solving real-life problems.
3. Event Driven
Programming
a. Definition: This model
is based on the interaction between
users and the

system, the system usually has a
graphical interface (GUI) that allows
Introduce
As we all know, all efforts and “intelligence” of the researcher are clearly shown in the report. The report aims to help studens
consolidate industry knowledge through research, outreach and industry insights. The report will give explanation of what procedural,
object-oriented and event-driven paradigms; their chraacteristics and the relationship between them. In addition, I will write a program
that implements an alforithm using an IDE. Then, report will provide an explanation of the debugging process and explanation the
debugging facilities available in the IDE. Last but not lease, the report will outline standards that I use in my code.

Contents
Introduce..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Programming Paradigm....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Procedural Programming:................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE................................................................................................................................................7
1. Introduce the problem:.................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2. Program description............................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
3. Determine the debugging process and explain the importance of a coding standard.......................................................................................13
3.1-a) Definition:.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1-b) Description:................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1-c) Debug process:............................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.1-d) Using debugtool in IDE : Set a breakpoint and start the debugger F5 (Debug > Start Debugging).............................................................15
3.2 Code Standard:................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2-a) Some of the coding standards are given below:..........................................................................................................................................16
3.2-b) Advantages of Coding Guidelines:...............................................................................................................................................................18
References:................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

1. Programming Paradigm
1. Procedural Programming:
a. Definition: Procdedural programming is a programming paradigms, which approaches the problem by dividing the
problem into modules(function), executes the function calls in the main program.
b. Characeristics : Procedural programming focuses on program modularization, functions that are repeated, without
inhertance, and reuse. Only suitable for teaching and simulating algorithms or logical thinking. Suitable for simple
math problems, not suitable for complex multi-user systems, not for building practical applications.

1.1 Object Oriented Programming:
a. Definition: This is a modern programming model, approaching the problem by dividing the problem into classes
(objects) and the solving the relationships between classes (objects) . Each class (object) will have a set of combination
of methods ( behavior, functions) and attributes. For example, student management finds objects related to the problem:
students, classes, subjects, test scores.
b. Characteristics:
1.Abstraction
2. Encapsulation that hides Implementation details
3. Inheritances as a Type and as Code Sharing
4.Polymorphism
OOP Programming is used to analyze and design large, highly pratical system, solving real-life problems.
1.2 Event Driven Programming:
Introduce
As we all know, all efforts and
“intelligence” of the researcher are
clearly shown in the report. The
report aims to help students
consolidate industry knowledge

through research, outreach and
industry
insights. The report will give
explanation of what procedural,
object-oriented and event-driven
paradigms; their characteristics and
the relationship between them. In
addition, I will write a program
that implements an algorithm
using an IDE. Then, the report
will provide an explanation of the

debugging process and explanation
the debugging facilities available in
the IDE. Last but not least, the
report will outline standards that I use
in my code. a
users to interact. Based on the events
given by the user: mouse click,
element selection, etc., the program
will give equivalent actions.
b. Characteristics:
1. Event
2. Event Handler

3. Event Function
This is a
universal programming model for
creating practical
applications.
4. Summary
In short, of the three model
above, the PP model is often
used to simulate
algorithms and logical thinking;
the OP and ED models work
together to build

practical application such as chrome,
management software game, etc…
a. Defination: This model is based on the interaction between users and the system, the system usually has a graphical
interface (GUI) that allows users to interact. Based on the events given by the user: mpuse click, element selection, etc.,
the program will give equivalent actions.
b. Characteristics:
1.Event
2.Event Handler
3.Event function.
This is a universal programming model for creating practical applications.
1.3 Summary:
In short, all of the three model above, the Procedure Programming is often used to simulate algorithms and logical
thinking; the Objec-oriented and th Event Driven models work together to build practical application such as chrome,
management library software, and so on.
2. Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE
1. Introduce the problem:
In order to promote library management so that schools can build modernization, while ensuring traditional services as well as characteristics of
library management. In this assignment, I built a library management application using visual studio. This app includes basic features like adding
books, adding readers, display readers list, …

2. Program description
a. Main menu

b. Book management
The feature allows users to input book information such as book code, title, author.
c. Reader Information:

d. Publisher Information:
e. Borow and return date information:

3. Determine the debugging process and explain the
importance of a coding standard
3.1-a) Definition:
Debugging is that the process of detecting and removing of existing and potential errors (allso called as ‘bug’) in a very software code which will
cause it to behave unexpectedly or crash. To forestall incorrect operation of a software or system, debugging is employed to search out and
resolve bugs or defects. When various subsystems or modules are tightly coupied, debugging becomes harder as any change in one module may
cause more bugs to look in another. Sometimes it takes longer to debug a program than to code it.
3.1-b) Description:
To debug a program, user should start with an issue, isolate the ASCII text file of the matter, so fix it. A user of a program must know
the way to mend the matter as knowledge about problem analysis is anticipated. When the bug is fixed, the the software is prepared
to use, Debugging tools (called debuggers) are accustomed identify coding errors at various development stages, They’re wont to
reproduce the conditions within which error has occurred, then examine the program stat at that point and locate the cause.
Programmers can trace the program execution step-by-step by evaluating the worth of varaibles and stop the exectution whereever
required to urge the worth of variables or reset the program variables. Some programming language packages provide a debugger
for checking the code for errors while its being written at the run time

3.1-c) Debug process:
The process of finding bugs or errors and fixing them in any application or software is termed debugging. To form the software
programs or products bug-free, this process should be done before releasing them into the market. The steps involved during
process are:
 Identifying the error – It saves time and avoids the errors at the user site. Identifying errors at an earlier stage to attenuate
the amount of errors and wastage of your time.
 Identifying the error location – The precise location of the error should be found to mend the bug faster and execute the
code.
 Analyzing the error – To grasp the sort of bug or error and reduce the amount of errors we want to research the error.
Solving one bug may lead to another bug that stops the application process.
 Prove the analysis – Once the error has been analyzed, we need to prove the analysis. It uses a test automation process to
write the test cases through the test framework.
 Cover the lateral damage – The bugs can be resolved by making the appropriate changes and move onto the next stages of
the code or programs to fix the opposite errors.
 Fix and Validate – this can be the ultimate stage to test all the new errors, changes within the software or program and
executes the applying.
Debugging is that the process of working through the program during a systematic thanks to eliminate any flaws or glitches. A
debugger program is typically included within the IDE. A software tool or program accustomed test and debug the opposite
programs is named a debugger or a debugging tool. It helps to spot the errors of the code at the varied stages of the software
development process. These tools analyze the test run and find the lines of codes that aren't executed. Simulators in other
debugging tools allow the user to understand about the display and behavior of the OS or the other electronic computer. Most of
the open-source tools and scripting languages don’t run an IDE and that they require the manual process.

3.1-d) Using debugtool in IDE :
Set a breakpoint and start the debugger
F5 (Debug > Start Debugging).
Navigate code in the debugger using step commands F11 (Debug > Step Into).
Step over code to skip functions F10 (Debug > Step Over) instead of F11.
Different modules per the look document are coded within the Coding phase per the module specification. the most goal of the
coding phase is to code from the planning document prepared after the planning phase through a problem-oriented language and so
to unit test this code.
Good software development organizations want their programmers to keep up to some well-defined and standard variety of coding
called coding standards. they typically make their own coding standards and guidelines betting on what suits their organization best
and supported the categories of software they develop. it's vital for the programmers to keep up the coding standards otherwise the
code are rejected during code review.

3.2 Code Standard:
3.2-a) Some of the coding standards are given below:
 Limited use of globals:
These rules tell about which types of data that can be declared global and the data that can’t be.
 Standard headers for different modules:
For better understanding and maintenance of the code, the header of different modules should follow some standard format and
information. The header format must contain below things that is being used in various companies:
 Name of the module
 Date of module creation
 Author of the module
 Modification history
 Synopsis of the module about what the module does
 Different functions supported in the module along with their input output parameters
 Global variables accessed or modified by the module
 Naming conventions for local variables, global variables, constants and functions:
Some of the naming conventions are given below:
Meaningful and understandable variables name helps anyone to understand the reason of using it.
Local variables should be named using camel case lettering starting with small letter (e.g. localData) whereas Global variables names should start
with a capital letter (e.g. GlobalData). Constant names should be formed using capital letters only (e.g. CONSDATA).
It is better to avoid the use of digits in variable names.
The names of the function should be written in camel case starting with small letters.
The name of the function must describe the reason of using the function clearly and briefly.

Example in my project:
We have code standard for the variable of the reader, such as Name, ID, mail,and so on.

3.2-b) Advantages of Coding Guidelines:
 Coding guidelines increase the efficiency of the software and reduces the development time.
 Coding guidelines help in detecting errors in the early phases, so it helps to reduce the extra cost incurred by the software project.
 If coding guidelines are maintained properly, then the software code increases readability and understandability thus it reduces the
complexity of the code.
 It reduces the hidden cost for developing the software.

References:
GeeksforGeeks. 2019. Coding Standards and Guidelines - GeeksforGeeks. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/coding-standards-and-guidelines/. [Accessed 16 May 2021].
The Economic Times. n.d. What is Debugging? Definition of Debugging, Debugging Meaning - The Economic
Times. [ONLINE] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/debugging. [Accessed 16 May 2021].