Comprehensive Report: Paranoid Schizophrenia, Applied Bioscience

This report provides a comprehensive overview of paranoid schizophrenia, a mental health disorder characterized by delusions and paranoia. It begins with an explanation of the condition, differentiating it from general schizophrenia, and explores the specific symptoms and signs associated with it, including delusions of control, grandeur, persecution, and reference, as well as hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and emotional disturbances. The report then delves into the pathophysiology of the disorder, discussing potential causes such as genetic factors, neurotransmitter imbalances, stressful experiences, and drug use. It details the diagnostic methods, including the use of CT scans, MRIs, and EEGs. Furthermore, the report outlines pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches, including antipsychotic medications, individual therapy, social skills training, family therapy, and vocational rehabilitation. It also examines the role of nursing management within a multidisciplinary team, highlighting nursing interventions and rationales. Finally, the report discusses expected treatment outcomes, such as the reduction of delusional thoughts, improved environmental perception, and enhanced social interaction.

Applied Bioscience For
Complex Conditions
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INTRODUCTION
Paranoid Schizophrenia refers to a condition of an individual in which schizophrenia
spectrum experiences episodes of delusions which is known as paranoia. It includes the specific
condition in which problem of schizophrenia and paranoia take place together then a person is
known to be suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (Anderson, 2018). However, this condition is
called as more common example of mental illness in people according to views of physicians.
The present report will focus on explanation about paranoid schizophrenia along with symptoms
as well as signs this disorder that is experienced by patient. It will also include pathophysiology
of selected disease & contemporaneous treating process including non pharmacological &
pharmacological methods. The management of nursing in context of multidisciplinary group
along with expected results of treatment are given below.
MAIN BODY
Explanation of a mental health problem
Paranoid schizophrenia can be described as a very common form of schizophrenia which
is considered as a kind of brain disorder. It has been analysed that condition of paranoia was
observed as a constructive signs of schizophrenia but not a apart symptomatic situation due to
which this problem is termed simple as schizophrenia (Donato, Campbell and Franklin, 2012).
However, it is observed that every individual with this disorder will not face an issue of paranoia.
The sign of paranoia is helpful as it is an early symptom which facilitate to gain proper treatment
to improve health as well as quality of care. Initially, it is determined that mental patients with
schizophrenia face issue of confusions and fear which reflect situation of delusions that some
other person is plotting against them. Meanwhile, the effective medications and another
treatment make many of people capable to manage their condition in proper way. Moreover, it
has been analysed that treatment for lifelong benefits are generally required to stop symptoms
from returning.
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At the other hand, delusions are faced by an individual with schizophrenia in which they
gain strong beliefs that are not true in reality. It involves delusions are also categorised into
several parts such as delusion to control, grandeur, persecution and reference. Delusion of
control involves that someone is controlling them like government or aliens and delusion of
grandeur in which a person believes that they have few of exceptional abilities, wealth or
importance. Meanwhile, delusion of persecution includes situation in that patient believe that
everyone is out to get them whereas delusion of reference consist believe an otherwise
insignificant product has been designed specially for an individual. These kind of delusions
occur in condition of schizophrenia then it can be known as situation with psychological illness
called paranoid schizophrenia. Moreover, this problem is usually analysed in people as it is a
common mental sickness which is observed by doctors (Fouts and et. al, 2012).
Symptoms & signs of a disorder
The paranoid schizophrenia has its own specific signs and symptoms that are helpful for
physicians to determine this medical condition for treatment the same. It is necessary for doctors
to thoroughly investigate about related symptoms which is favourable to make an appropriate
decision of carrying out effective diagnosing activities for providing efficient treatment to make
an individual well being. However, symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia includes that a person
with this issue prefer to see, hear and taste things that another people do not use normally. In
addition to this, suspicious and general fear other's intentions take place and patient become
persistent towards unusual beliefs or thoughts. Meanwhile, they have faced difficult to think
clearly, withdrawing from family members as well as friends and a significant decline in self
care is also observed in these patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Moreover, these all
symptoms are required to examined by physicians which is favourable for them to understand the
criticality of situations and take clinical actions for welfare of an individual.
At the other hand, this disorder has more symptoms such as slow movement, modified
sleeping patterns, lack of attention to hygiene, modification of emotions & body language, lack
of interest in social activities, low libido, hallucinations & delusions, disorganised thinking and
lack of motivation. It involves the problem of facing different types of delusions including
control, grandeur, persecution & reference and sensations of hallucinations (Gandhi and et. al,
2014). Meanwhile, patient shows sign of disorganised speech and facing trouble in several
activities like performing ordinary daily procedures, controlling own impulses, keeping emotions
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in check, containing behaviours which are considered inappropriate or odd. Moreover, if early
symptoms are ignored it can be converted into worsen signs that consist some of negative
symptoms including anhedonia which indicates situation of lack of enthusiasm for activities that
are usually perceived as fun. Additionally, they shows blunted expressions, reduced overall
interest in the world and occurrence of suicidal thoughts.
Pathophysiology of the disorder
The cause of paranoid schizophrenia consist number of factors which are responsible for
occurrence of this critical mental condition of an individual. This mental disorder and relevant
symptoms are determined due to occurrence of imbalance dopamine and possibly serotonin
which both are known as neurotransmitters. There are various causes which drive the
development of paranoid schizophrenia including stressful experiences, parental age, use of
drugs, genetics and other medical components. Firstly, genetic factor refers to a condition of
having family history of this psychological problem which is present in gene and hence,
transmitted genetically to one generation to the another. Secondly, another medical factors
consist various aspects that can cause paranoid schizophrenia such as trauma or abuse at
childhood, issue at the time of delivery, a viral infected condition when mother was pregnant and
malnutrition before birth (Haack and et. al, 2012). Thirdly, stress experiences also take place
often before condition of schizophrenia that can be analysed through bad temper, anxiety and a
lack of triggered the crisis. In addition to this, parental age can be considered as an element
because this mental disorder occurs more often born to older parents. Moreover, utilisation of
drugs is a harmful aspect because they can impact on mind of an individual as well as mental
procedures that has been connected with paranoid schizophrenia.
The diagnosing methods includes several pathological procedures in order to determine
actual cause and problem which is responsible for causing given mental health issue. It includes
pathological activities that consist computerised tomography (CT) Scan, MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging) and EEG which are help for revealing any kind brain lesions or
abnormalities in structure of brain. electroencephalogram (EEG) is favourable to assess brain
function properly. At the other hand, F20.0 is a billable or specific ICD-10-CM code which may
be utilised to show diagnosis for reimbursement purposes in regard to schizophrenia which is
known as ICD10 diagnosis of Paranoid Schizophrenia (Hirose, 2013).
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Present treatment procedure involving non-pharmacological & pharmacological techniques
The treatment criterion in context of paranoid schizophrenia consist various kind of
medications, therapies and other clinical procedures in which most suitable can be implemented
for wellness of an individual. it has been analysed that condition of schizophrenia needs lifelong
treatment in terms of preventing relevant symptoms. However, it can be categorised as
pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment that are explained further.
Pharmacological Treatment
Medications can be considered as a cornerstone in context of paranoid schizophrenia
treatment in which mostly prescribed medicines are antipsychotics to control symptoms from
affecting neurotransmitter of brain i.e. dopamine. There are various kinds of medicines that can
be used to treat this mental disorder in which few of them are given here.
 Second generation antipsychotics are usually preferred because they have low risk of
side effects on condition of patients. it includes number of medicines such as
Aripiprazole (Abilify), Asenapine (Saphris), Brexpiprazole (Rexulti), Cariprazine
(Vraylar), Clozapine (Clozaril), Iloperidone (Fanapt), Lurasidone (Latuda), Olanzapine
(Zyprexa), Paliperidone (Invega), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Risperidone (Risperdal) and
Ziprasidone (Geodon).
 First generation antipsychotics that can be use are chlorpromazine, Fluphenazie,
Haloperidol and Perphenazine. These are cheaper often as compared to second
generation antipsychotics, specifically the genetic versions that may be significant
consideration at the time of long term treatment become essential (Jiamjariyatam and
Atiwittaporn, 2016).
Non-pharmacological Treatment
 Individual therapy can be considered as a psychotherapy that is helpful to make thought
patterns normal and make an individual to overcome with stress. It is favourable to
determine early signs which facilitate people to manage their mental illness.
 Social skills training refers to criterion of making an individual to learn about
communication and increase their societal interaction that facilitate their capability to
participate in regular activities to overcome with the mental health problem.
 Family therapy is helpful to deal with schizophrenia by providing learning, support and
education to family members of patient.
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 Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment includes to make people capable by
supporting them to prepare for, find and keep their jobs properly (Kirstein‐Miles and et.
al, 2013).
 Hospitalisation become mandatory in severe cases of schizophrenia in order to make sure
about proper nutrition, adequate sleep, basic hygiene and safety of an individual.
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is acritical treatment because it is applied on those
people who did not respond to drug therapy and other relevant treatment then ECT is
considered to treat their mental health issue.
The management of nursing in multidisciplinary care team
Nursing management within multidisciplinary team requires to perform together and establish an
effective care plan to improve health status of an individual with paranoid schizophrenia
(Zhuang and et. al, 2012). It involves nursing interventions and rationales that is given below.
Interventions Rationale
Put efforts to understand importance of client’s
beliefs for them at the time of their
presentation.
It provides significant hints and clues related to
fears or issue in client’s seemingly illogical
fantasies.
Determine feelings of delusions including that
someone harm or controlling them or their
thoughts as patient feel helpless.
When people trust that they are understood by
others then their anxiety will reduced.
Make sure that client can understand about
clinical processes before conduct them.
Proper understanding of client is favourable
because they are less likely to feel tricked by
the staff.
Make patient interacting with environment and
try to distract them by involving in interesting
reality based activities like card games, arts,
crafts etc.
Reality based thinking helps to think about real
aspects that facilitate to make patient free of
delusions (Santidrian and et. al, 2013).
Do not touch client and use gestures carefully. Client may misinterpret touch or become
aggressive o sexual in nature and might
interpret it as harmful gesture because
psychotic individual requires a lot of space.
Do not argue with patient initially but try to Arguments increase defensive positon and
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convince them that delusions are not true. reinforcing false beliefs which make client
feeling more isolated.
Encourage healthy habits like maintaining
medication regimen, regular sleep pattern, self
care, decrease alcohol & drug intake,
These aspects are helpful to keep the client in
remission.
Show empathy and reassure individual of care
practitioner’s presence and acceptance.
Empathy conveys to a client about nurse’s care,
interest and acceptance.
Educate patient about coping abilities like
going gym, phoning a helpline, singing or
listening songs, talk to trusted friend and
thought stopping techniques.
When patient is ready then teach them
strategies that they can do alone.
Use safety measures and secure client by
taking effective precautions.
It will help to avoid attempt of harming self or
others.
Expected treatment outcomes
The expected treatment outcomes have been established after making an effective care plan
including interventions with rationale to treat problem of paranoid schizophrenia to make person
healthy. Initially, it is expected that client will verbalise recognition of delusional thought if they
persist (Xu and et. al, 2013). However, it includes regaining of ability to perceive environment
correctly, demonstrate relation with real people, reduce anxiety level, develop trust on few staff
members and talk about concrete happenings in the atmosphere. Moreover, it is expected that
patent should demonstrate coping skills to reduce delusional thoughts and capability of
functioning without responding to persistent delusional thoughts.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that paranoid schizophrenia can be described
as a condition in which a person get suffered with paranoia with schizophrenia. It includes
several symptoms like changes in sleep patterns, lack of attention to hygiene, modifications in
emotions & body language, hallucinations and delusions. This can be diagnosed by conducting
MRI, CT Scan & EEG and treated by providing antipsychotic drugs.
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