Paris Tourism and Lockdown: Analyzing Stakeholder Complexities

This report explores the complexities of the tourism industry in Paris, particularly focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. It analyzes the pre- and post-pandemic situations, highlighting the significant economic losses and the challenges faced by various stakeholders, including employees, government entities, and tourism businesses. The report emphasizes the role of government interventions, such as financial support and policy changes, in mitigating the negative impacts. It also discusses the dynamic nature of tourism, influenced by globalization, technology, and changing consumer behaviors, and addresses challenges like inflation, taxation, and security concerns. The report concludes by underlining the importance of collaboration and communication among stakeholders to navigate the complexities and ensure the sustainable development of tourism in Paris. Desklib offers similar resources for students.

Tourism and Paris lockdown

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Presenting the numerous stakeholders about complexities of tourism industry in Paris............3
Stakeholders................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
The pandemic has affected the entire world in negative manner and it has been analyzed
that the biggest impact identified over travel and tourism industry. It is so because government
banned the movement of people from one country to another and that is why, it affected the lives
and income of travel industry. Similarly, the present study also shed a light upon different
complexities of tourism. It is based upon Paris which is one of the highest visited city by tourist,
but after pandemic the number of visitors decreases that reflected Covid-19 affected it at its
worst. The current report will explain complexity of a tourism industry in Paris by considering
the situation of pre and post pandemic.
MAIN BODY
Presenting the numerous stakeholders about complexities of tourism industry in Paris
Paris is considered one of the most beautiful city in the romantic cities in Europe and also
it is one of the beautiful and cultural city that keep attracted numerous people towards it. Also, it
can be stated that it is one of the most beautiful and cultural city which mainly inspire many
writers and filmmakers to visit the place. The Pre-Covid 19 situation clearly reflected that there
were approx. 40 million people visited in 2018 and this is jumped by 3% from 2017. However,
France was targeted of 100 million foreign tourists for 2020, which was not attained because
pandemic (Holloway and Humphreys, 2020). The lack of international travel also caused by the
pandemic actually wipe out approx. €48 billion from an economy and that is why, it threatens the
position of Paris (as one of the world’s premier hubs for travelling). the pre-covid situation
reflected that 74% is the total tourism spending in France’s capital i.e. Paris and tourist from US
are highly visited the city in each year followed by UK. That is why, the huge loss identified in
the city at the tenure of 2019 and 2020 due to decline in visitor’s rate.
In addition to this, in the perspective of economic dimension, majority of the tourist are
motivated to visit Paris due to its diverse people, but situation of Covid-19 totally affected the
entire economy. However, government, bog institutions are involved in this that help to reduce
the negative impact by providing fund and also provide job opportunity to people (Gillen and
et.al., 2021). For example, government of Paris also stated that there is a need to urgently replace
the changing quarantine measures with rapid and cost effective measure that help to encourage

tourist to visit the place. It is so because there were 40% loss identified in GDP of Paris because
most of the workers and employees have to live in their respective homes due to lockdown
situation (Including Tourism in Paris, Inbound & Outbound Tourist Statistics, Spend, Jobs and
more, 2020). This in turn causes a huge impact over the business and economy of a country. It
has been realized from secondary source that the pre-covid-19 situation is just opposite from
2020 because travel agents keep working to offering different tours and packages to attract
visitors and that is why, 2018-19 is recorded one of highest visited tourist in Paris. Also, it is
further reflected that
Apart from this, The WTTC’s 2020 Economic Impact Report also reflected that during
2019, in Paris, Travel and Tourism was responsible for 2.7 million jobs and this is approx. 9.4%
workforce of total country. This in turn reflected that it creates a positive impact over the
country’s economic performance and different stakeholders are also involved in the economic
dimension of Paris’s situation such that government keep encourage travel and tourism
businesses to attract the visitors. However, from 2020 government record €48 billion loss due to
pandemic and this in turn affected the overall economy in negative manner (WTTC says France
looks set to lose €48 billion from missing tourists and visitors due to pandemic, 2020). Along
with this, President also suggested to re-establish the transatlantic travel that could strengthen the
travel and tourism sector which would benefit to other industry like airlines and hotels so that it
regenerate the jobs as well. The comparison of Paris from the pre and post Covid situation also
reflected that there is a huge loss in economic term in Paris and that is why, government keep
introducing new ways that helps to minimize the issue like introduce policy, lower down the rate
of accommodation etc. Thus, the immediate impact of pandemic is recognized in Paris and that is
why, the actions were taken by the relevant stakeholders so that it does not cause any negative
situation in future (Roxas, Rivera and Gutierrez, 2021).
Tourism has become an extremely dynamic system with the globalisation, changing
patterns and behaviours of its customers along with the development of the technology and its
modifications. These all highly affect the tourism industry that will require in intensifying its
marketing efforts and within all the tourists organisations. This helps in creating an effective
approach towards the tourism in Paris. The system of tourism will evolve with the external and
internal inputs making it a complex adaptive system. There is a lot of chaos and complexity in
the tourism industry after the pandemic. There are many issues associated with the development

of the development of the tourist destination within Paris. Complexities in tourism industry is
related with the global behaviours and the characteristics that cannot be deduced with the basic
knowledge in the industry (Seyfi, and Hall, 2020). It is concerned with the adaptive capacities
along with the emergence of the new properties and connections.
Some of the major challenges that are faced y the tourism industry are taxation, travel
marketing, issues with the infrastructure of the place along with the problems of security in cross
border regulations. Tourism in Paris is prepared for the visitors but it is hard to grow with the
exaggeration of travel marketing. The post effects of pandemic have lead to high rise in inflation
and as a result have affected various stakeholders of the industry. Rise in inflation will affect the
decision of the tourists as the tip can be very expensive for them moreover, the organisations
associated with tourism industry such as Hotels, restaurants, airlines will make it hard to survive
the inflation costs by keeping the same cost for customers and therefore, will compromise with
the quality offered to its employees. Inflation is a major challenge that quickly impacts the whole
industry of tourism.
This pandemic has made it hard for the Paris tourism to overcome the challenges in this
industry while drawing attention towards the issues such as poor risk management, increase of
globalisation, spread of diseases with the tourists travelling from cross borders and many more
(Terzidou, Scarles, and Saunders, 2018). These complexities provides the industry to gain the
opportunity to develop critical perspectives and include potential transformations that will help
in moving forward in responsible and sustainable way.
Stakeholders
Development of tourism have affected on great level with the collaboration and
communication present between all the stakeholders related with the tourism industry in Paris.
Tourism is a complex social system with a bunch of stakeholders present. Stakeholders are the
one that are affected and involved in the tourism industry. Moreover, Covid- 19 has changed
various aspects in the tourism industry just as if it is irreversible. It has changed the future of
tourism industry. There are a lot of stakeholder associated with this industry as it I s one of the
biggest industries running in Paris. There are many individuals and organisation affected with the
tourism sector in Paris and have magnified effects after the pandemic and situations of lock-
downs.

Employees in tourism industry: There are a wide range of organisation and operators
working in the tourism industry of Paris. It includes the range starting from travel agents, hotel,
restaurants, and others. The pandemic threatened the survival of tourism companies in
developing locations such as Paris. Tourism operators play an important part in fulfilling the
responsibility of creating and maintaining tour packages from the customers.
Government: It plays an important role in the tourism industry in various levels related
with tourism planning and policies. Government is responsible for dictating various rules and
regulations to conduct the requirements and other practices involved with tourism (Gössling,
2018). They handle the visa policies that will affect the tourists coming from the global or
international locations. Paris attracts lots of tourists from international borders and visa policies
will affect the tourists and their visiting decisions. In addition to this, government is also helping
in building the infrastructure and developing the place that will attract tourists. Tourism business
is dependable on government operations and operates very closely with the same. During the
time of pandemic, government laid health and safety restriction that will limit the spread of virus.
These restrictions include, lock- downs and implementing social distancing. This made a pause
to all the business activities that are associated with the tourism industry. Travel from cross
countries was banned and even from within different states. It created many complexities for the
industry to overcome these impacts.
The main factor is cost of holiday and rise in inflation. Due to these challenges, the
industry have to face fluctuations even in the currency rates. It develops an uncertain
environments where there is inability to understand the value of currency in long- ranged
tourism prices (Koster, and Carson, 2019). This all have made it hard to predict the prices and
creates instability in various supporting systems such as tour operators and other tourism
organisations. Inflation rise is alarming and the rise in prices will lower the services offered. This
way the tourist will be affected the most. Transportation companies have been hit hard from
these factors while the airline industry is at extremely vulnerable place as it directly depends on
fuel and food, that have the major inflation in their prices. This will keep the leisure travel
seekers to stay away from the experience they desire, thus impacting tourism industry.
The tourism industry in Paris has very high tax rates when compared to other sectors. The
variations in taxes have levied across other industries affecting the tour operators, transporters,
airline industry, hotel industry and other with the service tax, luxury tax, tax on facilities, fuel

tax, that vary across states. These taxes are passed on to the travellers and will hamper the
growth of the industry in one way or the other. Another aspect adding to the complexity of the
tourism industry is the risk and security of tourists. Safety is always a primary concern for the
tourists while security being a major problem in the way of growth of the tourism industry. The
terrorist attack in the main area of Paris, that is Eiffel tower have affected various sentiments of
the foreign tourists (Koens and et.al., 2020). Even with the growth in economy, the tourism
industry is at vulnerable state during the crisis such as this Covid- 19 pandemic. It affects the
confidence level of the travellers in the tourist destinations regardless of the risk being real or
perceived. Such events have lead to have more attention on the risks associated with security and
travel in the case of terrorism along with some disputes due to political situations. Tourism is
affected by the natural disaster, as the employees working in the industry are at high risk to get
caught up in such activities. These crisis are very unexpected and interferes with the ability for
the industry to operate normally.
Technology is the major driver for change in this modern era and especially for this
industry. Technology and its advancements are penetrating at fast pace in all the different aspects
associated with the tourism industry in Paris. The industry will be facilitated more and better
from the use of technology. The use of internet have elevated the marketing process for tourism.
Business association related with the tourism can work well and benefit from working on a good
website and popularising the small destination near Paris (Challenges in tourism industry, 2020).
The use of information and communication technology in tourism and related areas of business
will make the work much efficient and competitive (Brouder, and et.al., 2020). While, on the
other hand, skilled human resources is playing a huge part in the building the wall of challenges
for the tourism sector in Paris. The industry is in high need of well- knowledgeable, trained,
energetic workforce that will understand the nature of tourism while having a professional
training for the same. There is a lack of high quality professional to work in tourism industry that
can help the companies in offering added value within their services. The future of the tourism
industry is becoming very difficult to predict where each of the driving factor has some impact
on the industry that will shape the future of this industry.
Tourists motivation is the area that includes push and pull factors related with the
travelling and a destination. There are certain factors that will motivate the tourist to push their
motives of travelling and going on vacation while pull is associated with the choice of

destination. Motivation is an important aspect in tourism that helps in understanding the
behaviours of the tourists in their choice of destination. Motivation is the process that is related
with the needs, goals and preferences of the tourists. These factors will change the behaviour of
tourists on continuous basis that leads to many complexities in the process of following a smooth
tourism process in the industry (Seyfi, and Hall, 2019). Tourists motivation marks the beginning
point for the purpose of understanding the behaviours of tourists. Pandemic have decreased the
level of motivation in many tourist as they are now scared to travel to expose to high public
spaces. They are not ready to risk their health for leisure and related activities. Moreover, Paris
attracts majority of the foreign travellers, but, international tourism is still not open in many
countries and also it is really hard to get a visa in these situations.
Globalisation is another aspect that results in forming complexities on the tourism
industry working in Paris. Globalisation can be good for the industry in providing access to
increased global mobility while having a free flow of information. Globalisation has made it
easier to make it easy to travel the world with the easy availability of cheaper flights, various
companies and opening offices in every location. This has made tourism work in easy and
smooth way with easy allowance of changing currencies and following some very convenient
steps. Moreover, travel enthusiast can discover various destinations and gain knowledge about
different cultures with globalised tourisms. Meanwhile, the negatives effects of globalisation
affects the firm at high extends. With globalisation, there is an increase in terrorism and related
groups that can send their terror messages in easy and faster way with the help of social media.
Such terrorist activities will affect the tourism of the place as no one would want to risk their
security. This hurts the industry in large scale.
In addition to this, globalisation has lead to cultural erosion. Tourism of the place
depends highly on culture of the place to attract the tourists. With globalisation, many of the
local public are losing the touch of their cultures and adapting more to the foreign traditions.
This is negatively affecting tourism of Paris (Hosany, Martin, and Woodside, 2021). With the
increase in globalisation, there is an increase in trends such as mass tourism that makes it hard
for the residents in Paris. The famous places such as Louvre and Venus de Milo were closed
because of the strike as it was not easy to manage suffocating crowds. Locals are fed up with the
over tourism in Paris as the travel packs leads the tourists in crowing the same iconic places.

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that Paris is very famous for its tourism and related activities. It can
be seen that tourism industry can be affected with many factors, some of it might lead to develop
complexities in the industry. There are various stakeholders associated with the industry of
tourism. These stakeholders are affected with the changes in the tourism industry. Government
activities such as infrastructural requirements to attain better tourism services that will increase
the level of tourists. With the expansion of this industry, the challenges are also increasing for its
growth. The industry was hit hard during pandemic due to all the health and safety restrictions.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Brouder, adn et.al., 2020. Reflections and discussions: tourism matters in the new normal post
COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), pp.735-746.
Gillen, N. and et.al., 2021. RETHINK Design Guide: Architecture for a post-pandemic world.
Routledge.
Gössling, S., 2018. Tourism, tourist learning and sustainability: An exploratory discussion of
complexities, problems and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), pp.292-
306.
Holloway, C. J. and Humphreys C., 2020. The Business of Tourism, 11th Edition. Paris: Sage.
Hosany, S., Martin, D. and Woodside, A.G., 2021. Emotions in tourism: Theoretical designs,
measurements, analytics, and interpretations. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), pp.1391-
1407.
Koens and et.al., 2020. Serious gaming to stimulate participatory urban tourism
planning. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, pp.1-20.
Koster, R.L. and Carson, D.A., 2019. Considerations for differentiating among rural tourism
geographies. In Perspectives on rural tourism geographies (pp. 253-271). Springer, Cham.
Roxas, F. M. Y., Rivera, J. P. R. and Gutierrez, E. L. M., 2021. Bootstrapping tourism post-
COVID-19: A systems thinking approach. Tourism and Hospitality Research,
p.14673584211038859.
Seyfi, S. and Hall, C.M., 2019. Tourism, sanctions and boycotts. Routledge.
Seyfi, S. and Hall, C.M., 2020. Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and
research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), pp.749-767.
Terzidou, M., Scarles, C. and Saunders, M.N., 2018. The complexities of religious tourism
motivations: Sacred places, vows and visions. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, pp.54-65.
Online
Challenges in tourism industry, 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.technofunc.com/index.php/domain-knowledge/travel-and-tourism-domain/
item/challenges-in-the-tourism-industry>
Including Tourism in Paris, Inbound & Outbound Tourist Statistics, Spend, Jobs and more.
2020. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.condorferries.co.uk/france-tourism-
statistics >.
WTTC says France looks set to lose €48 billion from missing tourists and visitors due to
pandemic. 2020. [Online]. Available through: <https://wttc.org/News-Article/WTTC-says-
France-looks-set-to-lose-48-billion-from-missing-tourists-and-visitors-due-to-pandemic>.