Detailed Case Study: Understanding Human Pathophysiology Concepts

This assignment provides a detailed analysis of two case studies, Samantha and Bill, focusing on the relationship between metabolic factors and human pathophysiology. Samantha's case explores type 1 diabetes, analyzing her high blood glucose levels, energy production issues, and the impact on her physiological functions, including breathing and heart rate. The analysis incorporates ABG results and their implications for acidosis and alkalemia. Bill's case examines asthma, hypoxemia, and the disruption of homeostasis, with a focus on reduced ATP utilization and the effects of respiratory acidosis. The study evaluates the compensatory mechanisms and potential side effects of treatments like salbutamol and hydrocortisone. Both case studies emphasize the importance of proper diagnosis and management in addressing metabolic factors and their impact on patient health. Desklib offers a platform for students to access similar solved assignments and past papers.

Relationship to human pathophysiology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
PART A: Samantha case study...............................................................................................1
PART B: Bill case study.........................................................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Oxygen availability is well related to the abundance of the nutrient which is well related the
glucose, glutamine, and lipid and they are associated with the albumin, the fluctuation which is
showing a significant value which is well related to the evolution of the blood vessels, leukocytes
and reactive the fibroblast in order to make the complex which is related with the tumor
microenvironment (Yarbro, and Pence, 2019). Glucose is well defined as food by the plant and
oxygen which is well related to the by-product. Therefore, cellular respiration converts oxygen
and glucose in the aspect of water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide which is based
on the by-product and ATP is energy that is transformed which is based on the context of the
process. In this report, the major discussion is based on the two case studies, Samantha and Bill.
The discussion within the case study is related to the metabolic factor and their constituent which
may contribute to the case study (Chadt, and Al-Hasani, 2020).
MAIN BODY
PART A: Samantha's case study
In the context of the case study of Samantha, Glucose is the basic source of energy also
known as body fuel. By the help of glycolysis pathway, link reaction, kreb's cycle pathway and
electron chain transport system(ETS) carbohydrate breakdown into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) in body cells or tissues (Zhang and et. al., 2019). As we have a case of Samantha where
she is suffering from type 1 diabetes with report of high blood glucose level (28mmol/L), means
absorption of glucose in tissue or cell is very few or less. So energy production in Samantha’s
body will be too low and maybe she becomes unconscious which leads to coma and death. But
according to report GCS level of Samantha’s is 11 means 90% chances of recovery. Therefore,
Samantha usually collapses due to the dancing because the cess of energy is used which is
usually outlined by the heart rate which is showing the 140 beats per minute which is critical as
per the condition of type 1 diabetic patient (Cherkas et. al., 2020).
In the context of Samantha's metabolic function, SPO2 level is showing low in Samantha’s
report so the body breakdown the carbohydrates in muscles and red blood cells into lactic acids
to produce energy. When lactic acid produces in higher amount then it causes lactic acidosis.
Also the report shows in Samantha’s case that the level of glucose in blood is too much higher
means level of glucose in cells or tissues is low. So for energy body cell breaks the fat for energy
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by the help of hormone (Wang and et. al., 2019). By which acid has been produced as ketone and
cause ketone acidosis in addition, the pH is within the normal range which is analysed in the case
study which shows the aspect which is well related with the 7.35 to 7.45, use of the pH of the
7.40 as the point which is well determined with the cut-off. The other term shows the pH which
is about 7.37 which helps to categorize the concept of acidosis and the pH of 7.42 which usually
show the concept of alkalemia (Melhorn, Howell, and Pavord, 2022). In addition to this, the
respiratory and the metabolic component are showing the aspect which is well related to the
result of the ABG where the PaCO2 and HCO3 are normal after the 30 minutes of ABG
(Hantzidiamantis, and Lappin, 2021). In addition to this, as a patient, Samantha usually takes
some of the aspects which is appropriate in order to make the change that is reasonable and
contributes to a good health outcome. Therefore, the type 1 diabetes which is showing the aspect
which is well focused on the dysfunction is well related to the context which may show the
aspect which is well related to the context which provides the detailed analysis that is reported
within the case study.
Figure 1 ABG
In addition to the context of Samantha's pathophysiology which shows their manifestation with
the clinical sign. As Samantha has type 1 diabetic in which blood glucose level becomes too high
and report of Samantha also show high blood glucose level which is 28 mmol/L (Jing and et. al.,
2019). Since in diabetic patient lung is also affected that cause shortness of breathing. Which is
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shown in Samantha’s report I.e. 28 breathes/min. In type 1 diabetes blood oxygen levels decrease
Samantha’s report also shown these condition.in type 1 diabetes due to cardiac parasympathetic
damage or both sympathetic & parasympathetic damage of cardiac. Which is shown in
Samantha’s report. (Castellanos and et. al., 2020.)
The pathophysiology of the Samantha also shows the aspect which is well related with the
sign that provides the information where it is demonstrated that the insulin shows the
postprandial hormone which is involved within the fuel metabolism. Therefore, The PaO2 and
PaCO2 contributed to the energy formation which collapsed due to the formation of poor ATP
production. The mitochondria are the major functional elements that are generally contributed to
cellular fuel oxidation and ATP production (Joly et. al., 2020).
The pain pathways which may show the behaviour which help to evaluate the rate of pain
in the term of unit face by individual of person during the context with treatment. The glutamate
is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the context with the nervous system. The other
neurotransmitter is the pain transmission form the term of periphery to the brain which may show
the behaviour where the glutamate plays the leading role. Therefore, the glutamate is well show
the involvement in the term of centralisation or the sensitization that is well related with the
chronic pain and so on.
PART B: Bill case study
In the context of the Bill situation, it is well analyzed that the Bill is facing an issue that is
well related to the cause of Asthma which shows the shortened respiration rate and poor breath
rate. According to the table mentioned it can be concluded that the levels of partial pressure of
oxygen in bill is less than the normal range (80-100mmHg) which in this case is 60 mm Hg.
These decreased arterial blood O2 levels leads to a condition of hypoxaemia (Caldwell and et.
al., 2021). Prolonged hypoxaemia initiates physiological processes in order to maintain
homoeostasis but bill suffers from asthma which further leads to loss of homoeostasis. Asthma is
an example of homoeostasis gone wrong (Haam and et. al., 2018). Therefore, with the analysis of
the Atrial blood gases, the concept of reduced ATP utilization by the downregulating protein is
based on the translation and the activity of the Na-K-ATPase (Licari and et. al., 2019). In
addition to this, hypoxia usually minimizes the ATP production which is part of lowering the
activity in the body as per the context of the electron transport chain through the process of
activation of the transcription factor which is related to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1. The other
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factor such as PaO2 and PaCO2 shows the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the arterial
blood. The PaO2 is lower as per the normal range and PaCO2 is higher as per the normal range
where these all mechanisms change the condition of the hemostasis leading to causing a change
in the internal environment of the body. In the case study, the absence of oxygen is evaluated
which lead to inhibiting the electron transport and glucose metabolism which shunted the
glycolytic pathways, and where the depression of cellular metabolism is examined which is
incompatible and metazoan cell are used to expose in such a way which exposed with the wide
range of oxygen tension. At last, the resultant factor of change in homeostasis shows the aspect
which is related to the Bill is analyzed (Sobotka, and Sobotka, 2021).
Figure 2 Component of Haemostasis.
In addition to the Bill, the respiratory system is well contributed to the aspect of the balance
of the acid and the bases which show their regulation in the term of blood level with the carbonic
acid. Therefore, the CO2 in the blood usually show the aspect of reaction with the water to form
the carbonic acid, and the level of the carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in the blood show their
presence in the equilibrium state. There are many severe effects of acid/ base imbalance such as
less oxygen to the tissues, increased heart beats and respiration rate has also increased. A major
effect caused by acid/base imbalance is respiratory acidosis, a condition in which lungs cannot
excrete all the CO2. The imbalance in pH, which in this case is less than normal amount, causes
metabolic acidosis (Wang and et. al.,2019). Other observed effects are high blood pressure
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(142/88 mm Hg), loss of homoeostasis, extremely low SpO2 levels and there is mention of use of
accessory muscles which means laboured or forceful breathing. In addition to this, respiratory
acidosis is usually occurring which shows that the lung cannot remove enough carbon dioxide
that the body produces. In addition to this, the excess the CO2 causes the blood and other bodily
fluid which help to decrease, making them too acidic. Therefore, they usually show the aspect
which is well related to the ability that enhances the balancing of the ion which helps to control
the acidity. The acute metabolic acidosis usually decreases the aspect which is well related to the
pH of the arterial blood pressure which is strongly affected by the peripheral chemoreceptor to
enhance the ventilator drive. The enhanced ventilator helps to drive the result which is decreased
with their concept of PaCo2 and shows the subsequent rise in the plasma ph (Veiga-da-Cunha
and et. al., 2019).
The compensatory mechanism which is analyzed within the case study regards the Bill, it is well
analyzed that the treatment of the severe asthma attack, therefore, the improvement in
bronchospasm where Bill shows the context of hyperventilation which forward the condition of
dyspnoea (Alzayer and et. al., 2021). It may show the aspect of the compensatory mechanism for
the lactic acidosis induced with the therapy in order to maintain the pH within the normal limits
and should not create the condition which is worsening the airway obstruction. In order to
metabolize the condition of rising metabolic rate which is well associated with the context of
configuration where proper medication and management are used such as the use of citric acid
many more (Watanabe et. al., 2020). It was mentioned that bill has increased his dosage of
salbutamol with little effects and if salbutamol is consumed in larger quantities it can cause
anxiety and agitation. It has also known to cause swelling in the airways and increased heart
palpitations (Zhang and et. al., 2019). These are minor side effects which mostly go away within
30 minutes for which IV hydrocortisone is given to mask away the negative effects (Caldwell
and et. al., 2021).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analyzed that a case study usually consists of issues
and questions ally focus on the collection of information that may be relevant and follow the in-
depth mechanism which helps to reduce the complication and provide information that is well
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related with the question. Both case study is usually associated with the metabolic factor where
the proper diagnosis and management are preferred with the reliable aspect of pathophysiology.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chadt, A. and Al-Hasani, H., 2020. Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal
muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of
Physiology, 472(9), pp.1273-1298.
Cherkas, A., Holota, S., Mdzinarashvili, T., Gabbianelli, R. and Zarkovic, N., 2020. Glucose as a
major antioxidant: when, what for and why it fails?. Antioxidants, 9(2), p.140.
Hantzidiamantis, P.J. and Lappin, S.L., 2021. Physiology, glucose. In StatPearls [Internet].
StatPearls Publishing.
Joly, J.H., Delfarah, A., Phung, P.S., Parrish, S. and Graham, N.A., 2020. A synthetic lethal drug
combination mimics glucose deprivation–induced cancer cell death in the presence of
glucose. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 295(5), pp.1350-1365.
Sobotka, L. and Sobotka, O., 2021. The predominant role of glucose as a building block and
precursor of reducing equivalents. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic
Care, 24(6), pp.555-562.
Veiga-da-Cunha, M., Chevalier, N., Stephenne, X., Defour, J.P., Paczia, N., Ferster, A., Achouri,
Y., Dewulf, J.P., Linster, C.L., Bommer, G.T. and Van Schaftingen, E., 2019. Failure to
eliminate a phosphorylated glucose analog leads to neutropenia in patients with G6PT
and G6PC3 deficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(4),
pp.1241-1250.
Caldwell and et. al., 2021. Arterial carbon dioxide and bicarbonate rather than pH regulate
cerebral blood flow in the setting of acute experimental metabolic alkalosis. The Journal of
Physiology, 599(5), pp.1439-1457.
Haam and et. al., 2018. Hydrogen gas inhalation during ex vivo lung perfusion of donor lungs
recovered after cardiac death. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 37(10),
pp.1271-1278.
Jing and et. al., 2019. Comparison of high flow nasal cannula with noninvasive ventilation in
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with hypercapnia in preventing
postextubation respiratory failure: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Research in nursing
& health, 42(3), pp.217-225.
Wang and et. al., 2019. A comparative study of bolus norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and
ephedrine for the treatment of maternal hypotension in parturients with preeclampsia
during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Medical Science Monitor: International
Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 25, p.1093.
Zhang and et. al., 2019. Protective effects of hydrogen inhalation during the warm ischemia
phase against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat donors after cardiac
death. Microvascular Research, 125, p.103885.
Alzayer and et. al., 2021. Pharmacists’ experience of asthma management in culturally and
linguistically diverse (CALD) patients. Research in Social and Administrative
Pharmacy, 17(2), pp.315-325.
Licari and et. al., 2019. What is the impact of innovative electronic health interventions in
improving treatment adherence in asthma? The pediatric perspective. The Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 7(8), pp.2574-2579.
Melhorn, J., Howell, I. and Pavord, I.D., 2022. Should we apply a treatable traits approach to
asthma care? Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
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Messinger, A.I., Deterding, R.R. and Szefler, S.J., 2018. Bringing technology to day-to-day
asthma management. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 198(3),
pp.291-292.
Thien and et. al., 2020. Thunderstorm asthma: an overview of mechanisms and management
strategies. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 16(10), pp.1005-1017.
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