Exploring Pathophysiology: Hypoxic Injury and Pulmonary Disease Case

This case study delves into the pathophysiology of hypoxic injury in the context of pulmonary disease, focusing on a patient experiencing shortness of breath and low oxygen levels. It elucidates how pulmonary issues, characterized by peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing, lead to airflow limitations and reduced gas exchange. The study further examines the cellular responses to hypoxic injury, including anaerobic metabolism, ATP loss, and cellular membrane disruption, ultimately resulting in reversible or irreversible cell damage. Clinical decisions are supported by analyzing the progression from inflammation and fibrosis to air trapping and dyspnea, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of cell adaptation and tissue damage. The analysis considers the impact of oxygen deficiency on cellular function and the rationale behind interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of hypoxia.

Specific
pathophysiology

Table of Contents
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Cellular response to hypoxic injury in relation to the case study and the impact on cell
function...................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................1
Pathophysiological rationale to support the clinical decision within the case study..............1
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................3

TASK 1
Cellular response to hypoxic injury concerning the case study and the impact on cell function
While taking the contrast of the case study, Alex usually faces several issues related to the
pulmonary disease of different factors that may trigger due to the pulmonary disease (Kovacs et.
al., 2018). With this, the hypoxic injury's cellular responses usually refer to the stagnant anoxia,
which generally occurs oxygen carrying blood that cannot reach the brain. Moreover, they used
to show the result, which is oxygen deprivation. It is usually caused by various diseases that
include stroke and many more. In contrast with the case study, it is analyzed that pulmonary
disease indicates shortness of breath that is low rate of oxygen that intakes within blood due to
respiration restriction. It may cause oxygen deficiency within the cell, creating hypoxia (Lippiett
et. al., 2019).
Hypoxic injury may cause the cell's inadequate flow of nutrients and oxygen. During the
hypoxic injury, the blood flow fall below the certain of critical level which is required in order to
maintain the cell viability. They usually interrupted the supply of the oxygenated blood to the
cell which is defined as the anaerobic metabolism and show the loss of adenosine triphosphate
and also provide aspect which is reliable in order to create the issue of cellular membrane
disruption. Hypoxia when the tissue perf
TASK 2
Pathophysiological rationale to support the clinical decision within the case study
While taking the contrast of Alex, the pulmonary issue creates the number of complications
showing shortness of breath, which generates the problem of low oxygen that derives the matter
of cell death (Osuchowski et. al., 2019). The pulmonary disease's pathophysiology is a combined
process of peripheral airways inflammation and narrowing of the airways. It may create airflow
limitation and the loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles, and other tissue and capillary vessels. It
all leads to making the airflow limitation and showing the decreased gas level that has transfer
capacity. In increasing the airflow limitation, which usually identifies the severity of
inflammation, development of fibrosis within the airways is used to show the presence of
secretion of exudates. The lower airflow rate on the exhalation leads to air trapping, which shows
the result of reducing the inspiratory capacity, which may cause the situation known as dyspnoea
on exertion and minimize the exercise capacity (Schäfer et. al., 2018). In this reversible and
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irreversible cell injury is used to occur due to the lack of oxygen. When the cell is injured, one of
two patterns will usually generate the result. The reversible cell injury leads to the adaptation of
cell and tissue or irreversible cell injury used to cause cell death and prior tissue damage. When
the cell adapts to their injury, their adaptive change can be taken as atrophy, hypertrophy, and
metaplasia.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Kovacs, G., Agusti, A., Barberà, J. A., Celli, B., Criner, G., Humbert, M., ... & Olschewski, H.
(2018). Pulmonary vascular involvement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Is
there a pulmonary vascular phenotype?. American journal of respiratory and critical care
medicine, 198(8), 1000-1011.
Lippiett, K. A., Richardson, A., Myall, M., Cummings, A., & May, C. R. (2019). Patients and
informal caregivers' experiences of burden of treatment in lung cancer and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative
research. BMJ open, 9(2), e020515.
O'Donnell, D. E., James, M. D., Milne, K. M., & Neder, J. A. (2019). The pathophysiology of
dyspnea and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinics in
chest medicine, 40(2), 343-366.
Osuchowski, M. F., Winkler, M. S., Skirecki, T., Cajander, S., Shankar-Hari, M., Lachmann,
G., ... & Rubio, I. (2021). The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and
phenotypes of a new disease entity. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(6), 622-642.
Rodriguez-Takeuchi, S. Y., Renjifo, M. E., & Medina, F. J. (2019). Extrapulmonary
tuberculosis: pathophysiology and imaging findings. Radiographics, 39(7), 2023-2037.
Schäfer, M., Humphries, S., Stenmark, K. R., Kheyfets, V. O., Buckner, J. K., Hunter, K. S., &
Fenster, B. E. (2018). 4D-flow cardiac magnetic resonance-derived vorticity is sensitive
marker of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging, 19(4),
415-424.
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