Type 2 Diabetes: Patient-Centred Care and Models of Health Analysis

This essay discusses patient-centred care and different models of health in the context of a 69-year-old patient, John, with type 2 diabetes who undergoes a below-knee amputation. It examines the seven dimensions of patient-centred care, including patient preferences, care coordination, education, physical and emotional support, family involvement, transition, continuity, and access to care. The essay also analyzes the biomedical and social models of health, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages in managing diabetes. It emphasizes the importance of integrating both models and providing comprehensive, patient-centred care to improve outcomes for individuals with type 2 diabetes, especially considering factors like socioeconomic status and the patient's overall well-being.

Patient-centred care and Models of Health
Student’s Name
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Introduction
The type 2 diabetes develops due to the high blood glucose level in the body. High blood
glucose level can result in serious damage in the body organs. The effects and complications of
type 2 diabetes one to be keen and work hard to keep his/her blood sugar levels under control.
Patient-centred care practice is a useful practice which is crucial for type 2 diabetes patient and
his/ her family in valuable and meaningful ways to the patient. As in the case study, the patient
has almost lost hope to adhere to the medication due to family status, expenses and lack of
improvement. Patient-centred care involves giving the patient responsive and respectful care to
the client’s values, preferences and needs and ensuring the client’s values follows all the clinical
decisions.
Section A
Dimensions of patient-centred care
Patient’s Preferences
The patient is involved in decision making while respecting his/her unique values and
preferences. It involves treating the patient with respect, dignity and recognizing his/her cultural
autonomy and values (Anhang et al,2014). While providing care to John, I could respect his
family status, the relaxing activities in socializing with his son in law in drinking wine and
smoking cigars. However, I would caution John and show both of them the effects of cigars and
wine to the body especially to diabetic patients.
Integration and coordination of care

A nurse should ensure proper coordination of care to the patient, especially where the
patient expresses powerless and vulnerable feelings due to the status of their illnesses. The
appropriate integration of care can alter such feelings. Through experience, I could offer well-
integrated care to alleviate John’s believes that his blood sugar is beyond control. Properly
coordinated care will help John to take his blood sugar frequently and adhere to the clinical
decisions and appointments (Powers et al, 2017).
Education and information
In order to counter the patient’s worries that they are not fully informed about their
condition, hospitals focus on three communication types; the caring process information,
information of disease progress, prognosis and clinical status (Gorrindo et al, 2014). John, his
son-in-law and his family, require much education about how to take care of John's health
especially in eating habits and other diabetic assessment like frequent monitoring of the glucose
level. As the health practitioner, I could inform and offer enough education to John concerning
his illness.
Physical comfort
Physical comfort is essential to the patient is several areas such as; during pain
management, assisting in activities and daily living needs and while in the hospital environment
and surroundings. John requires physical comfort due to his knee amputation, failing health and
eyesight problems. Due to John’s knee complication, I could pay close attention to physical
support to avoid falling, assist in movement as well as driving him to the hospital for doctor’s
appointments.
Emotional support

Emotional support is crucial for relieving fear and anxiety which are associated with
illnesses. I could concentrate the attention on the patient anxiety over treatment, prognosis,
physical status, illness’s impact and also on financial impact. John needs emotional support to
alleviate fears and anxiety due to his financial status where he finds it difficult to continue with
medication which is expensive for him. John also is anxious over his blood sugar levels which
seem to remain very high although he is under medication.
Family and friends’ participation
This dimension involves the role of friends and family in providing patient-centred care
to the patient. Family and friends’ contribution can be through the provision of accommodation,
involvement in decision making, supporting as caregivers and recognizing the friends and family
needs (Elwyn, Dehlendorf, Epstein, Marrin, White & Frosch, 2014). John family is very close to
him as they live together, as a health professional, I would strengthen the family bonds through
holistic participating in their daily activities and involving them in decision making towards
helping John.
Transition and continuity
A health professional should ensure and respect the patient’s needs and ability to care for
themselves after discharge or while at homes. Thus one must be understandable in regards to the
medication details, dietary needs, physical limitations, appointment plans and other services after
discharge (Graffigna, Barello, Libreri & Bosio, 2014). John required proper and clear
information concerning medication and showed him the importance of the doctors’ appointments
which could solve the problems where he was complaining of the drugs that were unable to
change his disease state.

Access to care
Patient has to be informed that he/she can access care services whenever it is required. I
could inform John on an easy way to get to the hospital for an appointment or when the condition
is worse. When the medication fails to improve John's situation I could organize on how to get a
specialist who gives him more knowledge on how to handle his diabetic condition.
Section B
Models of Care
Biomedical model
In the biomedical model of healthcare, the biological and physical aspects of the illness
are focused on. This model of care involves medication which is mainly practiced by many
health professional and doctors. The model is associated with cure, diagnosis and the treatment
of the disease (Shameer et al, 2016). The biomedical model involves;
 surgery to remove or replace a certain part of the body
 medication to lower the blood sugar or the blood pressure
 diagnosis of fractured bones through x-rays
As the biomedical model of health is always the first thing people think of regarding
healthcare, John is in a situation where the doctor suggested him to use medication for diabetes
to try to control his blood sugar (Zoungas et al, 2014). Biomedical model is the most appropriate
model of health, as a doctor to use primarily to diabetic patients' who are diagnosed for the first
time. This model plays a major role in exposing the state of the disease within the patient body,

so it is appropriate to be used before applying the social model of health to the diabetic patients’
like John (Scholl, Zill, Härter & Dirmaier, 2014)
Advantages
- Improves the quality of lives of people especially with chronic diseases.
- Creates advances in research and technology
- Prolongs life expectancy
- Enhances the effective treatment of several body complications (Wu et al, 2014)
Disadvantages
- The model relies on technology and professional health workers, thus costly
- Does not always endorse good health
- Expensive
- It does not treat all the conditions as in John’s state
Social model of health
The approach addresses broader influences on social, environmental and cultural
determinants of health rather than the physical and disease itself. This model recognizes the
relationship between health status and the social determinants of health. It considers the vital
aspects such as healthcare accessibility, socioeconomic status and social connectedness towards
improving the health status of an individual (Brett et al, 2014). According to the case study, this
model of health is very beneficial to John due to his socioeconomic status and futility of the
drugs. The failure of the drugs which were also expensive for John were the major influences on
his psychosocial health.

The social model involves several programs and campaigns within the community which
are of great help in maintaining and improving the health status of the people of Australia. These
programs based on this model of health could help John to alter some non-beneficial believes
through socializing with outsiders rather than only his family and get more knowledge
concerning his health status (Young-Hyman et al, 2016).
Advantages
- The model assists in disease prevention and promotes good health
- It is cheap as one can acquire directly from close friends or relatives
- Involves sharing of health responsibilities
- The knowledge can be passed from one generation to another
- Focuses on the vulnerable populations and improves the overall wellbeing
Disadvantages
- Public ignorance of the health promotion campaign
- Cannot prevent all the conditions
- Does not venture on the development of medical knowledge and technology
- Does not aim to individual concerns at a time (Kelley, Kraft-Todd, Schapira, Kossowsky
& Riess, 2014)
Conclusion
Type 2 diabetes is a disease that requires tight patient-centred care for improvement and
good result. The type 2 diabetes which is accompanied by the rise in the glucose level in the
blood can result in different complications in the body if not handles appropriately. The illness
requires a well-coordinated, and integrated interventions for it is a long-term condition which is

common to the older population. A nurse or a health practitioner handling the patient with type 2
diabetes require to utilize the seven dimensions to prove the most effective care to the individual.
Both the biomedical and the social model of the health of significant benefits and are necessary
during the treatment of a patient with type 2 diabetes.

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