Personal and Professional Development in Healthcare - Unit 04 Report

This report delves into the realm of personal and professional development within the National Health Service (NHS) and the broader health and social care landscape. It commences with a reflection on the author's practice as a healthcare professional, examining adherence to NHS principles such as equal rights, diversity, and confidentiality, while also addressing the challenges of providing free medical services. The report then discusses the impact of new developments, including relevant legislations like the Equality Act 2010 and the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Furthermore, it evaluates the effectiveness of the author's contributions when working with others, highlighting essential employability skills such as communication, planning, and self-management. The second task involves self-assessment using SWOT analysis, outlining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and establishing a framework for short, medium, and long-term goals. This is followed by a reflective account and an exploration of how the author's work role impacts interactions with others. The third task encompasses a professional discussion/report analyzing different professional relationships in health and social care, evaluating personal effectiveness in promoting individual rights, discussing conflict resolution strategies, and suggesting methods to enhance personal contributions to team effectiveness. The report underscores the significance of continuous development in maintaining contemporary trends and achieving fruitful outcomes in both personal and professional spheres within the healthcare setting.

UNIT 04. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMNET

Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...........................................................................................................................................................3
Q1. Reflecting on own practise as a health care professional (AC 1.1) (AC 1.2).......................................3
Q2. Discussing the impact of new developments (AC 1.3).......................................................................5
Q3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of own personal contributions when working with others (AC 4.1)
(AC 4.3)....................................................................................................................................................6
Task 2...........................................................................................................................................................6
Q4. Assessing own current skills and learning style (AC 2.1)...................................................................6
Q5. A holistic development of short term goals, medium term goals and long term goals (AC 2.2)........8
Q6. Reflective account.............................................................................................................................9
Q7. Explanation of how the limits of own work role impacts on work with others (AC 4.2)..................10
Task 3: Professional Discussion/Report.....................................................................................................11
Q8..........................................................................................................................................................11
Explanation of the nature of different professional relationships in health and social care contexts (AC
3.1).........................................................................................................................................................11
Evaluation of personal effectiveness in promoting and supporting the rights of the individual (AC 3.2)
...............................................................................................................................................................11
Discussion of the ways to resolve issues encountered in professional relationships (AC 3.3)...............12
Discussion of how to improve personal contributions to the collective effectiveness of a team (AC 4.4,
4.3).........................................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................14
References.................................................................................................................................................15
2

Introduction
Development is always necessary, because unless there is development, nothing fruitful
can be achieved and the contemporary trend can never be maintained either. On both account,
personal and professional – development is of quintessential significance because development
implies growth and growth needs to be an integral part of the entire process. NHS has been
chosen to elaborate on the issue of personal and professional development with special regard to
the health and social care contexts (Cleary et al. 2011). In this work of research, three major
tasks have been elaborated upon in terms of focusing on the personal and professional
development in the health and social care.
Task 1
Q1. Reflecting on own practise as a health care professional (AC 1.1) (AC 1.2)
I, being a health care professional, believe in certain principles which fulfil the needs of
the hospitality industry. I am working as a health care professional in National Health Service in
United Kingdom. National Health Service provides free medical services to the patients by
following equal rights of all patients irrespective of the social status and financial conditions.
The organization believes that everyone should have a right to get the proper medical care all
over the world.
I completely agree with the vision of NHS which ensures that everyone has equal
opportunities regardless their financial capabilities, lifestyles etc (Morgon, 2014). At the time of
working, I have seen that the diverse needs of individual people have been met by NHS and an
assurance is given to them in order to equal access to the services that NHS provides. I have
learnt the visions of NHS which prevent the discrimination in healthcare services by promoting
equality and diversity in workplace.
We, the healthcare professionals, are told to provide the equal services to all patients by
treating them as a human being instead of focusing their social status and financial capabilities.
Health diseases are the private concerns of the patients which need to be kept confidential and all
the private matters related to health should not be disclosed publicly. I completely believe in
confidentiality and do accordingly by keeping all the medical records privates (Burns, 2014).
3

To make a comparison between the personal values, it can be noticed that the beliefs and
preferences that NHS follows have not been properly adopted and taken care by the industry
overall and many people. It has become impossible for much healthcare organization in UK to
provide free medical services to all the patients irrespective of their financial stability.
The management finds it impossible to handle the overall cost such as medicines,
equipment fees, salary of the medical staffs and doctors, infrastructure cost, healthy foods etc.
and asks for service charges from the patients. People who fail to give the hospital charges are
not entertained for the medical services and deprived from the facilities (Meidinger, 2015).
1. Equal rights  Equal rights refer to the best practices
which make us sure about the services
that have been provided to people.
The health services become fair and
accessible to everyone.
2. Diversity  NHS believes in diversity which
defines appreciating the differences
between people and an equal
treatment has been provided with
respect to people’s values, beliefs,
cultures and lifestyles.
3. Confidentiality  I have learnt about the confidentiality
in workplace that NHS follows which
defines keeping all the documents
confidential instead of making it
public
4. Manner  Defines high or old values
5. Pride  Defines pride or humility
6. Behaviour  Defines team spirit, individuality
7. Motivation  Provide motivation to the team
members.
8. Satisfaction  Provide satisfaction to the patients.
4

Your personal culture and experiences
1. Corporate culture  It dominates over national culture
2. National culture  It dominates over religious culture
3. Religious culture  It dominates over sexual orientation
It is significant for me as a healthcare professional to develop my own personal values regrading
my work. As a member of organization this is my responsibility to provide all relevant
information to client and always provide high quality services to them. On other hand, there are
guidelines provided by the top management regrading utilization of resources. In this situation I
tries to provide effective services to client with the limited resources.
I am working is health and social care enterprise which required various personal and
professional skills help me to provide much better services to patients. Because, personal values
and principles having a large influenced in health care setting. It involves personal attitude,
behaviour, preferences and other aspects. Apart from that, there are also my own life style,
values and perception represents working style. It will help to improve quality of services and
crate an ideal image of the healthcare organization in the public mind.
Individual culture plays a significant role which influenced the health and social care practices.
Cultures refers that to the values and beliefs which following by a group of people and transform
from one generation to another. In the context of given case, I am living in a society which
believes in the perform a task with full of dedication and commitment. It will help to perform my
work at health care setting which enhanced customer services. On the other hand, personal
experience also plays a prominent role in the working style. There are various issues which can
be arises in the healthcare institutions. My personal experience helps to solve these issues in an
effective manner
Q2. Discussing the impact of new developments (AC 1.3)
Being a healthcare professional I used to receive enquiries from the family members of
the patients which require new skills by developing legislations or policies in terms of equal
rights, diversity and confidentiality in healthcare practices. The legislations that NHS follows to
provide equal services to all the patients are the equality act 2010, the human rights act 1998, the
5

mental capacity act 2005 etc. which prevent the discrimination for people and increase the social
care. Some serious failure of health has been found out at workplace which requires proper
justification and code of practices.
I have been told to follow the policies which aim to help those people who lack the
capacity for maintaining their dignity and right to get the medical facilities as compared to
upper-level people in society. The new development specifies some protected characteristics
such as disability, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion and
belief, sex, gender reassignment and sexual orientation which help the people of specifying their
identity in healthcare industry (Ramani).
There is various development which required to implemented within the business organization.
As I having enough knowledge and experience to manage such changes I need to implement in
an appropriate manner. For example, there are various laws and legislations which change over a
period of time. This is my responsibility to follow all these rules in an effective manner. These
are:
Health and Social Care Act, 2012: This act is related with the NHS and its extensive services
provided to the public. There are following aspects includes in the policies which are:
 It involves duties relating to health care.
 Different provision for public health and future direction.
 Guidelines regarding data and information relating to health and social care.
 Statistical Data related to birth and death.
As a member of the company I will try to provide suggestions and recommendations in order to
increase client satisfaction level in an effective manner.
Q3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of own personal contributions when working with
others (AC 4.1) (AC 4.3)
I, being a healthcare professional, have some personal employability skills which I apply
at the time of working with others at the workplace. I am an employee of NHS which involves
into providing the noble services with respect to health care segments. I believe in myself and I
consider this as my main contributions in my team because self-believes and self-confident are
the most important skills which an employee should have. In healthcare industry, communication
is considered as the main skill while working in a team as a team member. I need to
6

communicate with the doctors, my team members, family members of the patients and it helps
me in improving my problem-solving skills (Madjid, 2014).
I have planning and organizing skills which is a part of self-management and it is
considered as one of the most important contributing factors while working in a team. Before
starting any task, a proper planning must be required which gives an idea to complete the task
step by step manner. The skills help other team members also because they get a proper idea
about initiatives I have taken during the working period.
The contribution that I have given into my team at workplace reduces the barriers to
effective team work in health and social care. The communication gap has been solved by
maintaining effective communication and team work, the proper planning and organising
provides sufficient knowledge to all the team members to improve their work efficiencies and
learning skills (www.diversityjournal.com, 2017).
A smooth work flow has been required in healthcare sector which helps the patients to
get proper medical services. My contribution helps the department as well as the team members
to improve the work efficiency by reducing the minimising the barriers. The team members work
together and provide quality services at workplace (Bercaw, 2011).
Task 2
Q4. Assessing own current skills and learning style (AC 2.1)
I, being a healthcare professional, follow the vision and objectives of NHS by extending
my helping hands towards the patients. I can analyse myself with the help of SWOT analysis
which focus on my strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Strengths  I have the quality to organize the
skills and perform as a good team
member.
 I can have built innovative ideas with
other team members and I make plans
for allocating the tasks among the
team members.
7

 I can effectively manage my time and
distribute my works per the specified
time.
Weakness  I do not have any prior employment
experience.
 I am facing difficulties in problem
solving at the time of work.
 I am a weak communicator. I
sometimes face problems to share my
opinions because of my weak
communication skills.
Opportunities  I gather knowledge and experience
from this work. So, in future I can get
a part time or full time job by
showing my current experience in
NHS.
 I have an opportunity to get the new
job if I will relocate to other country
where healthcare industry has grown
significantly. I can show my
international experience to other
countries (Gerwig, 2014).
 I can prove myself by showing my
potentialities and determination
which I have gathered in my present
work.
Threats  I am working in UK and want to
relocate in other country where I can
face extreme employment pressure.
Because the industry has grown
8

tremendously and the students from
all over the world have participated
and applied for the position. It
becomes a treat for me in terms of
applying in other country for the same
position (Taylor, 2011).
Q5. A holistic development of short term goals, medium term goals and long term goals
(AC 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)
The table is following SMART goal setting which have been explained below.
Short term Goals  My employer expects quality services
from me which I should fulfil within
a very small time span.
 My work includes providing equal
medical services to the patients by
avoiding generalities which I need to
deliver efficiently.
 I can measure my success in terms of
quantity, quality, timeliness or
cost within a small span of time for
improving my skills (Valsiner, 2012).
Medium term goals  In medium term goal, I need to
analyse the time scales which specify
the completion time of each goal.
 The main objective is to have
organizational goal which ensures the
actions attainment of the higher-level
goal.
 My goal has been already specified in
earlier level. In medium term goal, I
need to ensure that all the elements of
9

goal have been properly understood
with its outcome (Havighurst, 2012).
Long term goals  My long-term goal has to be relevant
and specified which matches with the
industry specified goals in long term
basis.
 My long-term goal is to measurable
which allows me to improve my
present skills which focus on the
conditions and limitations of my
goals.
 Being a healthcare professional, my
long-term goal is to attainable which
accomplished on a timely basis. I
have to follow the proper time and the
deadline which have been specified
by the employer (Field, 2011).
Skill development plan:
Skill required Current skill Target Development
opportunities
Criteria Time
Communicatio
n
To easily
interact with
my staff
Need to
improve for
dealing
directly with
client
Helps to
improve my
personal and
professional
skills.
I tries to check
my current
performance
with historical
performance
3 Months
Time
management
Poor time
management
Need to finish
task in a
limited time
Develop
multitasking
skills for the
future
Compare my
productivity
and efficiency
2 Months
Leadership Able to attract Need to Manage a This skills 3 Months
10

subordinates at
healthcare
settings
improve my
skills at such
level which
helps to
motivate
subordinates.
team in a
manner which
perform their
task in an
effective
manner
judge by my
colleagues.
2.3
It is essential for me to track my development plan which help to improve my performance in an
effective manner. There are various tools and techniques which can be used by me in order to
monitors my overall development plan. SMART method is one of the best approach which are
given below:
Learning
target
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound
Communicatio
n skills
This is my
goals which I
need to
improve in the
near future
I can able to
speck more
fluently and
given
presentation in
an effective
manner.
I can attain
this objective
which can be
attainable for
me.
I have good
communicatio
n but now I
need to
improve at the
next level.
The time
frame for this
task is note
more than 3
months
Time
management
This is related
with my
productivity
and efficiency
at health and
social care
setting.
It can be
measurable
that how much
time I will
take to
handling a
client on an
average.
It can be
achievable if I
can set this
target in with
communicate
with my co-
workers.
Time
management is
poor now I
need to
improve at
minimum
level.
The time limit
for this skill be
2 months.
Leadership Leadership
help me to
manage my
team work in
an appropriate
manner.
I will try to
motivate my
team members
to attain team
goals.
This target can
be achievable
for me.
I will try to
enhanced my
leadership
skill in an
appropriate
manner.
The timer
frame for this
task will be 3
months which
enough for
me.
I also provide rating my skills over a period of time and check my improvement in an
appropriate manner.
11

Skills Rating scale (1 to 5)
Communication skills 4
Time management 4
Leadership 3.5
2.4
As I am working with NHS, this is my responsibilities to determine my development skills and
enhanced at the next level. For this I required to use various approaches which are significant for
me. For example, my time management skill poor, now I will check these skills with my
performance and productivity. I will make sure that, despite the improvement in time
management it not effects my quality of services which is too important in health and social care
setting.
Q6. Reflective account
As far as my development plan is concerned, I can put forth that I do have my flaws and
drawbacks, but I try to overcome those in terms of my strengths and skills by means of acquired
learning and experiences. The working standards of the health care professionals are different n
NHS, but despite having little experience, I try to fare well in all the standards about serving the
patients with effective medical aid and assistance (Mashiach Eizenberg, 2011). The loopholes
need to be rectified and that has already been mentioned in the development plan.
As a health care professional, my own development plan can said to be having its basis
on my potentials and negative aspects which need to be strengthened as well as the positive
factors must be nurtured and developed further. My own development has been framed in the
development plan itself and it is evident that my future endeavours with the patients as
healthcare professional would be much more enticing in terms of providing them utmost
effective care in a far improved manner (Dixon-Woods et al. 2012).
Q7. Explanation of how the limits of own work role impacts on work with others (AC 4.2)
Being a health care professional certainly comes with certain responsibilities and it is
more so because health and social care involves taking care of other individuals who are in dire
12

need of help and assistance. It can be said in this context that every work role has its own set of
limits and in case of me also, there is no exception (McCormack et al. 2011).
Working with others is an integral part of health and social care and the fact that own
work role can have an adverse impact on the issue of working with others – can be found to be
prevalent in this work of research. In this connection, the importance of professional boundaries
can be referred to because at the social work level, the work is done largely on a deep level with
vulnerable individuals, towards whom the health care professionals have certain responsibilities
in terms of ensuring fullest support, help and security and safety to them in accordance with their
varied needs (Gibbs, 2011).
At health and social care, there are various duties and responsibilities which I performed in an
effective manner. This is my ethics that I put all efforts in order to provide mush better services
to client. It is natural that in this profession one work having implication on other work. In order
to avoid this things, I will try to perform my task which having less impact on others. Further,
there are various rules and guidelines that to make confidential various information in the interest
of business organisation as well as the client. Therefore, I will try to maintain full confidentiality
in an effective manner.
Task 3: Professional Discussion/Report
Q8.
Explanation of the nature of different professional relationships in health and social care
contexts (AC 3.1)
In course of health and social care contexts, several professional relationships can be
observed and those are different in their own terms and ways. The doctor and patient relationship
though has some humanitarian ground, yet the professional factor cannot be denied in this case.
Doctor treats the patients and thus the responsibility of the patients lies with the healthcare expert
and that is a major responsibility i.e. responsibility of life, of improvement (Reeves, 2012).
There are executive staffs in the health and social care settings and NHS is no exception
in this regard. The executive responsibilities are maintained by the staffs and the major
interaction of the hospital authority is being done through the staffs who take care of the
13

financial and technical and other aspects of the situation barring the health aspects because the
health issues are directly addressed by the doctors and other medical experts (Desimone, 2011).
The patients need to maintain a co-operative attitude towards the health and social care
professionals because the responsibility of the treatment lies entirely with them and thus, it can
effectively be put forth that patients are significantly dependent on the doctors and other medical
staffs to opt for betterment.
Evaluation of personal effectiveness in promoting and supporting the rights of the
individual (AC 3.2)
Rights of the individuals are important because every individual is distinct and unique in
terms of skills, learning, knowledge, experience – and therefore, it can be added that individual
contributions are integral towards the collective responsibility in respective different ways
(Nicholls, 2014). Personal effectiveness can be justified because being a health care professional
and that too within the territory of NHS, the leading health and social care institution; and the
justification must be counted to both promote and support the respective individual rights
(Calderhead et al. 2012).
As professional relationships, must be maintained in terms of ensuring a healthy and
improved work life and working environment; it can be said that if personal working equilibrium
is maintained, then it would add to the overall effectiveness and in case of NHS, it can be
reflected in terms of providing the patients with utmost care and medical treatment without an
iota of doubt.
The rights of the individuals need to be promoted on a wider scale, because unless the
rights are promoted, they will not be given the adequate support that they require in terms of
emphasizing the universal requirement of medical aid and assistance to all the patients and
people who need help. Be it the doctors or the nurses or medical aids or medical staffs of other
designation, all have individual rights that must be guarded in terms of maintaining a workplace
balance which is of utmost importance (Reeves et al. 2013).
It is essential for an individual to deliver high quality services and maximise efficiency in order
to meet its target. But, at the same time, every people also make sure that respect other individual
right and not get affected though their work. Therefore, this is the responsibility is developing
14

various guidelines regarding personal right. There are following working style which can be used
by me in this context:
 Make communication with every individual for proper so that relevant information
transferred to another person.
 Strictly follow code of conduct regarding individual rights.
 To solve various issue in an effective which helps to minimise such problems
Discussion of the ways to resolve issues encountered in professional relationships (AC 3.3)
Professional relationships are made in course of professional period which are integral to
the respective individual involvement in the professional activities. It is evident that professional
relationships may encounter a bout of problems and difficulties and the issues may come up
amidst the professional individuals and team members in terms of deciding upon a single thing
or having difference of opinions (Zepeda, 2012).
There are certain ways of resolving issues encountered in professional relationships and
the foremost way can be effective communication amongst the professional team members to
clarify any sort of doubts regarding professional service and work. Unless there is effective and
efficient communication amongst the team members, nothing fruitful can be attained and no
solution can be derived regarding the resolution of the key issues (Hopkinson, 2014).
As individuals are of varied opinions, it is evident that they will not be deciding on the
same things or scenarios and therein lies the difference that needs to be sorted out as soon as
possible to ensure better result and productivity on the part of the employees. Personal
interaction must be there between the employees because interaction would be effective only
when there is communication amongst the workers on both personal and professional levels
(Moon, 2014). Logical mindset is essential and patient attitude is important because these two
can act well towards problem solving and can help in effective decision making.
It is essential for a business organization is to maintain harmonious relationship with
professional and solve complicated issues in an effective manner. there are following approaches
can be used by me:
 Provide two-way communication with top and lower level of management.
15

 Maintain code of conduct and respect all cultural diversity within the healthcare
organization.
 Involving staff in to decision making process which helps to increase their confidence
level which leads to building good relation among them.
Discussion of how to improve personal contributions to the collective effectiveness of a
team (AC 4.4, 4.3)
Individuals make a team and therefore, it can be inferred that individual contributions
significantly add to the collective contributions which leads to validate collective effectiveness of
a team (Busse et al. 2014). In case of NHS also, it can essentially be put forward that the
healthcare organization has managed to make a mark of its own on the global front apart from
being the leading health and social care organization of United Kingdom – because the collective
efforts of the groups of skilled and trained professional healthcare experts; who have put in the
efforts collectively over the years to make the healthcare segment a success.
From the perspective of health care professional, it can be mentioned that respective
personal contributions can be improved in terms of bringing forth change in the personal work
ethics and activities which can be done by individual employees in terms of their interests and
responsibilities and need for change in personal sphere through professional expertise (Jasper,
2011). If everyone within the team considers the change in own way, the collective changes will
occur eventually that would lead to a big change in terms of leading towards collective
effectiveness of a team through working together, for the greater cause as well as personal
development as respective professionals.
There are various limitations which having large impact on employees and working quality at the
healthcare settings. As an employee my limit is to collecting information from higher authorities.
Lack of these data can influenced the decision making process and working efface. Therefore,
this is my responsibility Is minimising such aspects which leads to increase quality of worker in
the organization.
16

Conclusion
In the concluding segment, it can be mentioned that in context of NHS, the reflective
journal and report have duly been illustrated upon, especially from the perspective of a
healthcare professional. Professional development and personal growth are interlaced and it can
be said that personal growth leads invariably often to the professional development which largely
considers the betterment of the allocated task. Development in the professional field ensures
upliftment of personal skills and in that way, it’s a success story both ways.
17

References
Bercaw, R. G. (2011). Taking Improvement from the Assembly Line to Healthcare: The
Application of Lean within the Healthcare Industry. CRC Press.
Burns, L. R. (2014). India's Healthcare Industry: Innovation in Delivery, Financing, and
Manufacturing. Cambridge University Press.
Busse, H., Aboneh, E.A. and Tefera, G., (2014). Learning from developing countries in
strengthening health systems: an evaluation of personal and professional impact among global
health volunteers at Addis Ababa University’s Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (Ethiopia).
Globalization and health, 10(1), p.1.
Calderhead, J., Denicolo, P. and Day, C., (2012). Research on Teacher Thinking (RLE Edu N):
Understanding Professional Development. Routledge.
Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., O’Hara‐Aarons, M., Jackson, D. and Hunt, G.E., (2011). The views of
mental health nurses on continuing professional development. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
20(23‐24), pp.3561-3566.
Desimone, L.M., (2011). A primer on effective professional development. Phi delta kappan,
92(6), pp.68-71.
Dixon-Woods, M., McNicol, S. and Martin, G., (2012). Ten challenges in improving quality in
healthcare: lessons from the Health Foundation's programme evaluations and relevant literature.
BMJ quality & safety, pp.bmjqs-2011.
Field, S. (2011). Managing Your Career in the Health Care Industry. Infobase Publishing.
Gerwig, K. (2014). Greening Health Care: How Hospitals Can Heal the Planet. Oxford
University Press.
Gibbs, V., (2011). An investigation into the challenges facing the future provision of continuing
professional development for allied health professionals in a changing healthcare environment.
Radiography, 17(2), pp.152-157.
Havighurst, C. C. (2012). Deregulating the Health Care Industry: Planning for Competition.
Ballinger Publishing Company.
18

Hopkinson, C., (2014). Personal and professional development. Becoming a Nurse: A Textbook
for Professional Practice, p.383.
Jasper, M., (2011). Professional Development, Reflection and Decision-making for Nurses (Vol.
17). John Wiley & Sons.
Mashiach Eizenberg, M., (2011). Implementation of evidence‐based nursing practice: nurses’
personal and professional factors?. Journal of advanced nursing, 67(1), pp.33-42.
Madjid, T. (2014). Healthcare Informatics and Analytics: Emerging Issues and Trends:
Emerging Issues and Trends. IGI Global.
Meidinger, R. J. (2015). The Truth About The Healthcare Industry. BookBaby.
Morgon, P. A. (2014). Sustainable Development for the Healthcare Industry: Reprogramming
the Healthcare Value Chain. Springer.
McCormack, B., Dewing, J. and McCance, T., (2011). Developing person-centred care:
addressing contextual challenges through practice development.
Moon, J.A., (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice.
Routledge.
Nicholls, G., (2014). Professional development in higher education: New dimensions and
directions. Routledge.
Reeves, D.B., (2012). Transforming professional development into student results. Ascd.
Reeves, S., Perrier, L., Goldman, J., Freeth, D. and Zwarenstein, M., (2013). Interprofessional
education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane
Database Syst Rev, 3(3).
Ramani, K. V. Hospital Management.
Taylor, B. J. (2011). Reflective Practice for Healthcare Professionals: A Practical Guide.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Valsiner, J. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press.
www.diversityjournal.com. (2017, January). www.diversityjournal.com/9823-culture-values-
and-the-impact-at-work/. Retrieved January 2017, from www.diversityjournal.com/9823-culture-
19