Pharmacology: Medicine Management, Drug Interactions, and Policies

This report delves into pharmacology and medicine management, examining the therapeutic actions and psychological responses to various types of medicines, including analgesics, antibiotics, and antidepressants. It discusses the impact of these drugs on physical and mental health, highlighting potential side effects and interactions. The report also addresses the importance of considering drug interactions when developing policies and procedures for managing medicines in healthcare settings. Furthermore, it reflects on legislation, policies, and standards governing medicine management, emphasizing patient safety and the rationalization of workplace policies for prescribing and administering medications. The document concludes by underscoring the significance of understanding these aspects for effective and safe healthcare practices.

PHARMACOLOGY AND
MEDICINE MANAGEMENT
UNIT 30

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART-1............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Therapeutic action and psychological response to different type of medicines..........................3
Interactions of drugs when developing policy, procedure and practice for managing medicines
.....................................................................................................................................................6
PART -2...........................................................................................................................................8
Legislation, policies and standard that govern that management of medicine in healthcare
setting...........................................................................................................................................8
Reflecting the way local policy legislation are governing the use of medicine..........................9
Assess effectively legislation and standard that govern the use of medicines for services user
...................................................................................................................................................10
The way drug interactions may affect the efficacy and side effect of different medicines for
physical and mental health conditions.......................................................................................10
The way interaction of drug taken into account contribute in development of policy, procedure
and practice for managing medicines........................................................................................11
Rationalise of own work setting policies and procedures that are used for managing and
prescribing the medicines..........................................................................................................11
Safety implementation in healthcare setting policies on administering, managing medicines
under supervision of appropriate professional...........................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

PART-1
INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology is one of the major branch under which the study of various drugs along with
their impact over the human body is studied. Pharmacology assist the discovery of new
medicines that would help an individual to fight with new diseases. It also assists the study that
why some medicines are better than others. The report within this part will bring in depth
therapeutic action and responses within different types of medicines used in healthcare, for
strengthening effective treatment of people. Study will also vitally potentially evolve on
extended healthcare aspects, for improvised wellness and generate extended rise on new
parameters within services extensively. Also, specific individual requirements within healthcare
has specific role for attaining medication requirements among people.
Therapeutic action and psychological response to different type of medicines
Pharmacology is one of the important branch of the medical field that deals with the study
of medicines along with the study of impact of medicines on the human body.
Medicines and their impact:
Analgesics:
These are the specialised drugs that are designed for the relieving of pain that could be
experienced in the body. With the in taking of analgesic the pain would be released (Ingle,
2021). Analgesics are also of two types that may include the Non-opioid that include the
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), dipyrone and acetaminophen. These are widely
used for the purpose of reduction of pain, inflammation along with brining down of temperature.
For example, Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Celecoxib and various others (Feng and Dandan, 2018).
While the other drug includes the opioid analgesics that includes the string as well as weak
analgesics. This can be used for the reduction of pain right from headache to the pain of arthritis.
These work as painkillers.
Impact:
The consumption of NSAIDS would lead to have an impact towards the gastric mucosa,
hematologic system, hepatic system, renal system, and cardiovascular system. Along with
impacting these system of human body, it also leads to toxicity in terms of renal damage, GI
bleeding, hypertension, and hepatotoxicity.

Psychological impact:
While considering about the psychological impact, Analgesics plays an important role
towards pain relieving and enabling body to be pain free. This can be justified with the aspect of
NSAID that work with the inhabiting of activity of enzyme called cyclooxygenase that would
lead to play an important role in the formation of prostaglandins. When NSAID will inhibit
prostaglandins synthesis that would play an important role in pain reduction.
Acetaminophen:
This is a non-opioid analgesic. It is mainly used for the relieving of pain and fever. It is
also commonly called Paracetamol. It is being used for the treatment of sever to moderate level
of pain and it has no anti-inflammatory action. Its working mechanism would include no distinct
method but it acts as a cyclooxygenase enzyme isoform COX-3, which is found in brain and
spinal cord (Ramachandran and Jaeschke, 2019). It can be taken as orally as tablets, syrup and
liquid. It is also used for reducing the pain like muscle ache, toothache, menstrual pain and
various other kind of mild to moderate pain (Habibi and Kim, 2019).
Impacts:
Although it is one of the important medicine that has a positive impact towards the
health. But at the same time it also leads to certain side effect towards the human body that may
include headache, rashes, nausea, and various other. It may also lead to hypersensitivity
reactions.
Psychological impact:
An exposure of this drug would lead to the reduction of empathy among people for the
others i.e. it will lead to have an emotional and mental impact towards an individual. It also
reduces the negative as well as positive feeling among an individual. It keeps emotional aspects
controlled and further also reduces significant uprise within specific medical aspects. As it is a
physical painkiller that would help in reducing the empathy for suffering of other people i.e.
physical and social pain with the reduction of activation of brain areas. This would further be
related with the motivation and emotional awareness.
Opioid analgesics:

Its use is mainly related with the relieving of pain of internal organ. It is also of two types
that may use for the treatment of mild to moderate level of pain such as codeine phosphate while
the other type is used for the treatment of moderate to severe treatment of pain such as morphine.
This is only used when other therapies would become ineffective or for the short to medium term
treatment of chronic non-malignant pain (Bicket and et.al., 2017). It works in the mode of
production of analgesic effect. It is mainly used for controlling acute pain that include the pain
which is generally experienced after the surgery. They block the calcium channel on nociceptive
nerve that will lead to inhibit the release of neurotransmitter which will make contribution to
nociception that would work in the process of relieving of pain.
Impacts:
The therapeutic impact of opioid analgesics would include the pain relieving from mild to
moderate and sever pain. Likewise, it is also used for the treatment of acute pain. Its use is also
spread and related with the setting of cancer and various other surgeries in terms of relieving of
pain (Owusu Obeng, Hamadeh and Smith, 2017). However, its other impact towards the body in
terms of high exposure would include the nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, Dysphoria
and various other.
Psychological impact:
However, its repeated use would lead to raise dependency and may raise the habit of it.
This means with the continual exposure of the medicine the patient would become habitual
which would lead to have a severe mental effect.
Antibiotics:
These includes a series of medicines which is generally used to fight with the infection
that is caused by the bacteria. The function of antibiotics includes either killing up of the bacteria
or the reduction of the functioning of the bacteria in terms of its growth and multiplication. This
include the treatment of infection that are caused by the bacteria which would lead to spread
infection, along with carrying a risk of severe complication (Islam, 2020). Viral infections are
not to be treated with the consumption of antibiotics. Its administration can be made variedly that
may include the oral consumption or intravenously depending upon the severity of infection.
These are not used for serious illness and health problem but can be used for whom treatment
would not be possible without its consumption like the treatment of acne.

Impact:
The therapeutic impact would include the treatment of infection that are related and
caused because of bacterial exposure. It is used for the treatment of severe infection including
those that would spread from one another. However, its negative impact would also include the
vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and various other.
Psychological impact:
The psychological impact would include the anxiety, panic to major level of depression,
delirium, psychosis. Likewise, it also includes the coexisting medical conditions, advanced age,
slow acetylator status and various other (Lambrichts, Van Oudenhove and Sienaert, 2017).
Antidepressants:
This is that class of drug which is used for the treatment of depression and other
condition including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, chronic pain, stress
disorder and various other (Wichniak and et.al., 2017). It enables individual to be calm facing
depression and anxiety disorder and also keep calmness intact within psychology well-being.
This is mainly considered with dealing in depression including the disorder of anxiety, bulimia,
panic disorder and various other. It work in the form of raising of group of chemicals in the brain
which is called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin would lead
to improve the mood and emotion (Skånland and Cieślar-Pobuda, 2019). An increase in
neurotransmitters would lead to disrupt the pain signals which are send by nerves. This way it
lead to decline the pain.
Impact:
It has major therapeutic impact towards the body in terms of reliving from depression and
anxiety. It leads to absorb the serotonin in brain and block the reuptake. It helps the cell of brain
for receiving and sending of messages that would further lead to have an impact towards the
mood.
Psychological impact:
Antidepressants has a high psychological impact towards an individual in terms of
emotional dealing. This means it would lead to have an impact towards the emotional control and
feeling of an individual. As it lead to raise the chemical activity called neurotransmitters and
various other that would enable an individual to deal with depression and anxiety. It enables to

deal with anxiety and also maintains chemical balance, which reduces depression and anxiety
issues. This can be also analysed that drug enables individual to be potent on healthcare aspects,
and significantly improvises functional healthcare needs.
Interactions of drugs when developing policy, procedure and practice for managing medicines
Interaction of drug occurs when an existing medical condition makes certain drugs which
is harmful. The reason for drug interaction is to identify changes in drug’s effects and due to
recent or concurrent use of another drug. It is important to determine changes and policies are
made accordingly. there are three type of drug interaction i.e., drug- drug interaction, drug- food
interaction and drug- disease interaction. Drug interaction is beneficial because it helps in
improvement of the bioavailability of a drug and helps in enhancing absorption (Emerson, 2021).
It is essential to focus on interaction of drug when policies and procedures are developed. Proper
plans should be made so that there will be no problem. At the time of managing medicines there
must be proper plans and policies so that it can be implemented properly. Reason for taking
interaction of drug, adverse events and reactions into account when developing policy, procedure
and practice for managing medicines. It is important to make plans and policies so that work can
be completed on time and it helps in accomplishing goals and objectives. Drug interaction occurs
when one drug interferes with the pharmacological activity of another. These drug interactions
can result in decreased effectiveness. Drug interactions lead to increase in beneficial or the
adverse effects of given drugs. When a drug interaction increases the benefit of the administered
drugs. Drugs is combined to increase the control of condition that is being treated. Drug
interaction is important because it helps in increasing or decreasing in beneficial effects of the
given drugs. There are some consideration for drug interaction in workplace policies and
procedures are, know why a person is taking medication, how to take the drug, fill prescriptions
at same pharmacy, talk to pharmacist so that proper medication can be taken.
In the workplace policies and procedures, it should be included that, right patient, right
drug, right time, right route and right dose. It is essential to give right dose to right patient so that
proper treatment can be given to patient and they can recover soon. It is important to apply drug
interaction in the workplace so that better treatment can be provided to patients. Staff members
should provide right dose to right patients o right time so that they can get well soon.
Interaction of drug occurs when an existing medical condition is harmful for health of
people. Administration of antibiotics ae either orally or intravenously. The route of

administration of antibiotics often depends upon on the severity of the infection. This includes
life threatening infections require intravenous therapy. Antibiotics are given because that are
well absorbed and may be given by mouth even for some serious infections. Parenteral
administration is also appropriate because when oral route cannot be used or if absorption is
inadequate then it may affect management of medicine. There are some common side effects of
antibiotics like, vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, bloating and indigestion, abdominal pain, loss of
appetite. It is important to manage all the activities and proper plans should be implemented so
that there will be no mistake. There are different method of administration of drug like,
intravenous route, intramuscular route, rectal route, subcutaneous route, vaginal route and
inhaled route.
It is important to implement policies and procedures safely so that better services can be
provided. When administering and managing medicines there must be safe implementation of
policies and procedures (Hanna and Dodge, 2017). When policies and procedures are
implemented safely then it is beneficial for managing medicines in own practice setting.
Evaluation is done for managing medicines in own practice setting. Safely implementing own
healthcare’s setting policies on administering and managing medicines under supervision of an
appropriate. A cause of drug interaction involves one drug which alters of another medical drug.
Drug interactions result from competition for a single receptor or pathway. Drug interaction are
changes in a drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of drug use. It is important to apply
proper policies and procedures so that work can be completed on time. Reason for taking
interactions of drugs, adverse events and reactions into account when developing policy,
procedure and practice for managing effectiveness of own safe implementation of policies and
procedures. Safely supervision of an appropriate professional. It is essential to implement safe
policies and procedures when administering and managing medicines.
It is essential to safely implement policies and procedures effectively so that work can be
completed on time and proper medicines can be provided. It is essential to apply policies and
procedures so that proper management can be done and it helps in providing proper care to
patients. It is important in health care to provide good facilities to patients so that their needs can
be satisfied and it helps in achieving targets (Barrett and Kreiss, 2019). It is essential to apply
policies and procedures in health care so that better services can be provided to patient and it
helps in satisfying need of patient. For effectiveness it is essential to provide good facilities and

policies should be applied so that better facilities can be provided. Polices and procedures help in
doing work systematically and there is no confusion among employees. Proper medicines should
be made and supervision should be done so that there will be less chances of mistakes. Managers
are responsible for making policies and procedures so that there will be no confusion or
misunderstanding and work can be completed properly. Proper structure should be made by
managers so that employees can work systematically and employees can complete their work. In
health care patient need proper care and medicine. It is essential to provide good facility to
patient and take care of them so that they can recover soon. Policies and procedures help in doing
work on time and there is no confusion.
PART -2
Pharmacologic management tells when the patient need to take prescribed medicine,
several side effects of the medicine on patient health and well being. In another words, it is
promoting of safe, evidence based and cost effective use of medicine to the patient so that it can
be cure in limited time possible. This is second part of report consist of key information related
to legislation, policies and standard that govern the management of medicine in healthcare
setting. Furthermore, it depicts information related to reflecting the way local policies' legislation
govern the use of medicine and manner in which drug interactions can affect efficacy and side
effect of different medicines. At last, it has covered safety implementation in healthcare setting
that are used to administer and manage the medicine.
Legislation, policies and standard that govern that management of medicine in healthcare setting
Legislation, policies and standard are set of rules and regulation that are used to manage
the medicine in healthcare setting that need to be abided by the healthcare professional while
delivering services to patient. Therefore, the various legislation, policies and standard that are
used to manage the medicine in healthcare setting can be explained in detailed as follows:
1. Medicines Act 1968: This act has been introduced in 1968 that has been latest
amendment in 2/12/2019. It is related to medicinal products and related matters such as it
control supply of drugs (Yuqin and et.al., 2018). The individual can only intake drug
when it has been perspective by appropriate practitioners, general sales list medicines and
that has not bought to any shop without prescription.
2. Human Medicines Regulations 2012: This is law that has come into enforce on 14
August 2012 made by medicines and healthcare product regulatory agency to review and

consolidate the UK medicines legislation. In another words, it set out comprehensive
regime of making use of medical product by human for manufactuirng, import,
distribution and sales and supply of products to individual. This is applied in healthcare
setting to ensure effectively providing medicine to patient for their treatment.
3. Mental Health Act 1983/2007: It is one the main legislation that need to be abided by
healthcare setting while performing their respective task. Such as it covered the
treatment, assessment and right of people that are facing from situation of mental disorder
(Naga, 2020). So, it gave power of healthcare professional in certain circumstances to
assess and treat the patient that are suffering from mental disorder for their overall health
and safety.
Standard for medical management
4. Ensure that clinicians safely prescribe while suggesting patient to take particular
medicine to be cure.
5. Monitor medicine use and its negative impact on health and well being of individual.
6. Suggest appropriate medicines as per its health problem to avoid future
complication and better outcome.
7. Guidelines related to the way safe and secure use of medicine can be done by
healthcare professional while providing medicine to the patient for its treatment.
Reflecting the way local policy legislation are governing the use of medicine
The local policy of UK has contributed a lot in management and governance of use of
medicine by the patient. Policy are principles of action that are adapted by the organisation while
delivering or offering medicine to the patient for its overall treatment. NICE ( national institute
for health and care excellence) has set key guidelines or policies that are helpful in governing the
use of medicine that can be reflected in detailed as follows:
1. Healthcare setting need to install system in place that have contained detailed related to
medicine related patient safety incident record and learning. Along with that at local level
health record review, direct observations are some of the method that has been used to
administrate the use of medicine (Kaye and et.al., 2017).
2. Policy related to the way information about the medicine to be communicated to
employees is also made that helps in effective governance of use of medicine. As secured
method are being used to communicate information about the manner in which the

medicine to be taken, at time i,e., after or before lunch or breakfast it is need to be taken
has helped in providing medicine to the patient.
3. Along with it, another local policy such as medicine reconciliation is made in which
accurate listing of current medicines in take by individuals is compared with more
required medicine for better treatment. This process has been completed three type such
as when person is admitted, transferred between ward and discharged. Therefore, this has
contributed in complete listing of medicines and accurately communicating the same to
the patient for its treatment.
4. Likewise, Medical review is third local policy that has been helped in governing the use
of medicines in healthcare setting. As per the policy critical examination of person
medicine with the objective of providing a particular treatment is review in order to
optimise the benefits of medicine provided to the patient for improvement in its health
and minimising the negative impact of medicine (Yinghuan and et.al., 2017). In addition
to this, there is workplace medicine policy that enforces healthcare setting to review that
the medicines are up to date, accurate medicine are offered to patient.
Assess effectively legislation and standard that govern the use of medicines for services user
1. Human medicine regulation 2012: It is the law that has been came into enforce
during 12 August 2012 that concern about medicinal products for human use. At local
level the healthcare setting are abiding to the human medical regulation while
manufacturing, distributing, supply the medicine as well as advertising the medicines
in order to offered to individual for their better health and well being.
2. Controlled drug use regulation: It is another local policy legislation that has been
made by government with an aim to regulate the strengthen of government
arrangement of use and management of controlled drugs (Yinghuan and et.al., 2017).
The way drug interactions may affect the efficacy and side effect of different medicines for
physical and mental health conditions
Drug interaction can be defined as two or more drugs that are provided to the individual at
same time in order to exert their effects they can interact. There are many drug interaction that
are harmless and even those are harmful can be effectively managed. While, it can be stated that
there are some chances in which harmful drug interaction may impact small number of patient
thereby the severity of harmful interaction vary from patient to patient. Furthermore, the patient

that are suffering from impaired renal or hepatic function are more prone to health risk as
compared to other individuals (Yosanto, Desrini and Putri, 2021). In another words, drug
interaction is combination of medication with other substance that resulted in unexpected side
effects on individual’s physical and mental health and well being. There are different type of
drug interaction that have side effect on physical and mental health condition of people which
can be illustrated in detailed as follows:
1. Drug- drug: It is interaction between two or more prescribed drug by practitioners for
examples interaction between Anticoagulant and warfarin lead in increasing in bleeding.
2. Drug- Non prescription treatment: When the drug interacts with non prescribed
treatment likewise between diuretic and Ibuprofen thus it results in causing body to
retained excess water and salt.
3. Drug- food: It is another type of drug interaction when drug is intake with food and
beverage for example; if any of individuals take more statins drink with lot of grapefruit
juice then it results in increasing the risk of liver damage and kidney failure.
4. Drug- alcohol: There are certain medicines that individual need to be avoided to intake
with alcohol as it results in negative or side effect on physical and mental health of
person. Likewise individual may feel more tiredness and delay in reaction.
Therefore it can be stated that interaction between the drug is harmful for mental and
physical health of person.
The way interaction of drug taken into account contribute in development of policy, procedure
and practice for managing medicines
The interaction of drug has contributed in formulation of effective policies and procedure
related to managing medicines, as there drug interaction lead in side effect on human body,
physical and mentally. So healthcare facilities in order to avoid the negative impact of drug
interaction on patient health condition has make certain policies and procedure related to the way
medicines need to be used by people to resolve their health issue with minimum side effects.

Rationalise of own work setting policies and procedures that are used for managing and
prescribing the medicines
In our work setting there are range of policies and procedure that has been used for
managing and prescribing the medicines to the patient for its good health condition. The policies
and procedure that has been used by our work setting is:
1. Procedure for prescription for medicine: Medicine will be prescribe to the patient on
the basis of assessment of its actual health condition, problem that it might facing and
review of previously taken medicine in order to cure or stay fit and fine (Kaye and et.al.,
2017).
2. Administration of medicine: Second policy of medication review at time to time has
been implemented in our workplace so that medicine offered to the patient is being
reviewed and provided up to date with an motivate that there are less side effect of the
same.
3. Storage and disposable: The medicine need to be store at safe and secure place to avoid
any negative impact on health of the patient. Along with that the medicine that has been
expired need to be disposed.
The reason for putting such range of policies and procedure in workplace to provide as well as
prescribed appropriate medicines that need to be offered to patient so that it can recover from the
health issue in limited time frame.
Safety implementation in healthcare setting policies on administering, managing medicines
under supervision of appropriate professional
Healthcare setting policies on administering, managing medicines under supervision of
appropriate professional plays keen role for bringing proper management risen within structural
aspects. UK's healthcare settings are strictly focused on proper healthcare setting policies and
extended functional rise on managing medicines under supervision of functional professional
progression (Hockenhull and et.al, 2021).Drugs and medicines should be given under
supervision of appropriate professionals, where there is further pace to be evolved for untapped
new scope for larger scale management. The medication plan should be focused on avoiding
disruption, preparation of medication by following seven rights within medication requirements
significantly. The seven rights on medication preparation, is also specific for strengthening
medical requirements along which performing hand hygiene is also specifically essential. The

medicines act 1968, provides legal framework for prescribing, supply, storage and administration
of medicines, classification which further enhances professional appropriate stricture
competencies rapidly on extended criteria. The key legislation includes medicines act, misuse of
drugs act and associated regulations where health and safety at work act which further enhances
regulations as per disposal of hazardous waste. The varied healthcare setting policies, and
administration of managing under supervision of varied appropriate professional working reach
significantly which enhances significant scale consistency in healthcare setting.
It has been found that healthcare setting policies on administration and managing
medicines signifies supervision of professional. It can be also analysed that healthcare setting
policies on administering, managing medicines focuses on fact that medicines should be given as
per under supervision of respective professional for strengthening vitality of management.
Keeping intact focus on extended rise, for appropriate medical healthcare settings, further plays
crucial role in managing medicines and to keep up larger vital scope worked on for attaining best
working targets (Berger and et.al, 2021).
Medicines should be given as per supervision, and by analysing history of patient and
further evolving towards technical working vision for improvised services. Medical experts and
professional abilities plays crucial role for delivering medical drugs, and to yield on to forward
extended new scope to enhance extended medical treatments significantly. This further also can
be understood as one of the main aspect, where medicines act, misuse of drugs act within health
regulations relates to keeping track on hazardous waste. Also, functionally keeping check on
medicines while prescribing plays essential role to determine drug informative efficacy
significantly and addressing key competencies. There is also wider scale consistency, which
should be maintained towards signifying specific parameters dynamically and also delivering the
best strategic rise for strengthened vision. The healthcare setting policies on administering,
managing medicines which should be given under supervision of appropriate professionals. This
further also plays essential role for improvising new vision abilities, significantly and to
primitively bring on wider extended scope for significant healthcare needs. It can be also
analysed that medication should be given as per people centred preferences and significant
channel aspects connecting to further vital needs. It has be within legal framework, and also
informatively develop medical expertise within patient specific need as per keen new standards
(Srivastava and et.al, 2021)

CONCLUSION
From the above analysed aspects within report, it has been concluded that research further
has been found to be essentially crucial for bringing specific focus on various drugs and
medicines. It has been concluded in study that research within drugs pharmacology, has been
expanding on varied horizons and specific working aspects for attaining new treatments for
people. At last it can be summarised, that there are various legislation, policies and standard that
contribute in governing the uses of medicines in healthcare setting.

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