The Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Diabetes

This report investigates the effectiveness of physical activity and nutritional control as interventions for managing diabetes in older adults. The study addresses the increasing global prevalence of diabetes and its association with lifestyle factors, emphasizing the importance of patient involvement in prevention and control. It reviews existing research highlighting the benefits of physical activity, including blood glucose management, cardiovascular health improvement, weight loss, and stress reduction, alongside the impact of dietary control on blood glucose levels. The report analyzes research articles, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, to assess the impact of these interventions on diabetic conditions and overall well-being. It also discusses the importance of patient support and involvement for successful lifestyle changes and suggests future research directions, focusing on identifying specific types of physical activity and dietary approaches that can effectively improve health conditions and prevent diabetes in future generations. The document is contributed by a student and available on Desklib.

Running head: NURSING ASSIGNMENT
NURSING ASSIGNMENT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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PICO(T) question
The research question for this assignment is:
Does physical activity related intervention with nutritional control is able to reduce
the diabetic condition in older adults within 2 months of application?
As per the world health organization, diabetes is one of the primary reasons for increased
morbidity and mortality rates across the world and every 3 in 10 people around the world is
affected with or at the verge of being affected with diabetes (World Health Organization, 2017).
As the disorder is associated completely with lifestyle related issues, control and prevention
requires involvement of the affected people and his or her determination so that this condition
could be prevented in those people (Inzucchi et al., 2012). Therefore, the question was chosen as
physical activity and diet control both are lifestyle related factor and to assess their involvement
in improving the diabetic condition of older people within 2 months of implication. Therefore,
diet control and physical activities were interventions.
Evaluation of research
There are several research evidences available that indicates towards the benefits of
physical activities in diabetic condition. In a research by Martínez-Pérez, De La Torre-Díez and
López-Coronado (2013), the management of blood glucose was primarily done by focusing on
the physical activity of the patients. The research revealed that due to exercise, the blood glucose
level is decreased in patient with type 2 diabetes and therefore, their rate of cardiovascular
diseases, increases the rate of weight loss and helps them to improve their overall wellbeing by
decreasing depression and stress (Avery et al., 2016). Besides there are several type of physical

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activities which can be used in the care process for people affected with diabetes and such as
cardio, stretching, walking, running and light weight or body weight workout, which is effective
in maintaining blood glucose level in people affected with diabetes (Powers et al., 2017).
The other intervention decided in the research question is also an effective intervention to
maintain blood glucose level in patients affected with type 1 or type 2 diabetes syndromes. It
should be noted that researchers has indicated and organized foods in two categories which is
effective in increasing or decreasing the blood glucose level affecting patients health and
wellbeing (Xu et al., 2013). Controlling diet and nutritional habit has been proved to be effective
in maintain diabetes condition and can help the patient by controlling his diabetic condition.
Hence, these two interventions have been chosen for this research assignment to maintain
diabetic condition in older adults (Colberg et al., 2016).
Research topic
This systematic review related paper is based on the interventions such as physical
activity and nutritional or diet control in patients affected with diabetes and targets older adults
who are unable to manage their diabetic condition (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016). As
the research question targets these interventions, in this section, these strategies and their
effectiveness will be discussed with research of Ngandu et al. (2015). In this research the
primary aim of the researchers was to determine the effectiveness of a 2 year multi-domain
research intervention, like the chosen intervention group for this assessment and implementation
of physical activity and dietary interventions in elderly population and for this purpose, the
conducted a randomized controlled trail. This research process was double blind randomized
controlled trail and the participants were 66 to 70 year old patients having diabetes with

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cardiovascular condition and aging with dementia. Further, the research interventions were
provided to the patients randomly assigned to intervention group and control and compared
intervention group (Basu et al., 2013). The study was ethically competence as the patients were
provided with consent letters to provide their feedback about the process and also they were
blind to their groups, interventions and research process while conducting the process (Xu et al.,
2013). Further, the findings of the research determined that interventions related to these two
interventions indicated to the fact that the patients who were involved in the process were able to
improve their diabetic condition and hence, their health and wellbeing was improved. Further, it
was also determined that these interventions require complete patient support and involvement as
without that it was impossible to carry out these lifestyle related changes in the patients
personality (American Diabetes Association, 2015).
Literature review
This literature review section includes three articles which are primary research articles
and were included to find out the evidences to find the answer to research question and in the
course this section will critically discuss the reference of other literatures to authenticate or
validate the findings. It should be mentioned in this context that there are less amount of
literature articles using which the interventions and its effectiveness could be determined. In this
course, three primary research articles will be chosen in which one is randomized controlled trail,
patient centered observational approach, and one patient centered recommendation approach was
chosen for discussion in this section (Colberg et al., 2016).
The first article was by Inzucchi et al. (2012), in which the researchers conducted and
patient centered observational study across countries and continents to determine effectiveness of

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physical activities and food or diet related activities. These interventions, chosen in this
assignment was provided priority by these researchers as they were destined to find the
effectiveness of these interventions in making and focused on the relation of these activities with
glycemic index as in type 1 and type 2 diabetes the serum glucose level increases. Therefore, the
primary aim of the researchers to find out the relation of these interventions with the decrease in
glucose level in blood of patients who went through these interventions (Avery et al., 2016).
Further, it was also determined that with the medication and preventive measures the rate of
remission it provides with the application of chosen intervention of this assignment. The finding
of this research indicated to the fact that application of intervention with patients with proper
medication and healthcare interventions helped the patients to elevated blood glucose levels and
therefore it is recommended to maintain the diet and physical activity level in patients affected
disease (Goode, Reeves & Eakin, 2012).
The second research was about the interventions in question with health conditions such
as cardiovascular diseases, or other health condition (Ngandu et al., 2015). The aim of the
research study was determine the ability of these interventions in decreasing their diabetic
condition and improving their wellbeing (Bauman et al., 2012). For this purpose, a double blind
randomized control trail was carried out with patients with 66 to 70 years of age and the
intervention as applied on them so that they can understand the difference the intervention
carried out in their life. It was found that the interventions helped in the remission of 20%
diabetic symptoms in people who managed their diet and varied out physical activity properly
(Ahmed et al., 2012).

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The third research article was about the diabetic prevention interventions which are used
in the real nursing world and in this observational study the professionals from across the globe
were asked about the interventions besides pharmacological intervention they carry out to make
the patient condition improved and it was found that most of the healthcare professionals use the
physical activity and dietary intervention to manage the patients health condition (Powers et al.,
2017). Further it also mentioned that physical activity and duet related interventions are
registered in most of the countries diabetes management related policies so that patients could be
provided with effective and effect healthcare intervention to make patient condition and
wellbeing improved (Haas et al., 2012).
These were the research articles that was chosen for the literature review of this diabetes
intervention related research assignment as these articles were able to answer the research
question properly by providing authentic and reliable research evidences.
Recommendations for future research
This section discusses about the scope for future research aspects and determined that
diabetes related interventions and their future research scope are important for this and the future
generation (Rejeski et al., 2012). This is because due to change in lifestyles and acceptance of
sedentary lifestyle across the world, the risk of diabetes is increasing every day. In this aspect the
future researchers can find out the type of physical activity which can help the patients to control
or prevent their critical health condition (Taylor, 2013). Therefore, the type of diet and exercise
which is more effective in making people improve their health condition can be the topic for
future research (Ali, Echouffo-Tcheugui, & Williamson, 2012).

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References
Ahmed, H. M., Blaha, M. J., Nasir, K., Rivera, J. J., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2012). Effects of
physical activity on cardiovascular disease. The American journal of cardiology, 109(2),
288-295.
Ali, M. K., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., & Williamson, D. F. (2012). How effective were lifestyle
interventions in real-world settings that were modeled on the Diabetes Prevention
Program?. Health affairs, 31(1), 67-75.
American Diabetes Association. (2015). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015 abridged
for primary care providers. Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes
Association, 33(2), 97.
Avery, L., Flynn, D., Van Wersch, A., Sniehotta, F. F., & Trenell, M. I. (2012). Changing
physical activity behavior in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of
behavioral interventions. Diabetes care, 35(12), 2681-2689.
Basu, S., McKee, M., Galea, G., & Stuckler, D. (2013). Relationship of soft drink consumption
to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: a cross-national analysis of 75
countries. American journal of public health, 103(11), 2071-2077.
Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., Martin, B. W., & Lancet
Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: why are
some people physically active and others not?. The lancet, 380(9838), 258-271.

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Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., ... &
Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the
American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 39(11), 2065-2079.
Goode, A. D., Reeves, M. M., & Eakin, E. G. (2012). Telephone-delivered interventions for
physical activity and dietary behavior change: an updated systematic review. American
journal of preventive medicine, 42(1), 81-88.
Haas, L., Maryniuk, M., Beck, J., Cox, C. E., Duker, P., Edwards, L., ... & McLaughlin, S.
(2012). National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. The
Diabetes Educator, 38(5), 619-629
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., ... &
Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-
centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia, 55(6), 1577-
1596.
Martínez-Pérez, B., De La Torre-Díez, I., & López-Coronado, M. (2013). Mobile health
applications for the most prevalent conditions by the World Health Organization: review
and analysis. Journal of medical Internet research, 15(6).
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2016). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled
analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4· 4 million participants. The
Lancet, 387(10027), 1513-1530.

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Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., ... &
Lindström, J. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive
training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-
risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984),
2255-2263.
Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., ... & Vivian,
E. (2017). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint
position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of
Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Diabetes
Educator, 43(1), 40-53.
Rejeski, W. J., Ip, E. H., Bertoni, A. G., Bray, G. A., Evans, G., Gregg, E. W., & Zhang, Q.
(2012). Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. New England
Journal of Medicine, 366(13), 1209-1217.
Taylor, D. (2013). Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgraduate medical journal,
postgradmedj-2012.
World Health Organization. (2017). Noncommunicable diseases: progress monitor 2017.
Xu, Y., Wang, L., He, J., Bi, Y., Li, M., Wang, T., ... & Xu, M. (2013). Prevalence and control of
diabetes in Chinese adults. Jama, 310(9), 948-959.

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Appendix
Annotated bibliography
Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., ...
& Vivian, E. (2017). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a
joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of
Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Diabetes
Educator, 43(1), 40-53.
This research article was aimed to find out the most effective secondary health
interventions the healthcare professionals uses for the diabetes management in patients with 60
or more years of and for this purpose, the healthcare professional across the globe was
interviewed and it was found that physical activity and dietary intervention were among the top
healthcare interventions and it helped a majority of people to maintain their health condition and
improve their blood glucose level. These findings, indicated towards the effectiveness of these
interventions in managing and controlling their diabetic condition.
Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen,
R., ... & Lindström, J. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive
training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk
elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2255-2263.
This research paper was aimed to find the effectiveness of interventions such as dietary
and physical health related interventions and implemented these interventions applied on patients
with cognitive impairment and disability and then assigned the patients with interventions with

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double blind randomized controlled trail and then used these interventions to assess the
healthcare of patients in managing their diabetic condition. In the finding it was found that the
intervention improved the health condition by 20% remission and hence, it was effective in
implementing this intervention on people and their diabetic condition.
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., ... &
Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-
centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia, 55(6), 1577-1596.
It was also an observational research study in which people with diabetes and the
interventions applied for their healthcare was assessed by the researchers and it was found that
the professionals used to implement healthcare and diabetes interventions by providing them
with physical interventions and dietary guidance so that their blood glucose level could be
controlled. For this purpose, the researchers indicated that using these intervention helped the
patients to maintain their diabetes condition.