Physical Security Risk Assessment for a Flight Training School

This report presents a comprehensive physical security risk assessment for a new flight training school, encompassing various critical aspects. It begins with an introduction emphasizing the importance of physical security in safeguarding organizational assets and intellectual properties, particularly within the context of a flight training environment. The report defines the scope, which includes identifying potential risks and developing a robust mitigation plan. The risk assessment section meticulously identifies assets such as the accommodation block, terminal building, storey car park, control tower, golf course, and maintenance base, followed by an analysis of associated threats. These threats range from fire breakouts and IT security breaches in the accommodation block to luggage misplacement and communication errors within the control tower. The report assesses the probability of each threat's occurrence, considering factors like power breakdowns and human error. Furthermore, it analyzes the potential impact and consequences of each risk, detailing the damages, data loss, and potential casualties that could arise. Finally, the report offers detailed recommendations for enhancing security across various areas, including adjacent areas, perimeter protection, building facades, zoning, security systems, and manpower, procedures, and contingency plans, to ensure the flight training school operates securely and efficiently.

Running head: PHYSICAL SECURITY
Physical Security
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

Contents
1. Introduction:.............................................................................................................................3
2. Scope........................................................................................................................................4
3. Risk Assessment.......................................................................................................................4
3.1. Identification of Assets:....................................................................................................4
3.2. Identification of Threats....................................................................................................6
3.3. Probability of the occurrence of Threats...........................................................................9
3.4. Impact and Consequences...............................................................................................11
4. Recommendations..................................................................................................................13
4.1. Adjacent Areas:...............................................................................................................13
4.2. Perimeter protection........................................................................................................13
4.3. Building Façade..............................................................................................................14
4.4. Zoning- Protection of Vital and Restricted Areas...........................................................14
4.5. Security System and means.............................................................................................14
4.6. Security manpower / procedures / and contingency plans..............................................15
5. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................15
6. Bibliography.......................................................................................................................17

1. Introduction:
One of the most important to be considered while creating an organization or an institution is
ensuring security. Physical security is the term is used for the purpose to define the maintenance
and the protection of the assets of the organization and intellectual properties. Physical security
helps in prevention of the deter attacks from entering the organizational facilities. Physical
security is often overlooked while the other forms of the security are taken into consideration and
given more importance. The physical security for an organization generally means posting
guards in different areas who can look after the property or the assets of the organization. Often
locks and doors are considered as the part of the integral physical security.1 But these forms of
security measures are not reliable and can be broken easily and access is easily available to the
assets.
There are several types of risks that are associated with the building of an organization. Here
in this case, the government is willing to put up a Flight Training School. As the risks have to be
taken up for developing any organization, the scenario is similar in this case as well.2
This Report discusses about the physical risks related to the Flight training school and
security plans to mitigate those risks such that a proper training school can be develop without
any hindrance.
1 Dicus, P. and Tarry, S., 2019. Runway Safety Training Methods for Runway Incursion Prevention.
2 Rampini, A.A., Viswanathan, S. and Vuillemey, G., 2019. Risk management in financial institutions.

2. Scope
The scope of the report is to identify the risks associated with the Flight training school
and develop a risk mitigation plan. The risk associated with the organization has to be
identified in order to develop a mitigation plan. For the efficient and smooth working of the
organization, identification of the risk is important. Assessment of the risk helps in the
identification of the areas which are vulnerable and can cause problem in future. Developing
a mitigation plan helps in prevention of the issues that can affect the performance of the
entire system.
3. Risk Assessment
The risk assessment is the process by which the risk prevailing in the system can be
identified such that the measures can be taken to mitigate them. For the identification of the risk
in the system, identification of the assets is needed.3 In the following section we will discuss
about the assets of the system along with the risks associated with it.
3.1. Identification of Assets:
For the creation of an organization, it is extremely important to identify the assets for the
organization.4 The organizational assets are often exposed to the vulnerabilities which can
lead to issues that can affect the operations of the organizations. The assets of the
organization is given below:
3 Kliem, R.L. and Ludin, I.S., 2019. Reducing project risk. Routledge.
4 Vij, M., 2019. The emerging importance of risk management and enterprise risk management strategies in the
Indian hospitality industry. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.

Accommodation block: This is the area of the organization where the students or the
trainee of the institution is expected to stay while the training is on the go. The
accommodation is made such that the trainees can get acquainted with the disciplinary status
of the organization. The accommodation center is not only made for the trainees, they are
also built for the trainers who are present. 24 hours reception centres are available for the
students, along with medical centres and pharmacy facilities. The accommodation center has
rooms for the lesson practises. The accommodation centre has free Wi-Fi access for the
students and the trainers of the organization.5 This is one of the very important asset of the
organization.
Terminal building: The terminal building is usually created at the terminus of the airport
for the passengers. The passengers’ luggage and baggage are checked and processed in this
part of the Airline Services. The building is created such that the passengers can rest while
waiting for their flight. One of the other most important function of the terminal building is
the processing activities of the remote passengers. The building is created such that the
passenger can have an easy access to the plane services. The walking distance to the air plane
is lesser from the terminal building which helps in easy access to the system.6 Terminal
building is created considering the passengers such they have lesser difficulties in accessing
the airport.
5 Rendon, R.G. and Snider, K.F., 2019. Management of defense acquisition projects. American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc..
6 van den Berg, M.J., Signal, T.L. and Gander, P.H., 2019. Fatigue risk management for cabin crew: the importance
of company support and sufficient rest for work-life balance—a qualitative study. Industrial health, pp.2018-0233.

Storey Car-park: The storey car park is used for the purpose of the parking cars such
that more cars can be accommodated into a smaller place. The storeyed car parking system
enables a hassle free parking for the cars.
Control Tower: It is one of the most unique asset of the airport as it plays one of the
most important role in the flight system. The control tower helps in controlling the air traffic
such that the smooth operations can be enabled in the system. The effective operations can be
carried out with the help of the control tower.7
Golf Course: The Golf course is an additional asset of the institute. For ensuring
efficiency in the system and the services it is mandatory to keep the space around the flight
services empty. The golf course can serve the purpose of the creating empty place for the
ease of landing and taking off the flight.
Maintenance Base: The maintenance base is present near the tarmac for the short
maintenance that has to be carried out to the aircrafts. The maintenance base is moreover an
emergency maintenance service base that is meant for aircraft maintenance at a short notice.
The maintenance base is also used for the purpose of the inspection of the runways, tarmacs,
taxi ways and the places adjacent to the airport.
3.2. Identification of Threats
Accommodation threats:
While Accommodation is taken under consideration, there are several physical as well IT
security threats related to it. Threats to the accommodation is given below:
7 Fürstenau, N. ed., 2016. Virtual and remote control tower: research, design, development and validation. Springer.

1. Fire breakout: This is a very common threat in the accommodation sector. This may be
initiated from the kitchen or the short circuits. Kitchen is a mandatory requirement of the
accommodation sector as food is one of the basic requirement of a human being. And
electricity is a basic requirement as well.8 Any act of irresponsibility can result in the fatal
accident.
2. Breach in the IT security: Surveillance system is present in all the sector of an
organization. In the past few decades, the technological advancement has resulted in
many cyber threats and the hackers have indulged themselves into the hacking of the
surveillance system. The system reveals the whereabouts of the individual which allows
the intruders to attack a person physically or through the online system of network
intrusion.
3. Power break down: The power breakdown may occur in the various organizational
sector. This may cause a breach in the physical security barrier momentarily. The
biometrics and the surveillance system turns off due to the power breakdown resulting
into the exposure of the trainers and trainees to the vulnerabilities of the physical attacks.
Threats of the Terminal Building:
4. Misplacement of the luggage: The terminal building is place where the luggage are
checked and processed for the security. Due to negligence, or lack of responsibility, the
luggage can be misplaced or lost.
Threats for the Storeyed Car parking:
8 Keenan, C., Miller, S. and Hanratty, J., 2019. Accommodation-based interventions for individuals experiencing, or
at risk of experiencing, homelessness: a network meta-analysis.

5. The open car parking are subjected to the weather condition. The winds are often high
and cars can be affected due to that.
6. One parking in the storey or the multi-story car parking must be aware of the car parking
environment to avoid cause unseen accidents while parking.
Threats in Control Tower:
7. Power breakdown: the entire control tower is dependent upon electricity. The power
breakdown in the tower will fail all the operational control of the system. No operation
can take place without the consumption of electricity and thus the air traffic cannot be
controlled or identified.9 This can cause fatal accidents while the air planes are in flight.
8. Physical threats: Winds and change in the weather condition results in the change of
measurements in different readings of the control tower. This may affect the efficiency of
the airlines.
9. Communication error: One of the major problem is the communication error. The
effect of the miscommunication is hazards as the accidents generally takes place because
of miscommunication in the system.10
Maintenance base threats:
10. The maintenance workers may not be available causing the delay in the maintenance.
9 Roesch‐Marsh, A., 2014. Risk Assessment and Secure Accommodation Decision‐Making in Scotland: Taking
Account of Gender?. Child Abuse Review, 23(3), pp.214-226.
10 Hill, T., 2019. Flight Test Education, Systems Theory, and Test Safety: The Future of Flight Test Education (No.
412TW-PA-19247). USAF Test Pilot School Edwards United States.

11. The delay in the maintenance services may cause hindrance in the efficiency of the
services.
3.3. Probability of the occurrence of Threats
The probability of the occurrence of the threat in Flight Training school are given below:
The occurrence of the fire breakout is completely unpredictable and can take place any
time anywhere. The places where the apparatus and operations are completely dependent
upon electricity, fire break out chances are high.11
The probability of the IT Security breach is high. This is because the hackers or the
intruders are actively present online and seek for any vulnerability that is available. In this
way they can get essential information regarding an individual.12
The probability of the occurrence of the power breakdown is moderate in the
organization. The institute has its own power back up station for the emergency purpose.
The probability of the luggage misplacement or loss is moderate. This is because there is
a huge amount of the security and cross checking in the terminal building. The misplacement
of the luggage generally takes place due to the human error.13 The human error occurs even
11 Mobin, M.I., Abid-Ar-Rafi, M., Islam, M.N. and Hasan, M.R., 2016. An intelligent fire detection and mitigation
system safe from fire (SFF). Int. J. Comput. Appl, 133(6), pp.1-7.
12 Gaikwad, K.M., Quadri, A., Akshada, S. and Reshma, Z., 2016. Fire monitoring and control system. Proceedings
of International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
13 Longobardi, C., Prino, L.E., Fabris, M.A. and Settanni, M., 2019. Violence in school: an investigation of physical,
psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents. Journal of school violence, 18(1), pp.49-61.

by the people who are boarding the plane. The luggage may be similar or people may have
intention to manipulate baggage and many more.
Control tower Power break-down threat is moderately probable as it is the most important
asset of the flight base. Without proper control over the air traffic, it is impossible to detect
the navigational controls of the flight. Without the radar system which is present in the
control tower, efficiency of the flight services is hindered.
The probability of occurrence of the physical threat is low. The system are prepared in
the way in which they are adaptable to the weather.
The communication error is one of the highly probabilistic threat in the Flight Training
School. This may occur due to technical malfunctioning or power breakage and many more.
The probability of the occurrence of the maintenance error moderate. It is often seen that
the maintenance error is occurs due to human negligence.
3.4. Impact and Consequences
For the purpose of understanding the extent at which the risk that is prevailing in system
can harm the process, the impact and the consequences of the risk has to be determined. The
severity of the impact helps in identifying the risks that needs immediate attention.
Sl.
No.
Risks Impact Consequences
1. Fire breakout  Damage to the precious assets:
the burnt or the damage could be
one of the most fatal impact of
 The damages that are caused by
the fire may result into the loss
of important documents, loss of

the fire break out in the
organization. This may even
cause the casualties if not dealt
with care. The break out of the
fire in the accommodation block
or any other sector of the
building may burn the
documents destroy the machines
and cause many more damages.
information and data in the
system and many more.
 The loss of life is one of the
other gravest consequences of
the fire.
2 Breach in the IT
security
 Causes damages to the
intellectual property. The
intruder attack to the system may
result in the malfunctioning of
the system.
 Hackers may get access to the
private information of the
trainers and the trainees or the
other stakeholders of the
organization.
 The information stolen by the
hackers can be used for the
purpose of the identity theft.
 Apart from this, the information
content of the system of
surveillance, not only the camera
but also the databases and other
security information systems,
which consists of the transaction
details of the people staying in
the organization or related to the
organization, can be misused.
3. Power break down  This puts the entire operation of
the organization at a halt.
 All the activities are stopped and
the system is vulnerable to
multiple threats.
 The threats includes the physical
as well as the online threats
associated with the organization.
 The controls fails due to lack of
power. This may results into loss
of control over the air traffic,
which in turns results into major
accidents.
 The entire radar system works
on the electricity. Thus, the
breakage in the power leads to
major malfunction of the entire
system of the airline services.
4. Misplacement of the
luggage
 This causes extreme harassment
to the consumers.
 Intentional displacement of the
luggage may lead to the
harassment of the passengers.
 Chaotic situations may arise due
to this.
 The luggage may contain
important documents of an
individual, which if lost may be
problematic for the passengers.
5. Threats for the
Storeyed Car parking
 The impact of the threats of the
storeyed car-parking system
includes uncertain accidents.
 This mainly occurs when the
person involved in the car
parking is not acquainted with
the environment of the parking.
 Damage of the property that is
damage to the vehicle of the
individual while parking it.
 The storey parking place has to
be used in a manner. If that
manner is not followed, severe
casualties cannot be avoided as
well.
6. Power breakdown  Power breakdown is one of the
major issues for any
organization and cannot be
completely avoided. The impact
of the power breakdown is felt
severely in the Flight training
school. The Flight training
school have flights that are used
for the purpose of student.
Controlling air traffic becomes
 The consequences are hazardous
as well. This includes massive
accidents in air. Clash of the
planes cannot be avoided
without proper practise of
navigation.
 The failure of the surveillance
system or the fire alarm system
results into severe casualties as
people inside the

impossible without the supply of
power.
 The major system like the
surveillance system, security
systems fire alarm system may
fail.
accommodation block or the
parking lot remains unaware of
the factor that the there is a
breach in the security and or fire
breakout in the system.
7. Physical threats  The impact of the physical threat
is hazardous as well. The threat
may come from the anywhere,
starting from the intruders
attacking the people to the arson
trying to cause the break out of
the fire. The impact is severe and
needs avoidance.
 The consequences of the impact
is harsh as well. This may cause
the loss of the intellectual,
inventory, PPE and all other sort
of the property.
 The damages can be caused to
the stock present in the
organization due to the purpose
of the intrusion.
8. Communication error  Majority of the problem is
created due to the
miscommunication in the
system. This may have a high
impact on the operations of the
organization.
 Miscommunication can even
cause clash between the
individuals in the organization.
 Functioning failure can occur
due to the miscommunication.
 The consequences of the
miscommunication is high as
well.
 The miscommunication can
cause the emotional impact on
the employees in the system.
 The communication gap
between the student and teacher
in the training school leads to
massive conflict.
 The students fails to understand
the lesson and the thus resulting
in the degradation.
9. Maintenance base
threats
 The ultimate way in which the
risk in the organization can be
prevented is by maintenance.
The impact of maintenance
related risk in the organization is
low.
 This is because the institute
which deals with aviation
services put more focus on the
maintenance and new methods
are adapted for this purpose.
 All though the consequences of
the failure of proper
maintenance is severe as it may
cause problem in the operational
controls of the system.
4. Recommendations
4.1. Adjacent Areas:
There is a beach, a four storey accommodation block for the student, a golf course
and slightly away from the parking lot for the air crafts, there is the control tower. The
runway must be placed in such a position where there is no objection or hindrances for
the plane to take off or land. The four storey building may create hindrance hence, the

four storey building must not be placed anywhere near the runway. However the
maintenance base must be created near the runway and the parking lot such that the
emergency maintenance services can be provided as and when required. Moreover, the
beach near the runway has a significant effect on the takeoff or landing of the plane.14
4.2. Perimeter protection
The flight training institute that is being planned is surrounded by the beach, the
main road, and the golf course. Thus creating a boundary wall is important. Putting an
electrical perimeter fence may reduce the intrusion of the external people into the
organization. Surveillance cameras, security posting must be done such that the entire
system stays secured. The measures must be taken secure the entrances such that the
intruder alert can be generated.
4.3. Building Façade
The building façade is usually created for the purpose of elegance. But the
accommodation block building façade should be created such that more light and air can
enter the building along with the better security enhanced in the building.15 The building
façades with more steps or design often acts as the barrier in the security as people can
hide in the stepping or hidden implants can be set up which remains un-noticed and many
14 Gaikwad, K.M., Quadri, A., Akshada, S. and Reshma, Z., 2016. Fire monitoring and control system. Proceedings
of International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
15 Chow, J.T.Y., 2019. Determining drone based surveillance locations for virtual airport tower in a complex airport
with mixed integer programming (MIP).

more issues.16 The emergency exit should be created such that the people can escape the
area if there is any urgency and the front door is unapproachable.17
4.4. Zoning- Protection of Vital and Restricted Areas
Any organization dealing with numerous people and facilities for the
accommodation should have their area divided into zones. This zone should include the
residential zone, operational zone, training zone, parking zones, maintenance and
protection zone and few more.18 For this school, there are certain areas which is restricted
for the students or the trainees. The control tower is completely out of the reach of the
student without prior permission and appointment from the authority.
4.5. Security System and means
As the threats are identified, certain security measures must be taken into
consideration. There are many forms of security control measures that can be used while
the physical security is taken under consideration. This includes, Access Control,
Adequate surveillance and monitoring activities of the people and present in the
organization and the people who are externally visiting the organization for the any
purpose. Deployment of the security man-force for the purpose of the watching the
perimeter is one of the security measures that can be taken into consideration as well.
16 Lori, G., Morison, C., Larcher, M. and Belis, J., 2019. Sustainable facade design for glazed buildings in a blast
resilient urban environment. Glass Structures & Engineering, 4(2), pp.145-173.
17 Kinsella, A., Smith, L., Collins, R. and Berry, K., 2019, July. An Eye in the Sky: Developing a Novel Framework
for Visual Airport Traffic Control Tower Tasks. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and
Ergonomics (pp. 695-701). Springer, Cham.
18 Prasad, S., Shankar, R. and Roy, S., 2019. Impact of bargaining power on supply chain profit allocation: a game-
theoretic study. Journal of Advances in Management Research.

4.6. Security manpower / procedures / and contingency plans
Manpower is required in every organization for a numerous purpose. Here,
security man power can be established in the different part of the organization such that
the employees and the trainees are secured form all the prevailing dangers in the
organization.19 The physical security should be installed everywhere in the organization
as, when the power breakdown occurs the security men can make the people aware of an
intruder or any other problems in the organization.20 These security are capable of
combating with the external attack in the training school. They are trained for rescuing
people from different hazardous situation. Thus for ensuring better security, there must be
physical security installed as well.21
5. Conclusion
Every organization needs security in all the sectors of it. For development of the
flight training school, the risk assessment is very important. The analysis of the risk for
the development of the contingency plan plays an important role in the system.
Moreover, identification of the primary assets of the system and identifying the threats
associated to them helps in identifying the impact and the consequences of the risks and
thus the plans can be made such that the assets can be protected and security can be
ensured. The flight training school has numerous precious assets in which there are
19 Watkins, D., 2016. Let's get physical: security for datacentres. Computer Fraud & Security, 2016(10), pp.16-18.
20 Paul, P., Bhuimali, A., Aithal, P.S., Kalishankar, T. and Rajesh, R., 2019. Information Assurance: Manpower
Development—Indian Possibilities in International Perspective. Chapter in a Book-IT and Computing for all the
Domains and Professionals: The Emergence of Computer and Information Sciences, Renu Publishers, New Delhi.
pp-75-86 (2019).
21 Ming, L., Liang, B., Zheng, F. and Chu, F., 2019. Stochastic Airline Fleet Assignment With Risk Aversion.

numerous threats as well. Thus for the protection of the assets the risk management
technique is used.

6. Bibliography
Dicus, P. and Tarry, S., 2019. Runway Safety Training Methods for Runway Incursion
Prevention.
Rampini, A.A., Viswanathan, S. and Vuillemey, G., 2019. Risk management in financial
institutions.
Kliem, R.L. and Ludin, I.S., 2019. Reducing project risk. Routledge.
Vij, M., 2019. The emerging importance of risk management and enterprise risk management
strategies in the Indian hospitality industry. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.
Rendon, R.G. and Snider, K.F., 2019. Management of defense acquisition projects. American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc..
van den Berg, M.J., Signal, T.L. and Gander, P.H., 2019. Fatigue risk management for cabin
crew: the importance of company support and sufficient rest for work-life balance—a qualitative
study. Industrial health, pp.2018-0233.
Keenan, C., Miller, S. and Hanratty, J., 2019. Accommodation-based interventions for
individuals experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness: a network meta-analysis.
Roesch‐Marsh, A., 2014. Risk Assessment and Secure Accommodation Decision‐Making in
Scotland: Taking Account of Gender?. Child Abuse Review, 23(3), pp.214-226.
Mobin, M.I., Abid-Ar-Rafi, M., Islam, M.N. and Hasan, M.R., 2016. An intelligent fire detection
and mitigation system safe from fire (SFF). Int. J. Comput. Appl, 133(6), pp.1-7.
Gaikwad, K.M., Quadri, A., Akshada, S. and Reshma, Z., 2016. Fire monitoring and control
system. Proceedings of International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

Gaikwad, K.M., Quadri, A., Akshada, S. and Reshma, Z., 2016. Fire monitoring and control
system. Proceedings of International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
Kinsella, A., Smith, L., Collins, R. and Berry, K., 2019, July. An Eye in the Sky: Developing a
Novel Framework for Visual Airport Traffic Control Tower Tasks. In International Conference
on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 695-701). Springer, Cham.
Chow, J.T.Y., 2019. Determining drone based surveillance locations for virtual airport tower in a
complex airport with mixed integer programming (MIP).
Prasad, S., Shankar, R. and Roy, S., 2019. Impact of bargaining power on supply chain profit
allocation: a game-theoretic study. Journal of Advances in Management Research.
Ming, L., Liang, B., Zheng, F. and Chu, F., 2019. Stochastic Airline Fleet Assignment With Risk
Aversion.
Hill, T., 2019. Flight Test Education, Systems Theory, and Test Safety: The Future of Flight Test
Education (No. 412TW-PA-19247). USAF Test Pilot School Edwards United States.
Longobardi, C., Prino, L.E., Fabris, M.A. and Settanni, M., 2019. Violence in school: an
investigation of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian
adolescents. Journal of school violence, 18(1), pp.49-61.
Qian, F., Ye, Y., Zhuang, Y. and Shi, Y., 2019, June. Research on Security Threats and
Protection Strategies of Optical Fiber Communication. In 2019 International Conference on
Robots & Intelligent System (ICRIS) (pp. 168-170). IEEE.