Physiological Principles: Human Body Structure and Function Report

This report delves into the core principles of physiology, exploring the intricate relationship between human anatomy, body systems, and their functions within the context of social care and healthcare. It examines key anatomical features, the interactions between various body systems (nervous, skeletal, digestive, etc.) and how they ensure bodily functions and growth. The report further analyzes normal body responses to everyday activities such as shock, physical activity, and eating, and the cellular and tissue-level responses that underpin these reactions. It also discusses how the body coordinates its internal activities through the nervous and endocrine systems. A significant portion of the report focuses on the recording and utilization of routine measures (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, etc.) in health and social care, emphasizing how these measures provide crucial information about body functioning and inform care planning for individuals, considering the impact of age and common disorders on body structure and function. The report concludes with a discussion on how common disorders and infections affect the routine care given to affected individuals.

Physiological principles

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Main anatomical features of human body ............................................................................1
1.2 Body system interact to ensure the body functions and grows ............................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Normal body responses to everyday activities .....................................................................3
2.2 Body responses by cellular and tissue structure and physiology ........................................3
2.3 Body coordinates its internal activities ................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Recording and use of routine measures in health and social care ........................................4
3.2 Routine measures provide information about body functioning ..........................................5
3.3 Information about body functioning may inform care planning for individuals .................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Age may affect body structure and functioning ...................................................................6
4.2 Impact of common disorder on body structure and functioning ..........................................7
4.3 Effects of common disorder and infection to care routinely given to individuals affected
by them .......................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
The term physiology is a study to understand the functioning of living things and the
principles of physiology are related to human bodies. The human anatomy is the science of
human body structure. In this context, anatomy is categorized in two parts such as microscopic
and macroscopic anatomy. The macroscopic deals with large body parts of human body whereas
microscopic is the study of cellular structure. The present report will help to understand the
concept about physiological principles for social care. The report also includes the concept
related to structure and functioning of human body. Further, it also focuses on the relationship
between body functioning and relevant detailed anatomy and physiology. The present report
includes the planning and functioning of care for individuals.
TASK 1
1.1 Main anatomical features of human body
The anatomical features of human body are combination of various systems. For doing
daily activities, human body requires different types of systems like nervous, skeletal and
digestive. The anatomical features of human body are as follows:
 Skeletal structure
The components of this system are bones, cartilages and joints etc. It provides frame and
shape to human body and it also includes 206 bones. The skeletal structure is divided in two
parts such as appendicular and axial skeleton. In this context, appendicular skeleton is formed by
pelvis, pectorial girdle and upper and lower limbs bones. The axial skeleton is formed by skull,
rib cages, other bones and vertebral column (Aveyard, 2014).
 Gross bodily features
The body of human includes parts such as neck, head, hands, trunk part and legs. The
trunk part involves abdomen and thorax of human body and few organs are also housed within
trunk segment such as upper chest part of human body includes lungs and heart which are
securely covered by rib cage.
 Body organs
The body organs are collection of various tissues which are also formed by millions of
cells. The body of human includes 78 types of organs which are different from each other
according to size, function and actions. If the size and weight are considered then it is evaluated
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that skin of human body is the largest organ. There are various types of systems which are
present in human body such as reproductive, urinary, nervous, respiratory and endocrine system
(London and et.al., 2015).
 Soft tissues
In human body, soft tissues connect, support and surround organs and structure. It
includes the tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, skin and muscles etc.
1.2 Body system interact to ensure the body functions and grows
Every system of human body plays an important function and some systems are related
with the other systems. The interaction between systems is defined below:
 Sensory and nervous system
The sensory system is a part of nervous system in human body and it is also responsible
for processing the sensory type of information. This system involves the sensory receptors and
neural pathways. The function of sensory receptor is to receive sensory information such as
fragrance, smell, cold or hot and further this information is sent to the nervous system (Aveyard
and Sharp, 2013). On any type of stimuli, nervous system gives reaction on the action. For
example, human parts like hands touch the hot bowl then in this situation brain sends the signals
to remove hands from the hot surface. The interaction between sensory and nervous system
occurs.
 Excretory and digestive system
The function of digestive system is to break down the food in small segments and further
it also extracts the nutrients from food to gain energy. In the next step, the function of excretory
system is to remove waste part from the human body (Combrinck-Graham 2013). In this whole
process, liver is linked to both excretory and digestive system because it receives blood from
intestine and separates the wastage before blood is again pumps back to body parts (Bircher and
Kuruvilla, 2014). This process releases the bile which further includes in stool, this stool is
eliminated from body at the time of excretion. In this whole process, epiglottis also plays a vital
role because it stops the food from going into lungs.
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TASK 2
2.1 Normal body responses to everyday activities
The everyday activities of human body are doing physical activity, eating or sudden
shock etc. and on these activities, normally body givers some responses. The normal body
response to everyday activities are as follows:
Sudden shock
The term shock is basically a defense response for the sudden activity. In this condition,
blood pressure in human body suddenly falls and in science this situation is also defined as a
physical shutdown. The three types of shocks are such as hypovolemic, neurogenic and
cardiogenic shock. In shock situation, body gives response by constricting the blood vessels of
both the feet and hands and at this time it y also releases few chemical hormones that could
reverse the initial action of the body. In this condition, blood pressure also falls (Stuart, 2014).
Physical activity
In doing physical activity, some changes also occur in body organs like heart, lungs,
brain and muscles etc. The physical activities are beneficial for humans because it normalizes
glucose, leptin and insuline level. Further, it is also evaluated that strenuous physical activities
reduces the chances of chronic diseases. For example, if the person is running then in this
situation heart rate increases and his body requires more oxygen (Brooker and Waugh, 2013).
Eating
It is a normal activity but eating too much quickly causes stomach gas, digestive
problems and bloating in humans. Eating too quickly reduces the portion of enzymes and saliva.
In this condition, the human also intake air with meal and this is a reason of stomach gas and
bloating (Byrd and Clayton, 2015).
2.2 Body responses by cellular and tissue structure and physiology
In human body, there are several cell types such as organ, system, organs and tissues etc.
The elementary type tissue includes few categories like epithelial, muscles, nervous and
connective and from all these tissues of muscles are very important in human body. The reason
behind this is that muscles tissues supports in doing several movements. In this context, there are
basically there types of muscle tissues present in human body such as smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle and muscle of skeletal (Michael, Labbé and Kuczmierczyk, 2013). In humans,
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uninhibited activities may damage the tissues, physiologically and body cells. The cellular level
structure produces energy for specific organ or tissue because it is a main energy source in the
body. With the help of cellular respiration process, energy is generated . In this process, neurons
which comes from meal joints with oxygen atoms. In body, tissues are made of collection of
many cells which shares similar function (Daly, Batchelo and Watt,2013). Further, combination
of two or more tissues form an organ. While a human is running then in this condition, muscles
uses both ATP and glucose for the purpose of movement and contraction. At the time of physical
activity, body requires moreoxygen which results that rate of human breathing also increases. In
this condition, heart starts to pump more to supply blood to many muscles and in this process
heart rate increases as well. When the blood flows in fast speed then it is beneficial for the brain
because this process promotes development of new brain cells (Chretien and Kind, 2013).
2.3 Body coordinates its internal activities
The term body coordination includes adjustments of body systems, organs and their
internal activities. In human activities, the nervous system controls the moments of body and the
nerve tissues are involved in controlling and coordinating the activities. If cells wants to remain
healthy and alive then it is important that composition related to tissues fluid remain constant in
nature (Bircher and Kuruvilla, 2014). In the coordination process, many organs works together to
process the information in this context when information is received from external environment
and according to the nature of stimuli, appropriate response are given back. In human body, there
are two types of coordination system like endocrine and nervous system (Ashcroft, Dawson and
McMillan, 2007). In this context, nervous system basically regulates the responses and activities
of human body. Further, endocrine system, regulates and coordinates the functions of body by
the presence of hormones. This system includes glands related to endocrine like gonads, thyroid,
pancreas and parathyroid etc. All these glands produces chemicals known as hormones and they
act as a messenger, so, they are transported trough out body with the help of blood.
TASK 3
3.1 Recording and use of routine measures in health and social care
In respect to health and social care, it is essentially required to measure the record of
diagnosis in the routine basis.. Records are related to following factors like blood pressure,
eyesight, respiration rate, weight, height, pulse and urine. Records are maintained because it
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holds the complete history information about disease, like in the initial stage what symptoms are
occurred and what type of medical drugs were prescribed by doctors in the past. All these types
of information are recorded. The routine measures are recorded such as:
Blood pressure- To measure the blood pressure, sphygmo manometer is used. In this, blood
pressure of human is recorded in dual numbers such as diastolic and systolic pressure. At the
time of measurement, health care professionals firstly measures the systolic pressure and after
that they measure the diastolic pressure in the patients.
Temperature- To measure the temperature of patient, thermometer is used as a tool. Which
describes the current state of temperature (Ashcroft, Dawson and McMillan, 2007).
By recording all health care details, health care professionals could use that data to
predict the nature of sickness. With the help of records, all physiological changes with the age
are evaluated. In health and social care, there are basically four types of routine measure are
present such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration frequency and body temperature. So, it is
clear that while doing the measures in the routine manner, height, BMI, food consumption and
weight of patients are considered firstly.
3.2 Routine measures provide information about body functioning
With the help of routine measure, it is easy for the individuals to understand the causes
and its impact on the body system. At the time of measuring, like patient's body temperature rise
or fall then it describes that something is going wrong in body It also defines that its related
system are not functioning in the positive manner. At the time measurement, when body
temperature suddenly increases like 99' C then it indicates that person is suffering from severe
fever. If in case respiratory patterns or rate fluctuates like it increases more than 24 or falls to 11
then in this situation person should consult the health care professionals. help o By measuring
the pulse rate, anyone could understand the rhythm of their hearty beat (10 Principles of Exercise
Physiology, 2010). Without of any reason, if the pulse rate rises or falls then in this condition
person should meet the health care as as soon as possible. Sam was having the problem of blood
pressure so if blood pressure rises or falls then it is also a bad condition because it is not healthy
for any person. Further, the consistency and nature of stool also describes the functioning of the
body. In this context, the family history, background history, nutrition and fitness status also
helps to understand the causes of disease and future issues could be predicted. With the help of
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routine measuring, the result are evaluated like functioning of body and anatomical system
(Ashcroft, Dawson and McMillan, 2007).
3.3 Information about body functioning may inform care planning for individuals
Basically, care plan is a type of agreement between health care professional and patient
which helps in managing the health of patient on daily basis. This agreement includes the
information which should be followed by the patient to improve his health. In this context, it
includes the list of things which assist to avoid the cause of disease. For example, an individual
is having the high blood sugar level and cholesterol level problem then in this situation that
person requires special attention as compare to others because high level is not good for the
health. In this context, person requires to follow some health care guidance which are prescribed
by the health care professionals (Combrinck-Graham 2013). This will help to reduce dangerous
risk chances related to health. Further, the care plans plays an important role in the life of patient
who requires special type of medical assistance. To stay healthy , the care plans are good for
every person. In order to maintain health , it is important to consider few things which are related
to present and past situation at the time of creating care plan for any person. At the time of
creating the care plan, it is important to interpret the result of all measurements in an accurate
manner. This step is required because with the help of past records and result of measurement,
health care professional could avoid things which could be harmful for the patient. If the harmful
things are not avoided then there are chances of developing a new type of disease in that patient.
With the time, care plans of patients should be updated because many things change in body with
the age (Ehrlich and Schroeder, 2013).
TASK 4
4.1 Age may affect body structure and functioning
The structural changes happen with the increment in aging because changes occur in
thoracic cage that cause the reduction of chest walls. Further, age related to the disease of
osteoporosis may lead to reduction in height. In this situation, rib cage is less capable to any
change like contraction or expansion at the time of breathing. The muscles which supports the
breathing process becomes weaker and this process creates problem at the time of exhaling and
inhaling air. With the age, the changes are witnessed in anatomical related tosuch as brain
problems, spinal cord issues, reduction in neurons and brain size. In case of fatty deposit, the
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blood flow to the brain decreases and it also affects the arterial blood flow because it also slows
down. Further, the number of receptors also reduces and myelin sheet coating on nerves cells
also get lower . With aging, the skin of person also changes because the skin cells looses their
collagen fiber and elasticity (Parahoo, 2014). It is clear that, when person grows older with the
time their body programs faces few difficulties at the time of functioning. Few names of diseases
are such as skin rashes, hyper tension, diabetes, cancer, strokes and Alzheimer etc.
4.2 Impact of common disorder on body structure and functioning
Few disorders which are very common impact the body structure and its functioning. The
impact are as follows:
Diseases related to cardio vascular- With age, changes also happens in physiology of
cardio vascular. It creates risk of increment in disease related to coronary artery. In the older age,
the blood vessels also get thickened (Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan, 2013).
Pulmonary tissues impairment- The aging factor also affects the respiratory system which
includes alterations in anatomical, physiological and immunological. It also includes the
reduction in the size of rib cage. The deformity of rib cages affects the lungs in process of
contraction and expansion. This results in older age like they face breathing problems at the time
of inhaling and exhaling the air. The age also affects the working capabilities of older people. In
science, it is evaluated that after age of 30 years, 1 square foot of respiratory related membrane
reduces its size. The production of stem cells also reduces which affects the epidermal cells to
slow down the process of reproduction. With the changes in age of human, the composition of
chemical and hormones also varies. In older age, wounds does not heal faster (Atkinson,
Batterham and Green, 2013).
4.3 Effects of common disorder and infection to care routinely given to individuals affected by
them
The patients require following types of measures which are defined as below:
Medication- At the time of creating the care plan, effective medication is required while
considering the level of sugar and cholesterol. With the help of effective medication, the health
of patient could be improved in an excellent manner.
Daily routine measures- In respect to older people, routine measure should be based on
daily basis to check the level of body functions which includes sugar level and cholesterol level.
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It is important to treat the patients who are old because it requires more patience in caring
roles. In treating them, respectful behavior should be considered. Along with this, appropriate
nutrition values and vitamins should be given to them in timely manner (Moini, 2012). For
example, a person with age of 75 years is suffering from type 2 diabetes and is also having a
wound on leg. In this condition, that wound on leg would not recover or heal in a quick manner.
The care takers have to give special attention to this patient and they have to take many actions
related to the prevention. If the care taker will not take effective care for that patient then in this
condition there are chances to operate his leg for the betterment of his health (Macdonald, 2013).
CONCLUSION
With the help of this report, it is articulated that study of physiological principles plays an
import role in science because it defines the system and functions of human body. The present
report also defines the body responses towards the daily activities. The present report also helps
to understand that how the human body coordinates with the internal activities. It also defines the
importance of routine measures.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aveyard, H., 2014. Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
London, M.L. and et.al., 2015. Maternal & child nursing care. Pearson Higher Ed.
Aveyard, H. and Sharp, P., 2013. A Beginner's Guide to Evidence-based Practice in Health and
Social Care. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Bircher, J. and Kuruvilla, S., 2014. Defining health by addressing individual, social, and
environmental determinants: New opportunities for health care and public health. Journal
of public health policy, 35(3), pp.363-386.
Chretien, K.C. and Kind, T., 2013. Social media and clinical care ethical, professional, and
social implications. Circulation, 127(13), pp.1413-1421.
Brooker, C. and Waugh, A., 2013. Foundations of nursing practice: Fundamentals of holistic
care. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Stuart, G.W., 2014. Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Byrd, W.M. and Clayton, L.A., 2015. An American health dilemma: Race, medicine, and health
care in the United States 1900-2000 (Vol. 2). Routledge.
Michael, F., Labbé, E.E. and Kuczmierczyk, A.R., 2013. Health psychology: A psychobiological
perspective. Springer Science & Business Media.
Atkinson, G., Batterham, A.M. and Green, D.J., 2013. A new approach to improve the
specificity of flow-mediated dilation for indicating endothelial function in cardiovascular
research. Journal of hypertension, 31(2), pp.287-291.
Coughlan, M., Cronin, P. and Ryan, F., 2013. Doing a Literature Review in Nursing, Health and
Social Care: SAGE Publications. Sage.
Macdonald, J.J., 2013. Primary health care: medicine in its place. Routledge.
Parahoo, K., 2014. Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan.
Daly, B., Batchelor, P. and Watt, R., 2013. Essential dental public health. OUP Oxford.
Combrinck-Graham, L. ed., 2013. Children in family contexts: Perspectives on treatment.
Guilford Publications.
Ashcroft, R., Dawson, A. and McMillan, J., 2007. Principles of Health Care Ethics, 1st ed.
United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
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Ehrlich, A. and Schroeder, C.L., 2013. Medical Terminology for Health Professionals, 7th Ed.
United States of America: Cengage Learning.
Moini, J., 2012. Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professionals, 1st Ed. United States of
America: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Online
Steelman. S., 2016. 10 Principles of Exercise Physiology. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.thehorse.com/articles/21335/10-principles-of-exercise-physiology>. [Accessed
on 24th February 2016].
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