Physiological Principles in Health and Social Care: A Detailed Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of physiological principles within the context of health and social care. It begins by examining the main features and functions of key body systems, including the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, illustrated with diagrams. It then delves into the roles of cellular metabolism and growth hormones in ensuring body growth and functionality. The report further explores the body's responses to everyday activities, such as physical exercise, eating, and breathing, and analyzes these responses at both cellular and tissue levels. It highlights how the body coordinates internal activities through mechanisms like homeostasis with feedback loops. The report also discusses the importance of routine measures, such as temperature, blood tests, and BMI, in providing information about body functioning and informing care planning. Finally, it examines how age and various medical conditions affect body structure and overall functioning. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the significance of physiological principles in the health and social care sector.

Psychological Principles

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Main features and functions of 3 system along with diagrams ............................................1
1.2 Role of Cellular metabolism & growth hormone in ensuring our body to grow .................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Body responses to everyday activities .................................................................................4
2.2 Body responses by cellular and tissue structure ...................................................................5
2.3 Body coordinates the internal activities ...............................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Routine measures are recorded and their uses .....................................................................6
3.2 Routine measures provide body functioning information ....................................................6
3.3 Information about body functioning may inform care planning ..........................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Age affects body structure and functioning .........................................................................8
4.2 Impacts of medical conditions on body structure ................................................................8
4.3 Effects of medical conditions ...............................................................................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In health and social care sector, physiology helps to understand the structured functioning
of living things. The physiological principles are basically related to the human body which
defines that it is structured of various range of chemicals. In this sector, the science of the
structure of human body are related to human anatomy. This anatomy is categorized in two parts
such as macroscopic deals with body parts and microscopic deals with cellular structure of
human body. The present report helps to understand the concept about physiological principles
for health and social care. The present report will help to understand the structure and function of
body system and further it also describes that how they work together to maintain life processes.
It also helps to understand the importance of routine data and care planning.
TASK 1
1.1 Main features and functions of 3 system along with diagrams
In humans to carry out the daily activities, their body requires the various types of
systems like skeletal, nervous, digestive and respiratory system etc. All these systems have
different features and functions in human body which are defined below:
 Nervous system- This system coordinates the both voluntary such as conscious
movements and involuntary actions like breathing. In humans, nervous system helps to
transmit the signals from and to the different body parts of body. This system includes
two major parts such as peripheral and central nervous system. I this context, peripheral
system includes nerves and central nervous system includes spinal cord and brains
(Johnson, 2012).
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 Muscular system- In humans, muscular system helps to support body movements and
this system includes skeletal muscles about approx 600-700. In body, there are basically
three types of major muscles such as cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles. The smooth
muscles are presented in organs, skeletal muscles connects the bones and cardiac muscles
helps in pumping the blood because it is present in heart (Chaturvedi and Singh, 2013).
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Illustration 1: Nervous System
(Source: Nervous System, 2011)

 Skeletal system- The body of adult is basically made up of 206 bones which are arranged
in two parts like axial and appendicular. In this, axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones
whereas appendicular is made up of 126 bones. The main function of this system is to
support and protect the body. In this, bones are connected by ligaments, cartilage and
tendons (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2012).
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Illustration 2: Muscular System
(Source: Human Muscular System, 2016)

1.2 Role of Cellular metabolism & growth hormone in ensuring our body to grow
In order to functional properly, cells carried out the large number of chemical reactions
and all these reactions requires the high level of energy. So, the term cellular metabolism is
basically a set of chemical reactions which occurs to maintain the life. It includes complex
sequences of metabolic pathways. The main goals of metabolic system is to produce ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate). In this context, the process of converting the food into ATP includes
the breakdowns of food particles into small units (Jung, 2014). Further, in this process
polysaccharides breakdown into glucose and proteins into amino acids. The entire process is also
known as digestion. Further, in humans growth hormones are also named as somatotropin
hormones. Basically the peptide hormone helps to stimulate the cell regeneration, cell
reproduction and growth in human body. For example, the growth hormone affects the tissues of
body such as during childhood increment in height, calcium and muscles mass. This hormone
also helps to increase the cells size by increment in mitotic division. In human when growth
hormones secreted in high level then known as gigantism and in less amount than its in the form
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Illustration 3: Skelatal system
(Source: Biology Quizzes, 2011)

of dwarfism. In respect to growth, many systems interact with others to carried out the various
functions such as sensory & nervous system and digestive & excretory system (Ward, 2013).
TASK 2
2.1 Body responses to everyday activities
In humans, every day activities are such as breathing, eating, physical activity and
excreting etc. As per the case scenario, a 30 years old average man undertakes the 90 minutes of
running in sunny summer day. Further he has also eaten a rice based lunch 2 hours earlier. So,
according to case scenario the daily activities are carried out such as breathing, eating and
physical movement activities. The response of body in respect to these activities are briefly
described below as: Body response to physical activity- In doing the physical exercise, few changes happens
in heart, muscles and lungs. In this context, muscles are considered as biochemical
motors and at the time of exercise they use the ATP as a source of energy. At the time of
burning Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), muscles mainly requires three things such as
need of oxygen, elimination of metabolic waste and heat. The metabolic wastes refer to
lactic acid and carbon dioxide. While working out the physical activities, body response
comes from skin, liver, lungs, nervous system, blood vessels and heart (Aström and
Murray, 2010). Body response to eating process- At the time of eating food, teeth grind the foods in
small pieces. Further, the muscular walls of stomach, intestine and stomach continues the
process of digestion. The walls of stomach release the stomach juices which helps to
churned the food. The small intestine starts to pull out the nutrients which are present in
food particles. It is a normal process but if a person eating too fast then it causes the
digestive relates problems, gas and bloating etc. (Mescher, 2010)
 Body response to breathing process- In humans, physical movements related to gaseous
exchanges are known as breathing process. Basically it is controlled by the medulla
oblaongata and respiratory centre. In breathing process, two procedures are included such
as inhalation and exhalation. At the time of air inhalation, it contracts the intercostal
muscles and rib cage moves up. Further, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, this
increases the area portion of thoracic cavity. This process reduces the pressure and
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inhaled air comes in to the lungs. Whereas, in exhalation process rib cage moves down
and diaphragm relaxes and moves toward upside. This process increases the pressure in
lungs and in last air pushes out (Singh, Chaudhry and Asselin, 2011).
2.2 Body responses by cellular and tissue structure
There are several cell types are present in human body such as tissues, systems and
organs etc. In this context, the tissues are basically the groups of cells which performs specific
function in body. The tissues of elementary types involves nervous, muscles, connective and
epithelial. In human body from all of these the tissues related to muscle plays and important role
they provide support to carry out various physical movements. I entire there are three types of
muscles are present like smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. The uninhibited and strenuous
type physical activities may increases the chances of damage of tissues and cells. In body cellular
level structure is the main source of producing energy. In the context of cellular respiration
process neurons are connected with atoms of oxygen (Sauter and et.al., 2011). The group of
tissues forms the organ in human body. As per the case scenario, a 30 years old average man is
running and undertakes the 90 minutes. In this situation, for the purpose of contraction and
movements the muscles of his body uses Adenosine Triophosphate and glucose. At the time of
running, the breathing process of person increases because in this condition body requires more
energy to meet the requirements of muscles. The pumping rate of heart also increases because it
pumps blood in fast manner to many muscles. When the person starts to run, the floods flows in
very fast speed in all parts of body.
2.3 Body coordinates the internal activities
The coordination of body involves the adjustments among systems, organs and internal
activities of all types of organs. In humans, nervous system mainly controls the body movements
and activities. In this context, the tissues of nerves consists the coordinating and controlling of
internal activities. It is very important that composition of fluids which are related to tissues
should be remain constant because through this process cells will remain healthy and alive in
nature. Further, when a person receives the information from surrounding environment, the mind
responds according to the nature of external stimuli (Brabletz and et.al., 2011).
Homeostasis with
feedback loops- The term homeostasis is basically a system in which regulates the variables. In
this system variables are regulated to maintain the internal condition in stable and constant
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manner. It includes the balance among acidity and pH (alkalinity) and regulation of temperature.
The system of homeostatic are related to two types of feedback loops such as positive and
negative. In this context, almost all types of homeostatic control mechanism are in the nature of
negative feedback. With the presence of hormones, the endocrine system coordinates with the
several body functions. The endocrine system involves few glands like parathyroid, gonads and
pancreas and all these glands makes the hormones which plays a role of messenger (Andrews
and Bonta, 2010).
TASK 3
3.1 Routine measures are recorded and their uses
In health and social care sector, the routine measures are recorded in daily basis by health
care professionals. It includes the records of measurements which are related to diagnosis
process. In this context, records could be related to weight, height, pulse rate, blood pressure and
respiration rate etc. As per the given case scenario, severe headache and chest pain occurs
develops in business man of 55 years. In this context the tests such as ECG, blood test, blood
oxygen level, chest X-ray, BMI, pulse and blood pressure could be recommended by health care
professionals. The records are maintained in proper way because it describes the history about
initial stage of disease. At the time of routine measures, health professionals also focus on ethical
consideration such as patients dignity and privacy are respected (Bock, 2012). With the help of
routine measures, professionals are able to make the effective decisions regarding with
prescribing of medical drugs. In this context, routine measures are recorded in following manner: Temperature measurement- The thermometer is used as tool to measure the temperature
of body. Blood Test- In this, sample of blood is taken from patients to test the protein, sugar level
and hemoglobin etc. With the help of blood test, the health status of patients. Blood pressure- With the help of Sphygmomanmeter, the blood pressure is recorded. It is
recorded in dual numbers such as diastolic and systolic pressure.
 Body Mass Index (BMI)- Through this proportion of body weight is calculated according
to the height (Kim and et.al., 2010).
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3.2 Routine measures provide body functioning information
The routine measures help to understand the causes reasons and its effects on body of
service users. In case of measuring body temperature, the rise or fall of temperature degree
describes that some type of problem is affecting the functioning of body. For example, at the
time measuring, temperature comes 102 or more than it describes that patient is suffering form
severe fever. Same thing happens in respiratory rate patterns such as rate suddenly lowers to 11
or rises more than 24 then in this condition, individual should contact with doctors. Further, the
measurement of BMI represent the weight of patient this helps to find out the risks which are
related to over weight such as obesity. This describes that if a person facing the situation of
overweight than there are chances of few diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and
cardiovascular etc. With the help of routine measures, effective care plan could be prepared
which could help patient in weight reducing (The Principles of Psychology. 2014). Further, the
blood pressure of patient is extremely low or high than it is also a risky condition of patient's
health. Same situation in measuring the pulse rate like high fluctuation in rhythms of heart also
describes that condition of heart is not normal. In this situation, person is required to consult with
their health care professionals so, that the reason behind the critical situation could be evaluated
and precaution could be followed in effective manner.
3.3 Information about body functioning may inform care planning
The care plans could be considered as an agreement between both service user and health
professional. The care plans holds the information which helps to improve the health of patient
by following it in effective manner. In this several types of things are listed which are related to
diet, exercise and precautions. If the blood pressure and pulse rate are not in normal range then
that persons requires to follow the care plans in strict manner because by adopting healthy diets
the health condition could be improved (Fayers and Machin, 2013). In this, health professional
prescribes the things that would help to reduce the chances of several risks which are related to
health condition. In health and care sector the patient who requires special medical assistance,
care plans are very important and effective for them because it wold guide them. To stay more fit
and healthy, care plans are helpful for everyone. For the health professionals, at the time of
creating the care plans it is very important to analyse the medical history of patient. In this
context, professional also have to consider the records of routine measures. It is required to
consider these things because it would help the professionals to ignore the harmful things
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because if these things are not avoided then it may increase the chances of occurrence of new
disease. With the changes in time and health conditions, the care plans should be updated or
modified (Trebino, 2012).
TASK 4
4.1 Age affects body structure and functioning
With the aging process, changes occurs in body structure such as reduction in the size of
chest walls. As per the given case study, Mary is an old woman of 78 years and facing the
diseases such as diabetes, osteoarthritis and hypertension. The changes also happens in the
respiratory, nervous, skeletal and muscular system etc. In this age, rib cage is not that much
capable to bear the changes at the time of breathing like expansion or contraction. She was also
feeling the dizziness constantly and this is not a good for her health. In the mechanism of
breathing, the muscles becomes weaker and it develops problem at the time of inhalation and
exhalation. With the advancing in age, the strengthens of muscles also decline (Tissue Structure
and Function. 2016). Further, the changes also happens in spinal cord, brain and neurons
reduction. Due to the reason of dizziness, Mary decides to not to leave apartment because she
thinks that there are more chances of falling. In this she avoids to went out of apartment which
results that she feels isolated. The myelin sheet coating which is present on the nerve cells
reduces in size and the reduction also happens in the number of receptors. In old age, the skin
starts to looses its elasticity and collagen fiber. It could be evaluated that with the increment in
age, body parts of Mary starts to face difficulties. Mary is facing the osteoarthritis disease which
may reduces her height and she is also having the problem of hypertension that means that blood
pressure of her is not normal. In this context, Mary also decided not to leave the apartment which
describes lack of physical activities like walk. This is not healthy for Mary and it may lead to
other risks related to health (Molitch and et.al., 2011).
4.2 Impacts of medical conditions on body structure
In old age, people faces many diseases such as hypertension, osteoarthritis,
cardiovascular, diabetes and tissue impairment etc. which affects the functioning and structure of
body. The impact of these medial conditions on the body are such as:
Impact of diabetes- there are two categorie4s type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Both type of
diabetes affects the body functioning like type 1 is insulin dependent. This disease starts to
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destroy the functioning of manufacturing insulin body which results that patients have to take the
insulin. Whereas, type 2 diabetes are known as insulin resistance because in this condition
pancreas starts to produce more insulin in body. With the help of healthy diets, exercise and
medicines the risks could be reduced (Biology Quizzes, 2011).
Impact of hypertension- this condition increase the blood pressure level which is not good for
heath. The hypertension gives impact on body such as damage to arteries, heart attack chances,
dementia, damage to brain and kidney etc. With the advancing in age, there are more chances to
the failure of kidneys because if damage occurs in large arteries and blood vessels it would give
impact on both kidney. With the presence of hypertension, it may lead to create problem in
thinking, speaking, vision and memory etc. (Mailletand et.al., 2013)
Impact of osteoarthritis- This diseases causes the stiffness and joint pains. The pain also occurs
in neck, thumb, lower back, hips and knees etc. Through this disease, Mary starts to feel helpless
in carrying out the daily activities and responsibilities.
4.3 Effects of medical conditions
As per the given case study, Mary faces few medical conditions such as osteoarthritis,
hypertension, diabetes which also affects her daily activities and routine care. Mary was having
the problem of osteoarthritis, through this she was having the pain in joints and other body parts.
Further she also decided to not to leave the apartments which results that joints get more stiffed
because of lower physical activities (Human Muscular System, 2016). The physical activities
also flows the blood in fast manner to all body parts but in this situation this process also did not
take place. The lifestyle is also affected through this because she starts to feel helpless and
isolated. Due to the hypertension, she easily gets stressed which causes the blood pressure
problem. Further, Mary was also facing the problem related to memory and vision which affects
her daily routine.
CONCLUSION
With the help of present report it is articulated that physiological principles are very
useful to understand the functions and systems of body. This report helps to understand the
various types of body system which plays an important role to carry out specific functions such
as nervous and skeletal etc. To carry out the functions and activities, the report also describes the
coordination process among various systems.
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