University Physiology: End-Stage Kidney Disease Case Study Analysis

This case study analyzes a 63-year-old female patient with end-stage kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, and gout. The assignment addresses ten key questions related to the patient's physiological imbalances, including potassium levels, anemia, hypotension, acidosis, glucose levels, renin and aldosterone function, parathyroid hormone, vitamin deficiencies, urine and stool abnormalities, and the mechanism of glisten. The analysis explores the interplay of these conditions, their impact on the patient's health, and the body's homeostatic responses. The study references relevant literature to support the findings and adheres to APA format. The paper covers the physiological importance of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys and their role in maintaining overall health. The patient's symptoms are linked to specific physiological dysfunctions, such as decreased red blood cell production, altered blood pressure, and hormonal imbalances. The case study emphasizes the complexity of the patient's condition and the interconnectedness of various physiological systems. The analysis concludes with a summary of the key findings and their implications for the patient's care.

Running head:
PHYSIOLOGY
Name of Student
Name of University
Author note

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Physiology
Response to question 1
The patient has the condition of gout which is triggered by lower level of potassium in blood
as element helps to reduce or regulate uric acid level in The balance of uric acid can help to
control occurrence of the disease in human body. The patient is suffering from diabetes
mellitus for which chances of gout has been increased. Deposition of sodium and calcium at
joints decreases the level of calcium and sodium in blood.
Response to question 2
There are huge chances of developing anemia in the patients with renal failure and it
is highly important that the healthy kidneys release a hormone called erythropoietin that
causes more red blood cells to be produced. In this case study, the patient already has end
stage renal disease and the erythropoietin is not getting released at all that again leads to less
activation of the bone marrow and less red blood cells are produced (less than the appropriate
or rather a normal physiological limit). Decrease in level of red blood cells product would
cause anemia and thus the patient, due to end stage renal disease has been affected with
anemia as well.
The complete blood test which is otherwise known as CBC is the laboratory test that
would help to indicate – the patient or the subject is suffering from anemia.
Response to question 3
Hypotension is referred to the decreased level of blood pressure below the
physiological limit. In pericarditis which has happened secondarily to the renal failure and it
is critical to understand, that in this patient, due to pericarditis – the swelling of the legs along
with hypotension has developed. The One other underlying reason of hypotension is anemia
and this hypotension is attributed by the decrease in blood viscosity as well as by decrease in
impact of the peripheral vascular resistance to the blood flow as well.

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Physiology
The body of the patient would attempt to attend homeostasis by increase the heart rate
in order to make up for the blood volume pumped out of the heart as stroke volume and this
often leads of tachycardia. Tachycardia is often seen in subjects with hypotension. The most
important part of the homeostatic changes is to
Response to question 4
The pH of the patient as found from the investigation is 7.28 and this acid base
disorder condition is known as acidosis. The body of this case, according to the condition of
the patient will respond by retaining more HCO3 so that the renal compensation occurs in a
proper manner.
Response to question 5
The patient has high glucose levels due to diabetes mellitus that is due to the
decreased production of insulin hormone. Insulin has a very specific function in the body that
is to decrease the level of blood glucose and in this case, as the level of insulin is decreased
itself, the level of blood sugar has elevated. The anti-diuretic hormone levels are high as well
as because there is decreased glomerular filtration rate and the body of the subject are
attempting to maintain a state of homeostasis. Fluid loss in form of excretion can be managed
by increasing anti diuretic hormone levels.
Response to question 6
The main function of renin is to increase the blood pressure and decreased renin level
in this case has led to hypotension. Aldosterone’s function is to preserve sodium and
decreased aldosterone level has resulted in decreased sodium level in blood and decreased
blood pressure. Low vitamin levels has led to yellowish discoloration of skin (due to vitamin

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Physiology
D) and sclera (due to vitamin A), multiple bruises ( due to low vitamin K), weakness ( due to
vitamin E).
Response to question 7
Due to low calcium levels, the parathyroid hormone level of the body will be elevated
in order to regular and balance to calcium level in patient’s body (Noiri et al., 2018).
Response to question 8
Low vitamin level has led to yellowish discoloration of skin (due to vitamin D) and
sclera (due to vitamin A), multiple bruises (due to low vitamin K), weakness (due to vitamin
E). Due to anemia, there is weakness in the body. Pericarditis, hypotension, increased anti-
diuretic hormone plus renal failure have led to edema (Chambers, 2019).
Response to question 9
The patient has abnormal urine and stool as because the cirrhosis of liver has
disrupted the fat breakdown metabolism leading to presence of fat material in the stool. The
urine color is white as because the bile content that is metabolized has been disrupted by
cirrhosis as well.
Response to question 10
Glisten closes the ATP sensitive potassium channels in order to release insulin. It
works on beta cells of pancreas.

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Physiology
References
Chalmers, C. (2019). Applied anatomy and physiology and the renal disease process. Renal Nursing:
Care and Management of People with Kidney Disease, 21-58.
Noiri, E., Nakao, A., Uchida, K., Tsukahara, H., Ohno, M., Fujita, T., ... & Goligorsky, M. S. (2018).
Oxidative and nitrosative stress in acute renal ischemia. American Journal of Physiology-Renal
Physiology.

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Physiology
References