Physiology and Medicine: System Functions, Diseases, and Treatments

This assignment delves into various aspects of human physiology and medicine, covering the cardiovascular, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory, urogenital, endocrine, and immune systems. It explores the functions of each system and their components. The assignment also addresses key concepts such as the role of erythropoietin, the cardiac cycle, and the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems. It further discusses bacterial and viral diseases, modes of transmission, and holistic treatment approaches for conditions like IBS, asthma, psoriasis, and liver damage. The document also includes case studies related to patient care, time management in consultations, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, the assignment provides insights into disease identification through various assessment tools and emphasizes the importance of dietary modifications and balanced nutrition for overall health and well-being.

QUESTION-ANSER BASED ON PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

1. Cardiovascular system has the two functions.
 Transportation of minerals, oxygen, vitamin, and other nutrients
 Removal of waste materials from the cells
The cardio-vascular system is composed of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
2. Function:
 Eye provides visionary power
 Ear provides balance maintenance power and auditory functionalities
 The nose provides smelling power
Special senses system is composed f Eye, Ear, and Nose.
3. Function:
 It provides digestion related power
 It helps in bowel formation that's why it is also called the gastrointestinal canal
GI tract composed of the esophagus, stomach, and lower GI tract.
4. Function:
Transportation of lymphatic fluids carrying white blood cells It provides immunity power
to the body.
The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels like veins and capillaries of the
circulatory system.
5. Musculoskeletal system has the functions of
Providing support and strength through body muscles
It contains connective tissues to connect all the tissues and organs
The musculoskeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, connective
tissues, bone joints, skeletons, and muscles (Kerkmanet al., 2018).
6. Functions:
The nervous system has motor functions, sensory functions, and the interpretive
functions. Through these functionalities, nervous system circulates information within
internal body parts and the circumstances.
Nervous system carries information to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
The nervous system composed of mainly with brain and spinal cord along with its unit,
neuron.
7. The respiratory system composed of three parts.

Airways which composed of mouth, nose, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea, bronchiole
Respiratory muscles
Lungs
Respiratory system has the primary function of respiration, carrying oxygen and carbon-
die-oxide contained air. Nasal hairs protect the body system from external dust and other
products.
8. Functions:
This system helps in reproduction
This uro-genital system has a significant role in the urinal system or excretory activities
The urogenital system composed of kidneys, ureters, bladders ad urethra (Kaya et al.,
2018)
9. Functions:
Hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism of the body
It creates sexual development and activities
The endocrine system composed of hormones, and internal chemicals which are the
regulator of growth, development and sexual activities of the body part.
10.
The immune system is composed of t-cells, histamines, monocytes, lymphocytes, blood
corpuscles, and others cells to provide protection power to the body system.
The immunological system has the activities to provide free power, the protection power
to the body.
B.
1. Role of erythropoietin cell is the regeneration of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
It has a significant role in the blood clotting and blood production through providing the
positive signal to the thrombokinase enzyme. It helps in RBC production from bone
marrow.
2. The cardiac cycle is the cyclic occurrence of all the activities from initiation to end of a
single heartbeat. It consists of two phases, diastole where heart muscles become relaxed
to be refilled with freshly oxygenated blood, and another is systole to contract the heart
muscles to release carbon-die-oxide full blood.

3. The fundamental difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system is that
physical system deals with body movement and activities whereas autonomic system
helps in information exchange and anticipation power formation.
4. Brain and spinal cord from the central nervous systems. Brain is encased within the
skull. Brain is covered by cranium. Spinal cord is the next art of brain. In this aspect,
spial cord is situated I a continuous manner with brain. Spinal cord is situated in a caudal
position with brain forming central nervous system. On the other had, it is protected by
vertebra. .
5. Bacterial diseases mainly create soar throats, urinary infection and others whereas viral
diseases have a large sphere, starting from an old-cough to AIDS. Bacterial disease is
occurred through lytic and lysogenic cycle of reproduction. It takes minimum 1 day to 3
weeks time to complete the cycle. Viral reproductive cycle is very small also.
6. Direct contact based diseases are AIDS, and Anthrax which transmitted through sexual
fluids. Indirect transmission examples are Tuberculosis and Cholera where disease can be
transmitted through an only cough.
7. The dietary modification provides balanced nutrition to the human body which
enhances muscle power, body strength, and active power.
8. Endocrine system has different hormones or chemical messengers. Estrogen and
testosterone help in products, STH, and others provide the developing power in the
muscles. TSH, ADH, and others provide the metabolism power living body. In males
testosterone hormone played a great role in development of sex organs and in women
estrogen and progesterone are important for sec organ development.
9. The eye has the connection with the optical nerve to provide visionary power
The ear has the link with the auditory nerve to provide hearing power and nose has
nervous power to provide smelling power (Sedmeraet al., 2018).
10. Lymphatic cells contain lymphatic fluids which are full of lymph, white blood cells and
other immunity providing corpuscles to provide immunity. The lymphatic fluid has
histamines which protect the body against allergic reactions.
11. Prostaglandins prevent blood cells from clotting, and smooth blood circulation helps the
human body to avoid all kinds of inflammation (Zarandi et al., 2017).

12. In the respiratory tract, inhalation and exhalation of oxygenated and carbon-di-oxide full
aerations during the respiration process is called pulmonary ventilation. In this gaseous
exchange period, the adjustment has occurred in such a way where oxygenated blood is
diffused into the bloodstream.
13. Urogenital system, through excretory fluids and urination, helps in the fluid balance.
14. Musculoskeletal system provides strength system and power through the connectivity of
bones and joints (Helmeet al., 2018).
15. GI tract based system has esophagus to absorbnutrients from foods.
Mobility of GI tracts through peristalsis smashes food particles into small and digestive
structure.
GI tract has the secretion of enzymes which are important to digest food particles.
Through absorption power, GI tract absorbs all the nutrients of the foods also.
16. Cell, tissue, organs, organisms, organs and biosphere are the six different phases of life.
4. It means all the disorders which happen during a disease.
Neuropathic test assessment tools are very crucial to identify the commencement of a disease
within the human body.
Hypertension: It can be identified by urinalysis and blood testing of creatinine, potassium,
glucose, and others.
 Anemia
Screening for iron deficiency tool is sufficient to identify anemia
 Coeliac
Meridian stress assessment tool is used to identify the coeliac disease.
 Cystitis
Bladder cancer screening tools are used
 Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid dysfunction screening tool is utilized
 GORD
Electronic nose technology is utilized in this aspect
 PCOS
Emotional life screening tool is utilized
 Osteoporosis
SCORE is the osteoporosis assessment tool
 Allergic rhinitis
Allergy testing is required
 Chronic fatigue
Exercise stress test can be used
Infectious organisms Epidemiology Mode of
transmissio
n
Vectors Incubatio
n period
Period of
communicabilit
y
Presentation,
diagnosis, treatment
and prevention
Listeria
monocytogene
s
Africa, mostly
found to be
present in
invasive
disease
Direct Sheep, cows 70 days 3 to 70
days
Antibiotic,
mainly
containing
Amplicin
Clostridium
botulinum
India, West
indies,
Portugal, food
contamination
n
Indirect Ducks 6 to 24
hours
48 hours
after last
diarrhoea
Antibiotic
containing
metronidazole,
clindamycin,
rifampcin and
tetracyclin
Rubella Africa, it is sub-
cliical disease
Direct Monkey 12 to
23 days
One week Antibiotic
treatment with
Acetaminophe
n

Cholera
bacteria
Africa, mainly
occur due to
unclean water
Direct Food
contaminatio
n
5 days 6 to 48
hours, in
some times
it is 3 days
Antibiotic
treatment with
tetracycline,
doxycycline,
furazolidoe, or
ciprofloxacin.
5. During caring for a patient, it is legal to maintain the privacy of all personal credentials.
Ethically it is right to break the confidentiality of a persons disease or other personal credentials
when it makes some welfare of this person.
6. Time management in the consultation helps the caregiver to provides idea which inspires the
patient to take medicines properly according to quality management of medicines rules.
7. Holistic treatment of the liver damaged person is to provide the individual with milk thistle
which is full of Dimethylglycine to cure a damaged liver.
8. Blood test and tests for celiac disease can help to identify IBS and bowel clearance related
issues..
9. Holistic treatment for an IBS aided patients will be providing foods with more fibers like
wheat, vegetables, fibrous foods, and others.
10. From the given case it can be said that, iron enriched food products like date, providing
heating pads and other nutritious food along with providing mental support as the patient with
such symptom has had endometriosis.
11. In Ashtmatic cases, inhalation of steroidal group drug is very useful along with protecting
common cough and cold (Prasad et al., 2017).
12. Pathophysiology of psoriasis included keratinization of skins and enhanced turn over rate of
epidermal cells.
Turmeric powder, dead sea salts, capsaicin of chili peppers are the holistic treatment of Psoriasis.

13. Balanced food system, enough sleeping habit is sufficient as the holistic treatment approach
for GAD.
References:
Helme, R. D., Eglezos, A., & Donnerer, J. (2018). Neuroendocrine and immune function in the
capsaicin-treated rat: evidence for afferent neural modulation in vivo. The
neuroendocrine immune network (pp. 81-96). CRC Press.
Kaya, E., Sikka, S. C., Oral, D. Y., Ozakca, I., &Gur, S. (2018). β3-Adrenoceptor Control of Lower
Genitourinary Tract Organs and Function in Male: An Overview. Current drug targets, 19(6), 602-
612.
Kerkman, J. N., Daffertshofer, A., Gollo, L. L., Breakspear, M., &Boonstra, T. W. (2018). Network
structure of the human musculoskeletal system shapes neural interactions on multiple time
scales. Science advances, 4(6), eaat0497.
Prasad, V. M., Klose, T., & Rossmann, M. G. (2017). Assembly, maturation and three-
dimensional helical structure of the teratogenic rubella virus. PLoS Pathogens, 13(6),
e1006377.
Sedmera, D., Thompson, R. P., Campione, M., Aranega, A., Franco, D., Miquerol, L., ...&
Siekmann, A. F. (2018). Morphogenesis of cardiovascular structures: on form and
function. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Development, 23(4),504-908.
Zarandi, M., Cai, R., Kovacs, M., Popovics, P., Szalontay, L., Cui, T.,& Block, N. L. (2017).
Synthesis and structure-activity studies on novel analogs of human growth hormone-
releasing hormone (GHRH) with enhanced inhibitory activities on tumor
growth. Peptides, 89, 60-70.