Bioscience Assignment: Analysis of Plasma Membrane and Transportation

This report provides a detailed analysis of the plasma membrane, focusing on its structure and the mechanisms by which oxygen and sodium ions are transported across it. The plasma membrane, which separates the cell's components from the extracellular environment, is composed of a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, arranged according to the fluid mosaic model. Oxygen transport occurs via passive diffusion, moving from high to low concentration areas without requiring transport proteins or metabolic energy. Sodium transport, however, is facilitated by the Na+/K+ ATPase, a P-class ion pump, which moves sodium ions against their concentration gradient using ATP. Additionally, sodium ions are transported into the cell along with glucose molecules via symporters. The report references key works in molecular cell biology and membrane structural biology to support its explanations.

Running head: BIOSCIENCE
Bioscience
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Author Note

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Anatomy of plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is defined as the boundary of the cell, which separates the
components of the cell from the extra-cellular components. It is made up of protein and lipid
molecule that forms tough, thin, pliable and hydrophobic barrier around the cell (Luckey et
al., 2014). In other words it can be said that cellular membranes or plasma membrane is
composed of two layers of phospholipid molecule. This bipartite layer has hydrophilic end
and hydrophobic end. The hydrophilic ends are directed towards the inner and the outer
surface of the membrane whereas the hydrophobic ends are buried within the interior of the
membrane (Rodwell et al., 2015).
This arrangement of the plasma membrane is known as fluid mosaic model as
proposed by Singer and Nicolson (Rodwell et al., 2015). According to the fluid mosaic
model, the hydrocarbon chain of phospholipid bilayer forms hydrophobic core that restricts
diffusion of water soluble solutes through the membrane. The polar head group of the
phospholipid has hydrophilic tail that remains embedded within the membrane (Lodish et al.,
2000).
Transport of Oxygen across plasma membrane
Gases such as oxygen (O2) and CO2 (carbon di-oxide) and other small uncharged
molecules which are polar in nature (urea and ethanol) are transported through the plasma
membrane via passive diffusion. These molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane
without the requirement of transport proteins. Moreover, metabolic energy is not expended
due to the movement of these polar molecules occur from a domain of high concentration to a
region of low concentration, down the chemical concentration gradient. From the theory of
thermodynamics it can be stated that such transportation reactions are spontaneous because it

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has positive change in entropy (delta S) and negative change in Gibbs free energy (delta G)
(Lodish et al., 2000).
Transport of sodium across the plasma membrane
The transport of sodium ions (Na+) takes place along with potassium ions (K+)
through P-class ion pump known as Na+/K+ ATPase. In the E1 configuration of Na+/K+
ATPase have three high-affinity sodium ions binding sites along with two low affinity
potassium ion binding sites at the cytosolic face. Hence three molecules of Na+ are
transported across the concentration in the expense ATP breakdown. While face on the
exterior surface of the plasma membrane, Na+/K+ ATPase has two high affinity K+ ion
binding sites, upon releasing 3 Na+, 2K+ binds to its respective binding sites and is released
inside the cell (across its concentration gradient) along with the release of the phosphate ions
formed as a result of ATP to ADP conversion during Na+ ion transport (Lodish et al., 2000).
Transport of Sodium ions inside the cell takes place along with glucose molecule via the help
of symporter (Lodish et al., 2000).

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References
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S. L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., & Darnell, J. (2000).
Molecular cell biology 4th edition. National Center for Biotechnology Information,
Bookshelf.
Luckey, M. (2014). Membrane structural biology: with biochemical and biophysical
foundations. Cambridge University Press.
Rodwell, V., Bender, D., Botham, K. M., Kennelly, P. J., & Weil, P. A. (2015). Harpers
Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition. McGraw Hill Professional.