Report on Recycling Plastic Bottles by Injection Molding in Cambodia

This report provides a detailed analysis of the solid waste management challenges in the Cambodian community, with a specific focus on plastic bottle recycling using injection molding. It examines the current challenges, including insufficient waste management strategies, lack of funding, and limited technical expertise. The report explores various recycling methods, including selective dissolution and PET bottle recycling, while also identifying key stakeholders such as government agencies, community members, and suppliers. A comprehensive management plan is proposed, incorporating resource management strategies, public-private partnerships, and specific program elements like single-stream recycling. The report further presents a cost-benefit analysis, detailing both the economic and environmental advantages of plastic recycling, such as energy and resource conservation and reduced landfill space. Design specifications, implementation strategies, and risk analysis are included, along with a Gantt chart outlining the implementation schedule. The report concludes with a call for the development of viable waste management systems, emphasizing the potential of recycling plants to create employment opportunities and contribute to a more sustainable community.

RECYCLING OF PLASTIC BOTTLES BY INJECTION MOLDING
Course Name
Professor
Name of School
City
Date

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Table of Contents
1.0 Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................3
2.0 Contents................................................................................................................................................4
Recycling..................................................................................................................................................4
Methods of Recycling:.............................................................................................................................4
Challenges...............................................................................................................................................5
Stakeholders and Management Plan.......................................................................................................5
3.0 Introduction to the Community.............................................................................................................6
Economy and Transportation..................................................................................................................6
Social Issues.............................................................................................................................................7
Health, Education and Development.......................................................................................................7
4.0 Current Challenges in the Community...................................................................................................7
5.0 Identification of the Stakeholders.........................................................................................................9
Management Plan...................................................................................................................................9
6.0 Requirement Analysis..........................................................................................................................11
7.0 Conceptual Design Analysis Pros and Cons..........................................................................................12
8.0 Cost/Benefit Analysis...........................................................................................................................13
Figure-8.1 Cost estimates (in US dollars) of waste collection in Cambodia (Powell, Jane C, et al.
1996).................................................................................................................................................14
The Recycling Cost.................................................................................................................................16
Figure-8.2 Estimated total cost of waste collection (Kinnaman, 2006, pp. 219-232).........................16
Cost of recycling Plastics........................................................................................................................16
Figure-3 Net benefits per ton of recycling Plastic Bottles (Holusha, 1993).......................................17
9.0 Social and Environmental Benefits and Impacts..................................................................................17
Improving way of life.............................................................................................................................17
Conservation of Energy and Natural resources.....................................................................................18
Recycling saves Landfill space................................................................................................................18
10.0 Design Specifications.........................................................................................................................18
Figure 10.1 Design concept (Stewart, 2009)......................................................................................19
Figure 10.2 (Breslin, 2010).................................................................................................................21
11.0 Implementation.................................................................................................................................21
Outcome of Risk Analysis.......................................................................................................................21
Gantt chart of Implementation Schedule..............................................................................................23
12.0 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................27

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13.0 References.........................................................................................................................................28
14.0 Appendices........................................................................................................................................28
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Cambodian community just like many other places in the world are overwhelmed by the
issue of Solid waste and solid waste management. The world is facing environmental crisis
issues due to dumping of waste by members of society. A lot of these issues have resulted from
increased population growth especially in urban centres that bring about strain on the available
resources to accommodate the rise in population. Also, technological and social developments,
shifts in consumer habit and spending and insufficient waste handling technologies have led
greatly to increased solid waste management crisis. The most appropriate means to manage this
waste is through recycling. This report discusses the current challenge in the solid waste
challenge in the Cambodian community and evaluates numerous recycling processes to mitigate
this issue. To technologies used in the recycling process are often based on the nature of the
waste material; density, colour, shape, solubility and physicochemical nature of the waste.
Processes based o solubility includes the various steps of dissolving incompatible polymers in a
solvent at different temperatures so that for every different time, the polymer is separated. The

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report will also look into details of the project including the stakeholders, the management plans,
the recycling designs procedures and ultimately the merits and demerits of this project.
2.0 Contents
Recycling
Recycling is the process of converting materials that were considered waste into new and usable
materials. Recycling helps minimize pollution and lowers greenhouse effect by helping in
minimizing the amount of waste disposed. It also helps save a lot of resources and encourages
sustainable consumption. In summary the benefits of recycling include: reduced air pollution,
energy consumption, and water pollution. Materials that can be recycled are many and may
include: metal, plastics, glass and paper. The process of recycling involves the collection of
waste, sorting and cleaning and processing into new products for consumption.
Methods of Recycling:

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i. Selective Dissolution
ii. Plastic Recycling
iii. PET Bottle Recycling
iv. Waste Treatment Process
Challenges
i. Limited technical and financial assistance in Cambodia hence poor solid waste
management (Subedi, 2012)
ii. Insufficient relevant knowledge and or ignorance among the community members of
need for environmental protection and conservation
iii. Negative effects of poor solid waste management to the community-health and well-
being
Stakeholders and Management Plan
A stakeholder is a person or a group of people with interests in a project or an organization.
Stakeholders directly or indirectly influence and are influenced by the activities of a project or
organization. They include: government and government agencies, owners, directors, creditors
suppliers and the community. In many organizations, not all stakeholders are equal. In most
cases there might be some who might have more interest in the organization and or project than
other in terms of their investment, be it time, funds and or skills and labour.
Resource management plan: it is an integrated materials management strategy that allows the
municipality to take full responsibility regarding how materials flow into the project (Marschke,

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2009, pp. 206-216). The plan has elements which become tactics and or tools after the materials
have been consumed. The elements include for example: transfer, recycling, collection, recovery
and disposal.
3.0 Introduction to the Community
The area of concern for this project is the Kratié area. Kratié is an ancient time evident by the
presence of numerous temples dating back to the 8th century for example the Pram and Khvas,
ancient halls for example Khmer and French style buildings. Craters resulting from the Vietnam
war also populate the area, with dense forests taking also their equal share here in Kratié .Aside
from these scenarios however, is the beautiful side of Kratié. Green paddies, river dolphins and
rivers mark to a great extent also the surroundings of Kratié (“Urban Voice Cambodia”, 2015).
Economy and Transportation
The major economic activity in Kratié fundamentally involves farming and fishing. Around 78 of
the local community are farmers. Rice farming is just about the right definition of the major
economic activity of this area. However this is the case, most people live below the poverty line
of one US dollar per day. The province that makes up the Kratié area has a thirty two percent
poverty rate lower than the national poverty rate of thirty nine percent. Poverty is in largely a
major predicament of the local community. Whereas this area is a potential ecotourism region, it
is characterized by poor road networks, degrading soil, illegal logging that is promoted by the
provincial leadership (Guerrero, et. al., 2013, pp. 220-232).

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Social Issues
Land concessions cover customarily owned land by the people of Kratié. There is an indigenous
people’s organization that is active in and seeks to protect the indigenous people against land
ownership problems (Neef, 2013, pp.1085-1103).
Health, Education and Development
Of the major causes of illness in Kratié province, Schistosomiasis, malaria and dengue are a
major health problem in this area. Malaria and dengue occurrence for instance rose in the mid-
2000s, the infant mortality rate is at 97 deaths per 1000, with the children death rate ate 80 per
1000 children, higher than the national average of 60 per 1000 and 53 per 1000 respectively
(Grigg-Saito, 2010, pp. 2026-2029).
On matters education, the province was ranked number five national in the rate of exams pass.
Teachers are sent to poor schools in the province due to the fact that the province might have
perhaps one of the brightest students in the nation. However a problem arises due to the current
status of people in this area-poverty leading to low pay of teachers teaching in schools in this
locality (Shaun, 2015).
4.0 Current Challenges in the Community

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The issue of waste management is at the core of challenges facing Cambodia. There is no clear
plan and strategy geared towards solid waste management in the cities of Cambodia. The
communities here are surrounding by pile and hills of garbage that is dumped poorly each day. It
has become a daily routine for the local community to dispose solid waste carelessly. The
authorities and the people concerned are also reluctant in putting in place policies and strategies
to govern and affect solid waste managing programs. Insufficient funds and lack of technical
knowhow are among the leading cause of the current state of the Cambodian nation.
The consequences of poor solid waste management are however catching up with the local
community. Owing to the fact that the people here and especially in Kratié depend majorly on
farming and fishing, solid waste is a major hindrance not just to the thriving of the environment
but their farming and fishing activities. Waste finding itself in rivers kills the aqua life
discouraging growth of fish. Solid waste on the land leads to among other spread of diseases
amongst the member of the community due to sanitation and dirty water crisis. Water ways are
also blocked leading to flooding. A recent example of floods being the 2011 floods (SNV
Cambodia, 2018) that hit the likes of Thailand too.
As a result of poor solid waste management, a lot of funds that could have been diversified into
other areas of the economy is now being used to rehabilitee infrastructure that was destroyed
during the floods. Millions are being spent on the sick in hospitals and more devastating is the
loss of lives that results from just poor solid waste management. Tax payers money is being
spent to rehabilitee and restores some of the facilities instead of the same money being used for
development and ensuring that the lives of the Cambodians are made better.

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Therefore there is urgency to develop a viable system for waste management in the Cambodian
cities. Waste recycling plants should be a pioneer of this program. The country is faced with an
issue of limited resources at its disposable. Recycling of solid waste by setting up solid waste
management plants would go a long way in ensuring that the limited resources of the country are
put into good use. Furthermore, there would be an additional resource base created by recycling
of solid waste (Kimsan, 2012). The community stands to benefit also from the employment
opportunities that will be created by the recycling plants.
5.0 Identification of the Stakeholders
Table 1-A view of the Stakeholders
Management Plan
A resource management system is the most definite and appropriate approach that should be
adopted for solid waste management in Cambodia. Managing of the solid waste should not be

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viewed as a waste management system but rather as a resource management system for the
sustainability of the community and people living around the areas affected by solid waste.
A resource management plan is a part and parcel of an incorporated materials management plan
for sustainable material management. In this case, the municipality of each town in Cambodia
will be tasked with development of strategies on how materials should flow. In the plan, there
would be elements that would be developed into definite strategies implemented to deal with the
specific materials after their consumption. The elements in this plan often include: Generation,
Prevention, Source Separation, Recovery, Reuse, Recycle, Transfer, Treatment and Disposal.
The resource management plan can also define the approaches to contracting and funding
programs. The key programs in this plan being:
i. Single Stream Recycling SSR
ii. Commercial Recycling CR
iii. Organic and Food Waste Recovery OFWR
iv. Multi-family Recycling MR
v. Away from Home and Special Event Recycling AHSER
vi. Waste Awareness and ‘how to Recycle’ Communications WAC
To effectively carry out the Resource Management Plan, it is appropriate to utilize Public-private
Partnerships for Service Delivery (PPPSD) (Sen & Igor, 2018). The modest of this approach of
effecting this plan is to ensure self-sustaining conglomerates between the public, government-
local and the private sector in ensuring that there are new partnership in dealing with the issue of
solid waste management from all the stakeholders. This kind of cooperation between all these

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players in society will ensure that there is: sustainable approach to management of solid waste in
the community, reduction of negative impacts of solid waste, improvement of the community’s
way of life and ultimately a better economy.
Many people are deviating from landfills hence the increased adoption of resource management
plan programs. Specific deviation goals have been followed and achieved by some municipalities
under judicial requirements. It is paramount to define and verify the actual deviation rate from
improved material recycled under municipalities. The quantity of functional material under a
recycling program should be clearly articulated. The entire recycling program must be
sustainable; each and every single part of the recycling process should be sustainable. Collecting,
processing and marketing of the products from recycling programs should be well programmed
and specified by the local governments. Also, stakeholder involvement and consultation is key to
the success of resource management plans. Throughout the process, ensure that trade and market
end inputs from the stakeholders and the community should be well incorporated in the program.
The recyclability of all the materials in the recycling program should be made most out of in this
plan.
6.0 Requirement Analysis
Plastic waste is hazardous to the entire ecosystem of Cambodia. The project therefore exists to
better the community of the Cambodian people by ensuring that they adopt a resource
management plan to manage their ever growing solid waste problem. Establishment of recycling
plants in the Cambodian cities is a necessity in ensuring that the negative effects of poor solid
waste management are cabbed. Increased diseases, poverty, environmental degradation and loss
of life are among the top challenges necessitating the move to set up recycling plants in

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Cambodia. To ensure that this is a success, the government of Cambodia needs to take
partnerships and work in collaboration with like-minded organizations like the Engineering
without Border (EWB) (Mom, 2018). The primary goal will be to reduce solid waste-plastic
bottles with a low investment approach due to the limited resource and nature of economy in
Cambodia.
7.0 Conceptual Design Analysis Pros and Cons
PROS CONS
 The final
product sorted by the system can be
further processed into useful resources.
 Failure of single unit of
system can have an impact on the whole system.  
 The system
can successfully separate various waste
substances. In this way, the system can
eliminate polluted waste substances
and improve the environment.
 Skilled workers are
needed to, sort waste properly. Workers with these
skills might not be available near the recycling
centre, and untrained workers who process
computers inappropriately can damage the system.  
 The system
requires workers for manual work. So,
it will also raise employment
 The waste substance can
be dangerous in some cases which can have negative
impact on the health of workers.