PLC Practical: PID Control Design, Implementation & Analysis

This report explores the implementation of a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The core of the project involves developing a ladder logic program incorporating a PID equation, which is then tested on a process rig. The report details the PID algorithm, which is composed of three terms: proportional, integral, and derivative. The effects of adjusting the gains associated with each term on the system's response are analyzed. Various parameters are tested, and their impacts on the PID controller's performance are discussed, including overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error. The report also covers different controller configurations such as PI, PD, and PID. Finally, the report concludes by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration and the importance of gain tuning for optimal system performance. The use of SCADA software for monitoring and controlling the pump is also mentioned.

PLC Practical - PID Control

PLC PRACTICAL - PID CONTROL 1
Abstract
The main purpose of this report is to understand the fundamental concept of PID
controller. For this investigation, a database was developed in ladder etymological and
test on the PLC. It is observed that the program algorithm use a PID equation and the
program was produced in the processing rig. At the time of a test, various restrictions of
the equation have been adjusted and the output of this equation was described in the
scheme response. At the end of this report, the results of every parameter are analysed
with their impacts on PID.

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Disclaimer
I hereby acknowledge that in accordance with the University’s policy on plagiarism, and
unless otherwise referenced, all material presented in this report is my own.

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Introduction
The PLC is defined as a programmable logic controller which is used to control the
manufacturing process. it is the very common type of controller which is generally used
in many business industries for controlling purpose. In this type of process, analog
variables are used for controlling and PID loops are used to monitor the PID equations
that are based on three elements, for example, derivative, proportional and integral. All
these elements have the ability to change the nature of the PID loop and it is estimated
that if the value of derivative gain is equal to 0 then it is called as PI controller and if the
value of integral gain is equal to zero then it is known as PD controller. If the values of
both differential parameters are equal to zero then it is defined as the PID controller.
The PID loop is defined as a process that involves both input and output control
variables and the difference between process variable and setpoint is known as the
error of the PID controller. For the testing purpose, a new approach is used that is
process rig in which the regulator adaptable is the tank level and the set point is fixed
glassy and the yield of PID is in the form of a signal which switches the hustle of the
tank. The main goal of this process is to highlights the working principle and operation
of PID controller, to describe the role of different types of controller in PLC and identify
the impact of these parameters on the response system.

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AIM
The main aim of this report is to design and implement the PID controller with the help
of process rig and also analysis their operation.

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Methods
In this report, the program is used to design the PID algorithm and people can adopt a
proportional process where both derivative and integral actions can be analyzed. This
type of programmes is used to improve the efficiency and performance of PID
controllers in an industry. The equation of PID has a signal error that can be determined
from set level and tank level or in other words the difference between POT level and
tank level is called a signal error. The derivative term of PID is defined as the difference
between two signal errors with the gap of 1 second and the integration action is
measured by the addition of signal error with a time interval of 1 second. To evaluate
the PD, PID and PI parameters the convenience term was replaced by a zero value. It is o
observed that if the addition of all controller rapports is negative then the 0 is
transferred to the pump and the pump offset data is added to the summation of all
parameters. The value of gains and offsets can be controlled with the help of error and
trial program testing process and there are following system parameters are used to
design a PLC controller:
Figure 1 Assigning Registers.
Results
Algorithm P (previous practice)
The proportional gain can be identified with the help of trial and error process. To the
amount that the gutter regulator is unlocked, it had to regulate the relative gain, again.

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Algorithm PI
The essential gain can be determined with the help of both the trial and error method
and the integral action is used to increase the proportional control. It is researched that
when the value of integral gain is increased when the value of state error reduced due to
which the overshoot/oscillations are also improved.
ALGORITHM PD
The algorithm process for the PD controller is also similar to integral gain and
proportional gain and the derivative gain is applied to increase the value of
proportional action. It is investigated that the amount of derivative action has the ability
to decrease the overshoot or oscillation but it cannot change the steady-state error. A
minimum value for this gain was detected and above or below this amount the
overshoot and oscillations can be reduced.
ALGORITHM PID
Lastly, the PID controller and algorithm was performed with their all parameters and
the values of this gain are determined in the first step. When the PID source was
implemented and it was observed that the oscillations, steady state errors, and the
value of settling time are decreased. At the end of this process, the value of all three
gains (PI, PD, and PID) was identified and if any of PID gains are changed then the
system response also changed.
DISCUSSION
It was discussed that the PID controller can be increased with the help of proportional
action and derivative action. There are few aspects of this technology in the field of
signal error, for example, overshoot, settling time, steady-state error, and oscillations.
To increase the performance of proportional controller people can use the derivative
term, integral, and proportional term. The integral of an error function can be found by
adding the values of sampled signals at each second (Ki ( E)). The integral term can beΣ
calculated with the help of the following figure and the disorder rung is defined as the
regulator bit which shows the value of selection time. In the field of SCL the amount of
integral gain is changed between zero and one and in the ADD tutoring and value of the
essential term is determined.

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Figure 2 Essential Action
In this process the derived duration is defined as an error that multiplied with the gain
derivative and the error derivative is calculated with the help of difference between the
current values of all error. Generally, the approximation can generate a large amount of
error and produce the approximation of both integral and derivative people must select
an initial value and chose zero as an initial value. The following diagrams indicate the
rung where people can determine the value of derivative and the situation rung is used
for finding the specimen time. In which the training of detraction, the value of current
and previous samples are calculated and in the MUL the value of derivative gain is
calculated by the PID algorithm.
Figure 3 Derived action

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The below diagrams indicates the same table in Figure 1, as discus in the processor
memory
Figure 4 Assigning Registers in the PC recollection.
We observe that the relative gain has some steady-state fault and it depends upon the
fraction of the achievement that may be oscillation and overshoots. When the part of the
integral action is added the amount of signal error is decreased according to the steady
state but the value of overshoot and oscillation may be increased. In a derivative action,
the functions of overshoot and oscillation might be reduced and it is noted that the PID
controller can expand proportional action with the advantages of derivative and
integral action. The performance and efficiency of the PID algorithm totally depend on
the value of gains. The starting and ending of the pump were performed with the help of
SCADA software and below diagrams indicates the SCADA system.
Conclusion
We can utilize the integral process to decrease the amount of steady-state error in a
proportional controller and selecting the perfect value of both integral gain and
proportional gain. In this report it is identified that if the part of the proportional
controller is added with the derivative term then the amount of overshoot and
oscillation is reduced in the system response. A process rig is used to improve the
efficiency of the PID algorithm and this type of method provides a platform to reduce
the signal errors in very short time with several oscillations. When the value of gain has
been changed then the response of the system also change which depends upon values

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of PID gains. This report described the working of a PID controller and the impact of
integral, derivative and proportional gains on system response. There are few other
techniques and process which can be used to control the mechanical parts in an
industry. This process can decrease the signal errors in the field of calculation due to
lack of decimal with the help of a floating method. If the PID controller is used rather
than the approximation process then the ladder program is decreased continually and it
is a more effective method. It uses the selectable timed interrupt instead of the timer
process to identify the sampling period and it has a better precision timer for the ladder
program. In which it can be utilized for the first pass bit like S: 1/15 in the field of XIC to
begin the registers elements and that is a more effective method as compare to ONS
instruction process.