An Overview of Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

This report provides an in-depth analysis of pneumothorax, a condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural space. It begins by detailing the pathophysiology of both primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP and SSP), highlighting risk factors such as smoking, genetics, and underlying lung diseases like COPD. The report then discusses the epidemiology and symptomatology of pneumothorax, noting the higher incidence in males and the acute onset of chest pain and dyspnea. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to radiographic projections, including posterior-anterior (PA) X-rays, anteroposterior (AP) X-rays, lateral radiography, expiratory chest X-rays, and decubitus radiography, explaining their utility in diagnosing pneumothorax. Furthermore, it describes the radiographic appearance of pneumothorax, emphasizing the identification of the visceral pleural line and methods for measuring its size. The report concludes by examining further diagnostic methods like CT scans, ultrasonography, and MRI, and briefly mentions treatment options ranging from observation to surgical intervention. This comprehensive overview aims to provide a thorough understanding of pneumothorax from its causes and symptoms to its diagnosis and management.